托福閱讀推斷題如何抓準(zhǔn)作者目的
托福閱讀推斷題如何抓準(zhǔn)作者目的?實(shí)用解題思路實(shí)例分享。今天給大家?guī)砹送懈i喿x推斷題如何抓準(zhǔn)作者目的,希望能夠幫助到大家,下面小編就和大家分享,來欣賞一下吧。
托福閱讀推斷題如何抓準(zhǔn)作者目的?實(shí)用解題思路實(shí)例分享
托福 閱讀推斷題題型解讀
大家知道推斷題最經(jīng)典的一個(gè)定義是OG上有這么一句話,“……在文章中強(qiáng)烈暗示但并沒有明確說明的?!?/p>
強(qiáng)調(diào)在文中暗示,意思是說你依然要回到原文中,也就是說他的作題步驟和信息題基本是一致的,要去把握原文給你的信息并加以判斷。但是它又說文中沒有明確說明,這是跟信息題最大的區(qū)別:文中沒有明白地跟你說清楚。
在我們?nèi)粘I钪杏泻芏噙@樣的例子,比如,“以前我在杭州的時(shí)候還是蠻帥的。”其實(shí)這句話的隱含意思是我不如以前帥。
還聽過一個(gè)TED演講,女嘉賓說“我們女人上完廁所是要洗手的,我們女人坐完公交車是要洗手的,我們女人點(diǎn)完鈔票是要洗手的……總之我們女人干什么都要洗手?!甭犕曛蟠蠹沂裁锤惺苣?好像一直說男人不洗手一樣。
所以你發(fā)現(xiàn)這些我們?nèi)粘I钪泻芏嘀v話的例子都沒有把話講明白,但是我們能聽得明白他說的是什么意思。在托福閱讀中,這樣的推斷比比皆是。我給大家的建議是,在托福閱讀當(dāng)中的推斷,都不是基于嚴(yán)格的判斷,如果基于嚴(yán)格的邏輯判斷,可能有多個(gè)意圖,但如果從作者寫作的意圖判斷,其實(shí)只有一個(gè)意思。我們用題目來理解。
托福閱讀推斷題實(shí)例講解
Paragraph 5: Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwood forest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, does not ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest that diversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 5 about redwood forests?
■ They become less stable as they mature.
■ They support many species when they reach climax.
■ They are found in temperate zones.
■ They have reduced diversity during mid-successional stages.
這個(gè)題目是個(gè)推斷題,其中有infer。題目問的是redwood forests紅木森林,可以在文中輕易定位。你發(fā)現(xiàn)那句話所在的句子表示一個(gè)例子,說一旦紅木森林成熟了,那么生長(zhǎng)在紅木森林底部的物種.種類和數(shù)量反而減少了。
大家要注意,不管是什么題目,如果你讀到一個(gè)例子,絕對(duì)不能孤立去讀這個(gè)例子。因?yàn)檫@樣我們就不明白為什么作者講這句話,你要回到前句的觀點(diǎn)中去明白作者用這個(gè)例子來說明什么。
前句的觀點(diǎn)我們一起連著讀,它說至少在溫帶地區(qū)生物的最大多樣性不出現(xiàn)在群落最高峰的時(shí)候,而是在群落發(fā)展的中間階段。下一句話說,紅木森林當(dāng)它成熟的時(shí)候數(shù)量跟種類反而減少了。這其實(shí)是很好的一個(gè)匹配的例子。最后答案大家會(huì)輕易選出C。
三段式推論實(shí)例介紹
在這里你發(fā)現(xiàn)其實(shí)作者運(yùn)用了一個(gè)很常見的三段論的推論。什么叫三段論呢?由大前提和小前提推出一個(gè)結(jié)論。
舉例來看:
大前提:三班同學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)很認(rèn)真。
小前提:小明是三班的。
結(jié)論:小明學(xué)習(xí)很認(rèn)真。
然而,如果換成:
大前提:三班同學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)很認(rèn)真。
小前提:小明學(xué)習(xí)很認(rèn)真。
結(jié)論:小明是三班的。
其實(shí)你發(fā)現(xiàn)并不能得出這個(gè)結(jié)論,他可能是四班的,他也很認(rèn)真。所以我們?cè)倩貋砜磩倓偟哪莻€(gè)推斷題。前面講在溫帶地區(qū)有這么一個(gè)規(guī)律,然后說紅木森林符合這樣的一個(gè)規(guī)律,你能不能得出紅木森林就一定是溫帶地區(qū)的呢?這是存在邏輯錯(cuò)誤的,但是正確答案還是選C。
所以我們總結(jié),托福閱讀不是真正嚴(yán)格的邏輯考察,它是在考你作者講話的意圖。因?yàn)橥懈2幌馟RE,GMAT 是嚴(yán)格的邏輯考試,托福是一種語言考試,它考察的是在語言交際中的講話意圖。
托福閱讀高難度文章長(zhǎng)難句實(shí)例解析:雕塑上描繪的各種行為
托福閱讀100個(gè)長(zhǎng)難句實(shí)例分析
原句案例:
Unlike formal statues that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling, these figure s depict a wide range of actions, such as grinding grain,baking bread, producing pots, and making music, and they are shown in appropriate poses, bending and squatting as they carry out their tasks.
詞匯講解:
appropriate /?'pr??pr??t/ adj. 適當(dāng)?shù)模线m的
squat /skw?t/ v. 蹲,伏下身子
結(jié)構(gòu)劃分:
(Unlike formal statues) (that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling), these figures depict a wide range of actions, (such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and making music,) and they are shown in appropriate poses, (bending and squatting)(as they carry out their tasks).
深度分析:
這個(gè)句子的主干就是:these figures depict a wide range of actions and they are shown in appropriate poses
修飾一:(Unlike formal statues) ,介詞短語
中文:不像正式的雕塑
修飾二:(that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling) ,從句,修飾statues
中文:這些雕塑局限于站、坐或者跪的靜態(tài)姿勢(shì)
修飾三:(such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and making music,) ,介詞短語
中文:例如磨谷物、烤面包、制壺或者奏樂
修飾四:(bending and squatting) ,非謂語動(dòng)詞
中文:彎腰或蹲下來
修飾五:(as they carry out their tasks) ,從句
中文:當(dāng)他們做工作時(shí)
參考翻譯:
不像正式的雕塑,他們局限于站、坐或者跪的靜態(tài)姿勢(shì),而這些圖像則描繪了各種行為,例如磨谷物、烤面包、制壺或者奏樂,他們以適當(dāng)姿勢(shì)呈現(xiàn),當(dāng)他們做工作時(shí)彎腰或蹲下。
托福閱讀高難度文章長(zhǎng)難句實(shí)例解析:雛鳥的乞食行為
托福閱讀100個(gè)長(zhǎng)難句實(shí)例分析
原句案例:
Indeed,if you take baby tree swallows out of a nest for an hour (feeding half the set and starving the other half), when the birds are replaced in the nest, the starved youngsters beg more loudly than the fed birds, and the parent birds feed the active beggars more than those who beg less vigorously.
詞匯講解:
tree swallow n. 雙色樹燕,白杜燕
youngster /'j??st?/ n. 小孩子,年輕人
vigorous /'v?ɡ?r?s/ adj. 精力充沛的;有力的,猛烈的
結(jié)構(gòu)劃分:
Indeed, (if you take baby tree swallows out of a nest for an hour) (feeding half the set and starving the other half),(when the birds are replaced in the nest), the starved youngsters beg more loudly than the fed birds, and the parent birds feed the active beggars more than those (who beg less vigorously).
深度分析:
這句話的主干其實(shí)就是后面的一個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu),A and B
the starved youngsters beg more loudly than the fed birds, and the parent birds feed the active beggars more than those (who beg less vigorously)
修飾一:(if you take baby tree swallows out of a nest for an hour) ,從句
中文:如果你把小的雙色樹燕拿出鳥巢一小時(shí)
修飾二:(when the birds are replaced in the nest),從句
中文:當(dāng)這些鳥被放回鳥巢時(shí)
修飾三:(feeding half the set and starving the other half),非謂語動(dòng)詞
中文:喂養(yǎng)一半,使另一半挨餓
修飾四:(who beg less vigorously) ,從句
中文:乞叫沒那么大聲
參考翻譯:
確實(shí),如果你把小的雙色樹燕拿出鳥巢一小時(shí)(喂養(yǎng)一半,使另一半挨餓),當(dāng)這些鳥被放回鳥巢時(shí),挨餓的雛鳥就會(huì)比喂飽的鳥叫得更大聲,它們的父母也會(huì)喂積極的乞食者要多于那些不積極的。
托福閱讀高難度文章長(zhǎng)難句實(shí)例解析:瑪雅人如何蓄水
托福閱讀100個(gè)長(zhǎng)難句實(shí)例分析
原句案例:
The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged up leaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order to create reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season.
詞匯講解:
excavate /'eksk?ve?t/ v. 挖掘;發(fā)掘
depression n. 沮喪,憂愁;經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條;凹地,洼地
plug /pl?g/ v. 堵塞,填塞
karst /kɑ?st/ n. 水蝕石灰?guī)r地區(qū),喀斯特地貌
plaster /'plɑ?st?/ v. 用灰泥涂抹
catchment /'k?t?m?nt/ n. 集水,蓄水,蓄貯的水
結(jié)構(gòu)劃分:
The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged up leaks (in the karst) (by plastering the bottoms of the depressions) (in order to create reservoirs), (which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season).
深度分析:
這個(gè)句子的主干就是The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural depressions, and then plugged up leaks
中文:這個(gè)解釋是瑪雅人挖掘低地或者改造天然低地,然后用灰泥填滿裂縫
修飾一:(in the karst),介詞短語
中文:在水蝕石灰?guī)r地區(qū)
修飾二:(by plastering the bottoms of the depressions),介詞短語
中文:用灰泥填滿低地底部
修飾二:(in order to create reservoirs) ,介詞短語
中文:目的是為了創(chuàng)造水庫(kù)
修飾三:(which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season) ,從句,注意從句中有一個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)
中文:它用來收集大型灰泥蓄水盆地的雨水,并儲(chǔ)存起來以備在旱季使用
參考翻譯:
這個(gè)解釋是瑪雅人挖掘低地或者改造天然低地,然后用灰泥填滿低地底部水蝕石灰?guī)r的裂縫以創(chuàng)造水庫(kù),它用來收集大型灰泥蓄水盆地的雨水,并儲(chǔ)存起來以備在旱季使用。
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