托福閱讀經(jīng)典句式翻譯對照學(xué)習(xí)
托福閱讀經(jīng)典句式翻譯對照學(xué)習(xí), 復(fù)雜長難句結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)起來,今天小編給大家?guī)砹送懈ｉ喿x經(jīng)典句式翻譯對照學(xué)習(xí)。希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
托福閱讀經(jīng)典句式翻譯對照學(xué)習(xí) 復(fù)雜長難句結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)起來
1. Accordingto conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy andserves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeperbreathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallowbreathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.
【譯文】根據(jù)傳統(tǒng)的理論，當(dāng)人們無聊或者困倦的時候，打哈欠會出現(xiàn)。打哈欠通過深呼吸來逆轉(zhuǎn)血液中氧含量的降低，從而的起到提高警覺的功能。而血液中氧含量的降低是由淺呼吸導(dǎo)致的，而淺呼吸又伴隨著缺覺或無聊。
2. The keyfactor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, whichcontributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division oflabor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas ofspecialization in international markets for which they were especially wellsuited.
【譯文】這些國家成功的關(guān)鍵因素(促成這個因素的是高識字率)是他們有能力適應(yīng)由早期的工業(yè)化國家決定的勞動力國際分工并占領(lǐng)了他們特別適合的國際市場中的專業(yè)化領(lǐng)域。
3. In the second case, pollinators(insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has itspollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would beif they were carried by the wind only.
【譯文】在第二個案例中， 傳粉者(昆蟲和鳥)從開花植物中獲取食物，而植物也使得它們的花粉和種子相比于只通過風(fēng)傳播的更加高效。
4. In the green-to yellow lightingconditions of the lowest levels of the forest, yellow and green would be thebrightest colors, but when an animal is signaling, these colors would not bevery visible if the animal was sitting in an area with a yellowish or greenishbackground.
【譯文】在森林最底層的黃綠管線條件下，黃和率可能是最亮的顏色，但是，當(dāng)動物在發(fā)信號的時候，如果該動物處于黃綠背景下，這些顏色就不太明顯了。
5. In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vesselscarrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warmblood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus,the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before itreaches the flipper itself.
【譯文】在逆流交換系統(tǒng)中，來自于腳蹼的攜帶冷血的血管接近來自身體的攜帶熱血的血管來從較熱的血管中獲得熱量;因此，在達(dá)到腳蹼前，熱量從向外流的血管中轉(zhuǎn)移到了向內(nèi)流的血管中。
6. American paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski,who have studied extinction rates in a number of fossil groups, suggest thatepisodes of increased extinction have recurred periodically, approximatelyevery 26 million years since the mid-Cretaceous period.
【譯文】美國古生物學(xué)家D.R.和J.S，他們已經(jīng)很多化石群的滅絕速率，指出，越來越多的滅絕是周期性重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的，從白堊紀(jì)中期開始，周期大約是沒二百六十萬年一次。
7. As amongtribes people, personal relationships and a careful weighing of character havealways been crucial in a mercantile economy with little regulation, where one'sword is one's bond and where informal ties of trust cement together aninternational trade network.
【譯文】在部落人中，人際關(guān)系和對品德仔細(xì)的考量在一個幾乎沒有規(guī)范的重商主義經(jīng)濟(jì)中一直都很重要。而在沒有規(guī)范的重商主義經(jīng)濟(jì)中，一個的話語就是一個人的保證，非正式的信任紐帶將國際貿(mào)易網(wǎng)絡(luò)年合起來。
8. The explanation is that the Mayaexcavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged upleaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order tocreate reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basinsand stored it for use in the dry season.
【譯文】解釋是，瑪雅人挖掘了大坑或者將天然的大坑修改，然后又通過把大坑的底部抹上灰泥把卡斯特地貌上的漏洞堵上，來制造蓄水池，這樣，就能從巨大的被灰泥堵住的蓄水池中收集雨水并儲存起來在干季時使用。
9. Inequalitiesof gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to havebeen softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in mostcommunities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skillsof men, including, often, their military skills.
【譯文】性別的不平等也存在于畜牧社會中，但是，由于大部分社群中沒有出現(xiàn)森嚴(yán)的財(cái)富等級，而且需要女性具備大多數(shù)男性的技巧，諸如軍技巧，性別不平等就被軟化了。
10. Ramsay thenstudied a gas that was present in natural gas deposits and discovered that itwas helium, an element whose presence in the Sun had been noted earlier in thespectrum of sunlight but that had notpreviously been known on Earth.
【譯文】拉姆齊(Ramsay)研究了一種存在于天然氣中的氣體，并發(fā)現(xiàn)是氦氣(helium)，該元素早就在太陽里通過太陽光光譜被發(fā)現(xiàn)了，但是還從來沒有在地球上被發(fā)現(xiàn)過。
11. Many complex factors led to the adoption of the neweconomies, not only at Abu Hureyra, but at many other locations such as 'AinGhazal, also in Syria, where goat toe bones showing the telltale marks ofabrasion caused by foot tethering (binding) testify to early herding of domesticstock.
【譯文】很多復(fù)雜的因素導(dǎo)致了新經(jīng)濟(jì)的采用，不僅出現(xiàn)在AbuHureyra，很多其他的地方也有，比如說'AinGhaza,也就是敘利亞，在那里，山羊腳趾的骨頭顯示有腳被綁住造成的磨損痕跡，這證實(shí)了早期的家畜蓄養(yǎng)。
從題型與主題著手來po解托福閱讀
1、題型——注重解題方法
托福閱讀10種題型，除最后的小結(jié)題外大都屬于考查文章細(xì)節(jié)的題目。根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞定位是至關(guān)重要的一步，然后就是理解。此時如果詞匯量太小怎么辦?事實(shí)上做閱讀我們永遠(yuǎn)要牢記的就是找句子主干，考查的信息基本都在主干中體現(xiàn)了，
比如：
The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.
這個句子較長，其中有which引導(dǎo)的定語從句，還有hunted… 這個狀語，而解題時我們只需要句子的主干The deer were gone。多數(shù)同學(xué)在做題時有個習(xí)慣就是看到一句話后就開始逐詞閱讀，甚至試圖把它翻譯成中文，這可謂“兵家大忌”。
遇到一句話先抓主干，遇到整段記得掃描段落有無顯眼的連詞，舉例信號詞等，瀏覽每段的主題句。
再說一下小結(jié)題，大多數(shù)考生的切膚之痛。一是做到最后一題時時間已所剩無幾，二是最后一題是對全文的主要內(nèi)容的總結(jié)，相對復(fù)雜。
在課堂中，我一再向?qū)W生強(qiáng)調(diào)把握全文結(jié)構(gòu)及大意的重要性，而如何去把握?
一是做題之前可大概瀏覽文章的標(biāo)題及每段首句。作為學(xué)術(shù)性的閱讀文章，首句基本都是主題句。尤其是總分結(jié)構(gòu)的文章，比如TPO6中的Infantile Amnesia, 雖然文章較難理解，但是文中明確提出了三種觀點(diǎn)first，second，third… 那么此類文章小結(jié)題的選項(xiàng)太顯而易見了。再者，文章的每段會對應(yīng)出2-3道題，那么題目中對應(yīng)的部分基本都是段落的核心所在。從這兩點(diǎn)就可以很快了解文章的主要內(nèi)容。所以在進(jìn)行TPO練習(xí)時，做題雖不可或缺，但還要注意多加練習(xí)快速閱讀文章的能力。
2、主題——增加背景知識
有部分學(xué)生反映做閱讀時很難投入進(jìn)去，有一點(diǎn)原因就是對于文章所述內(nèi)容太過陌生，如果你對其略知一二，相信定會有所不同。比如TPO中有篇文章講到化學(xué)元素周期表，對于高中生來說再熟悉不過了，閱讀的時候半讀半猜，估計(jì)也可以理解的八九不離十了。
若考試準(zhǔn)備時間充足，可以多加涉獵，擴(kuò)充自己的知識背景;若時間緊張，則需搞定TPO套題。根據(jù)文章記憶單詞，并不是文章中出現(xiàn)的每一個“陌生的面孔”都要去熟悉，比如一些繁瑣的專有名詞跳過即可。主要記憶的當(dāng)然是一些動詞、名詞及形容詞，尤其是出現(xiàn)在句子主干中，與解題有關(guān)的詞匯。
除了詞匯，應(yīng)學(xué)會分析題干及題目，比如題干中出現(xiàn)了effect，conclusion之類的詞，其實(shí)已經(jīng)界定了我們尋找的范圍——段落靠后的部分，還有就是觀點(diǎn)性和總結(jié)性的句子永遠(yuǎn)會是考察的重點(diǎn)所在。做題的時候?qū)W會分析原文和選項(xiàng)，進(jìn)行對比，比如句子簡化題，做一題需要看五個長句，似乎很花費(fèi)時間，但并不需要每個句子都要細(xì)看，而是先明確原句的邏輯及主干，抓住選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)與原句進(jìn)行比較。
例如：As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean.A. The strait of Gibraltar reopened when the Mediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water from one sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting.B. The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.C. The cascades of water from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas.D. As a result of crustal adjustments and faultin;g and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic and Mediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascades of water between them.
原句是因果邏輯的句子，先找出其因： crustal adjustments and faulting，果：the Strait opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean.接著來看選項(xiàng)：A…. caused crustal adjustments and faulting 顯然是因果倒置了，毫不猶豫地滅掉;C. 因?yàn)榇诉x項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)比較not as spectacular as, 非常惹眼的一個核心詞，而原文中是修飾動詞的副詞spectacularly，并未進(jìn)行比較，二話不說也排除掉;D. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar,… 這原因里怎么多出來一項(xiàng)，這里肯定是不正確的!
托福閱讀句子插入題的正確攻克方法
1.出題原理：
指代線索/邏輯線索/組織結(jié)構(gòu)和語義線索
2.解題步驟與要點(diǎn)：
①找線索詞并積極對插入句上下文做預(yù)測
②從第一個小黑方塊前一句話開始讀，逐一代入進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證
③插入句必須滿足前后兩條線索，先前再后(先用前線索再看后線索)
3.三種常用線索：
⑴指代線索：指代詞(this,these, their，such, another, other, they, it為線索詞)必然有所指代。指代詞后邊若有名詞短語，則向前尋找名詞短語的同義改寫/指代詞必然有所指代。
⑵ 邏輯線索：
插入句或黑方塊附近出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折對比標(biāo)識詞時(but, however, nev.heless為線索詞)：轉(zhuǎn)折句中的主語前邊可能提到過，而且意思可能和前文相反;
②插入句或黑方塊附近出現(xiàn)表示原因結(jié)果/總結(jié)結(jié)論標(biāo)識詞時(thus, therefore,hence，consequently, accordingly為線索詞)：排除段首位置，注意因果邏輯關(guān)系/總結(jié)結(jié)論句中的元素必與上一句有所對應(yīng)。
⑶ 組織結(jié)構(gòu)語義線索
分類列舉式段落概述部分作為插入句：概述一般位于段首位置;
采用分類列舉式的段落/文章通常以 (數(shù)詞+名詞復(fù)數(shù))的形式出現(xiàn);
這里給大家一些小技巧：
技巧1：
空后有代詞they/it的，generally speaking，是不對的，代詞不能跨距，如果在代詞前面加一句話，就會改變代詞的指代對象。但也有例外，比如這一段只有一個主語，就無法排除后有代詞的選項(xiàng)。
技巧2：
優(yōu)先考慮段落最后的空，注意是段落最后的，而不是最后一個空，有時候最后一個空在段中。因?yàn)榉旁谧钅┪?，本身對文章沒什么影響，所以，優(yōu)先考慮這個空。
如何實(shí)現(xiàn)托福閱讀的連貫性閱讀?
大家是否還記得，在托福滿分作文的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中有這么一條：
Displays unity, progression, and coherence. ( 體現(xiàn)出統(tǒng)一、遞進(jìn)、連貫的特點(diǎn)。)
這條標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求我們在寫作時要注意文章的連貫性。首先，何為連貫性? 連貫性就是要求句子與句子之間，或是段落與段落之間需以一種清晰的、合乎邏輯的方式進(jìn)行展開，做到思路清晰，層次分明。這樣寫文章的好處就是能夠讓一個讀者順著作者的思路一口氣把文章讀完，并且同時掌握文章的主要信息。托福的每一篇閱讀文章都可以算是一篇滿分作文，所以它必定體現(xiàn)出了統(tǒng)一、遞進(jìn)和連貫的特點(diǎn)。所以當(dāng)我們在閱讀托福文章時，就應(yīng)該做到閱讀的連貫性，否則就有可能面臨由于前后缺乏聯(lián)系，最終導(dǎo)致只抓到了局部信息而缺乏整體信息的情況。那么當(dāng)我們在閱讀時，如何做到連貫性的閱讀呢?
連貫性通常通過兩種方式體現(xiàn)出來：語義重復(fù)和邏輯連接。語義重復(fù)就是兩個句子會存在某個概念的延續(xù)，通過對這個概念的重復(fù)把信息延續(xù)下去。語義重復(fù)會有多種形式，比如重復(fù)某個詞，也可以出現(xiàn)某個詞的近義詞或反義詞。如下面兩句話：In Southwest France in the 1940’s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). 這兩句話就是通過animals和beasts的同義替換把信息延續(xù)下去。語義重復(fù)還可以通過對某部分內(nèi)容的概括或是對某部分內(nèi)容的具體展開來實(shí)現(xiàn)。如下面兩句：The animals are bulls, wild horses, reindeer, bison, and mammoths outlined with charcoal and painted mostly in reds, yellow, and brown. Scientific analysis reveals that the colors were derived from ocher and other iron oxides ground into a fine powder. 這兩句話就是通過對red, yellow, and brown的概括，即the colors實(shí)現(xiàn)了連貫性。當(dāng)然，語義重復(fù)最常用的手段還是通過代詞的靈活運(yùn)用。如以下兩句：But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.
邏輯連接就是通過特定的邏輯關(guān)系詞體現(xiàn)出兩句話或是多句話之間的關(guān)系。常見的如因果關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、條件關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系等。這些過渡詞的使用能夠使文章更加清晰、流暢。所以當(dāng)我在遇到此類邏輯關(guān)系詞時，要順著這些邏輯關(guān)系詞表達(dá)的邏輯關(guān)系去閱讀文章。
我們以TPO1 GROUNDWATER的第二段做一個綜合展示，下劃線代表的是信息延續(xù)點(diǎn)。
The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces(原詞重現(xiàn)) are those among the particles(對forms具體展開)—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material(代詞), out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They(代詞) are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example(邏輯關(guān)系), as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them.The water(原詞重現(xiàn)) was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand(對loads of coarse sediment的具體展開), known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.
