托福閱讀找邏輯提升詞秒解句子插入題技巧實例精講

句子插入題如何通過邏輯關(guān)鍵詞來解答呢?今天給大家?guī)砹送懈ｉ喿x找邏輯提升詞秒解句子插入題技巧實例精,希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

托福閱讀找邏輯提升詞秒解句子插入題技巧實例精講

托福 閱讀句子插入題簡介

句子插入題是考察句子與句子關(guān)系的題目。句子之間連接常見的線索有四項：指代、連接性副詞、句子打頭的并列連詞FANBOYS(for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)，以及觀點與事實。其中前三項是可見線索，最后一項是不可見線索。這里主要介紹連接性的副詞。

托福閱讀常見邏輯關(guān)系詞匯羅列

并列 遞進：Besides, In addition, in fact , indeed, also…

轉(zhuǎn)折：however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, instead…

因果：thus, hence, therefore, consequently, accordingly…

目的：to do不定式短語做狀語

解釋：That is (to say)…, In other words…, To put it in another way…

舉例：for example/instance

句間連接性副詞有以上這些常考的邏輯關(guān)系。

實例講解托福閱讀插入題的邏輯關(guān)系詞運用

Paragraph 1: The city of Teotihuacán, which lay about 50 kilometers northeast of modern-day Mexico City, began its growth by 200-100 B.C. At its height, between about A.D. 150 and 700, it probably had a population of more than 125,000 people and covered at least 20 square kilometers. A. █ It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings. B. █ Clearly, much planning and central control were involve d in the expansion and ordering of this great metropolis. C. █ Moreover, the city had economic and perhaps religious contacts with most parts of Mesoamerica (modern Central America and Mexico). D. █

In fact, artifacts and pottery from Teotihuacán have been discovered in sites as far away as the Mayan lowlands, the Guatemalan highlands, northern Mexico, and the Gulf Coast of Mexico.

我們要考慮什么地方能把兩句話之間聯(lián)系在一起。當(dāng)你看到in fact的時候，大家來猜想句與句之間是什么邏輯關(guān)系呢?在英文中，in fact前后其實是并列、遞進的關(guān)系，并不像我們中文中“事實上”是前后的轉(zhuǎn)折。在托福閱讀中，有in fact的地方，其實都是一個并列、遞進的關(guān)系。

也就是，前后兩句的意思基本上是取同的。如果你認(rèn)為in fact的前后不一樣，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)再也找不到答案了。這個真的不是開玩笑。在整個官方真題Official中我們能找到6、7道題由in fact開頭的句子插入題。明確了句間的關(guān)系，我們進一步來看這句話具體的內(nèi)容。它說，事實上來自Teotihuacán的陶器和工藝品能夠在很遠的地方被發(fā)現(xiàn)，然后是地點的舉例。在閱讀中，我們碰到并列的內(nèi)容求同不求異，所以后面打包處理為很遠的地方。

這些陶器和藝術(shù)品能夠在別的地方被發(fā)現(xiàn)意味著什么呢?意味著它跟別的地方應(yīng)該是有聯(lián)系的。那么我們來一一判斷每個空前有沒有提到它跟別的地方是有聯(lián)系的。

讀完可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，A、B、C三個選項前面都沒有講到它跟別的地方的聯(lián)系。再看D選項，它說這個城市或許有和中美洲的經(jīng)濟和宗教的聯(lián)系，這里才出現(xiàn)聯(lián)系。所以唯一能夠跟前面匹配起來的就是D選項。前面說這個地方跟別地方有宗教和經(jīng)濟的聯(lián)系，之后舉個事實來支持它的工藝品能夠在別的地方被發(fā)現(xiàn)，說明它果然有聯(lián)系，所以用in fact來支持前面的觀點。

在考慮句與句之間的關(guān)系的時候，一定要去注意這些表示句間邏輯關(guān)系的詞，這些就體現(xiàn)了作者講話的意圖。

托福閱讀材料練習(xí)：愛走神的孩子更聰明

Children whose minds wander might have sharper brains, research suggests.

A study has found that people who appear to be constantly distracted have more “working memory”, giving them the ability to hold a lot of information in their heads and manipulate it mentally.

Children at school need this type of memory on a daily basis for a variety of tasks, such as following teachers’ instructions or remembering dictated sentences.

During the study, volunteers were asked to perform one of two simple tasks during which researchers checked to ask if the participants’ minds were wandering.

At the end, participants measured their working memory capacity by their ability to remember a series of letters interspersed with simple maths questions.

Daniel Levinson, a psychologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in the United States, said that those with higher working memory capacity reported “more mind wandering during these simple tasks”, but their performance did not suffer.

The results, published online in the journal Psychological Science, appear to confirm previous research that found working memory allows humans to juggle multiple thoughts simultaneously.

Dr Jonathan Smallwood, of the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Science in Leipzig, Germany, said: “What this study seems to suggest is that, when circumstances for the task aren’t very difficult, people who have additional working memory resources deploy them to think about things other than what they’re doing.”

Working memory capacity is also associated with general measures of intelligence, such as reading comprehension and IQ scores, and also offers a window into the widespread, but not well understood, realm of internally driven thoughts.

Dr Smallwood added: “Our results suggest the sorts of planning that people do quite often in daily life — when they are on the bus, when they are cycling to work, when they are in the shower — are probably supported by working memory.

“Their brains are trying to allocate resources to the most pressing problems.”

(Read by Emily Cheng. Emily Cheng is a journalist at the China Daily Website.)

托福閱讀材料練習(xí)：性格決定外表

If you exhibit positive traits such as honesty and helpfulness, the chances are that you will be perceived as a good looking person, for a new study has found that the perception of physical attractiveness is influenced by a person's personality.

The study, led by Gary W. Lewandowski, Jr, found that people who exhibit negative traits, such as unfairness and rudeness, appear to be less physically attractive to observers.

In the study, the participants viewed photographs of opposite-sex individuals and rated them for attractiveness before and after being provided with information on personality traits.

After personality information was received, participants also rated the desirability of each individual as a friend and as a dating partner.

Information on personality was found to significantly alter perceived desirability, showing that cognitive processes modify judgments of attractiveness.

"Perceiving a person as having a desirable personality makes the person more suitable in general as a close relationship partner of any kind," said Lewandowski.

The findings show that a positive personality leads to greater desirability as a friend, which leads to greater desirability as a romantic partner and, ultimately, to being viewed as more physically attractive.

The findings remained consistent regardless of how "attractive" the individual was initially perceived to be, or of the participants' current relationship status or commitment level with a partner.

What would you think of this lady's physical attractiveness if she exhibited bad personal traits?

"This research provides a more positive alternative by reminding people that personality goes a long way toward determining your attractiveness; it can even change people's impressions of how good looking you are," said Lewandowski.

托福閱讀材料譯文

如果你表現(xiàn)出誠實和樂于助人等美好品質(zhì)，那么別人會覺得你的外表也很迷人。一項最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個人的性格會影響別人對他或她的外表吸引力的看法。

該項由蓋里 W 勒萬多 維斯基負責(zé)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人們認(rèn)為，表現(xiàn)出不誠實和粗魯?shù)葠毫悠焚|(zhì)的人外表也不夠吸引人。

研究對象首先觀看了一組異性的照片，隨后分別在得知照片中人物的性格特點之前和之后給他們的外表評分。

研究對象在得知照片中人物的性格特點后，還對與其中每個人交朋友或做戀人的期望值進行了評分。

研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，有關(guān)人物性格特點的信息大大改變了之前的喜好度評分，研究對象的認(rèn)知過程改變了他們對照片中人物外表的評價。

勒萬多 維斯基說：“總的來說，如果人們認(rèn)為一個人的性格較好，那么他們會覺得無論與這個人做朋友還是做戀人都更合適?！?/p>

研究結(jié)果表明，人們更期望與性格較好的人交朋友、成為戀人，從而會認(rèn)為他們的外表更迷人。

無論照片中人物給人的“第一印象”怎樣、或者研究對象目前的情感關(guān)系狀況以及與伴侶的親密程度如何，研究結(jié)果都是一致的。

托福閱讀中的重要語法

一.級及絕對性詞匯

文章中若出現(xiàn) must ， all ， only ， anyone ， always ， never 等絕對性詞匯或 first ， most beautiful 等級詞匯，往往是考題要點，一般出“細節(jié)性題目”。這是因為它們都有一個共同的特點，那就是概念絕對 ， 答案 ，無論是出題還是做題，不會產(chǎn)出歧義和疑問，因此很容易出題，答案絕對正確。

相反地，如果文章中出現(xiàn)相對性的詞匯、例如 Some of the people chose red hats,some chose green hats,and others blue ones. 其中 some 為相對性詞匯，如果我們出這樣一道題： What color hats did some people choose? 那么就沒有正確的答案，因為有可能為 red,green 或 blue ，給評卷帶來困難。

二.同位語及插入語

文章中帶有由 that is ，i.e. ，or 等詞匯引導(dǎo)的名詞詞組，放在一個名詞后面，為同位語;插入語是指副詞、不定式、分詞、從句等結(jié)構(gòu)故在句首，句中或句尾，不做句子成分，但修飾整個句子、表 達作者感情的語法結(jié)構(gòu)。 這些用逗號隔開的持殊結(jié)構(gòu)往往也是考查的重點，一般會出“細節(jié)性題目”。

三.因果句

句中若有如下結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯的稱為因果句：

(1) 因果連詞：because，since，for，as，therefore，so，consequently 等

(2)表示因果的動詞：cause ，result in ，originate from 等;

(3) 表示因果的名詞： base, basis, result,consequence 等，這些因果句都是指明某兩個事件之間因果關(guān)系的，尤為出題者所青陳。因為通過出題可以考查文中兩個事件內(nèi)在的因果關(guān)系。此種句型一般出“推斷性問題”。

四.段落句

文章各段第一句( 段首句 )和末段員后一句( 文尾句 )都是十分重要的地方，往往是文章作者表達中思想，進行總結(jié)綜述的地方，因此常出(1)主題性問題，(2)細節(jié)性問題(3)結(jié)構(gòu)性問題。

五.特殊標(biāo)點

有一些特殊標(biāo)點的含義也屬于考查范圍，它們是：

(1) 破折號，表示解釋。考細節(jié)性問題;

(2) 括號，表示解釋?？技毠?jié)性問題;

(3) 冒號，一股同上，有時冒號也表示列舉，則考“ EXCEPT ”題目;

(4) 引號。表示引用，考細節(jié)性問題：

(5) 驚嘆號，表示作者感情，考態(tài)度性問題。

六.列舉和并列句

列舉指的是： First,... Second,... Third,...等逐條列出。并列句是指：A ，B and C，即逐項列出。它們共同的特征是列出二點或三點以上的條目。該類型語言點常考的題型是“細節(jié)性問題”，主要有兩種：

1. Which 題型

該題型只要求從并列的三頂中選一項作為答案，其它條目與題目無關(guān)。在這種情況下，往往題目的答案出自最后一個選項。

2 . EXCEPT 題型

該題型俗稱“三缺一”題型，即題目 4 個選項中有三個符合文章內(nèi)容，剩下一個不符合，題目便是要求選出這個不符合文章內(nèi)容的選項。例如： All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness EXCEPT ??? 這種題型只適合于考并列、列舉句，這是因為它要求其三個選項一定是文章中出現(xiàn)的，也就是并列或列舉之處。利用這一特點。我們在讀文章的時候就可多留意，如 看到并列、列舉句，可預(yù)想其有可能被考到;如發(fā)現(xiàn)題目中有“三缺一”題型，則應(yīng)到并列、列舉處找答案。

七.否定及轉(zhuǎn)折句

否定句是指帶有 NO 或 NOT ， NEVER 等否定詞的句子，而轉(zhuǎn)折句則指帶有 HOWEVER ， BUT 或RATHER 等關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的句子，它們可以用下面的句型說明： A is not B ， as C ， but is D 。對于以上的句型常出“推斷性問題”。

八.舉例句

句中由 as 或 such as ， for example 等引導(dǎo)的短語或句子為舉例句，常考“推斷性問題”和“細節(jié)性問題”。上面句型中的 as C 為插入的舉例句。

九.數(shù)字與年代

文中的數(shù)字、年代、日期等常常是出題者注意的考題點，如 1996 年 10 月第 48 題。

十.比較級及比喻

如果文中含有 more than 或 as... as ...，like ( a fly )等句型，則為比較級或比喻句結(jié)構(gòu)，往往也是考題點，一般出“推斷性題目”。