托福閱讀指代題2種高效解題方法實例講解

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托福閱讀指代題2種高效解題方法實例講解, 找準指代對象只需這2招,今天小編給大家?guī)砹送懈i喿x指代題2種高效解題方法實例講解,希望能夠幫助到大家,下面小編就和大家分享,來欣賞一下吧。

托福閱讀指代題2種高效解題方法實例講解 找準指代對象只需這2招

詳解托福閱讀指代題解題3要素

想要做好托福閱讀的指代題,考生就需要對指代題的3個基本要素有充分了解。一般來說,解答指代題時考生需要考慮的3個要素分別是指代詞本身的含義、指代詞所在句子和其它句子間存在哪些邏輯和意思上的聯系以及指代題句子的語法結構。而在這3個要素中,無論是從句子之間的聯系還是從句子的語法結構上來尋找突破點都是更為省時省力的解題技巧。來看具體實例分析:

1. 從句子之間聯系解題

例題:

These laws are universal in their application, regardless of cultural beliefs, geography, or climate. If pots have no bottoms or have large openings in their sides, they could hardly be considered containers in amy traditional senses. Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits.

The word they in the passage refers to

a.applied-art objects

b.the laws of physics

c.containers

d.the sides of pots

分析:

從指代詞的功能來看,指代詞所指代的對象一般都是同個句子中或者緊鄰上句中提到過的某個人物、物品或者事件等等,不可能指代之前很早出現的或者之后才會出現的內容。了解這一點可以幫助大家快速發(fā)現和排除一些明顯有問題的選項。比如上題中選項C的containers和選項D的the sides of pots,都是本段中出現在相對靠前位置的名詞,而在本句中并不存在,所以可以首先直接排除。而在剩余的選項A和B當中,能夠follow basic pattern的從詞義上來看也是選項A的applied-art objects更為符合一些,所以正確選項就是A。

2. 從語法結構來解題

例題:

Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.

The word they in the passage refers to

a. future explosions

b. pent-up aggressive impulses

c. outlets

d. indirect ways

分析:

這道題目的指代對象就是選項B的pent-up aggresive impluses,但由于問題的they是句子中的第二個they,可能考生就會不太清楚指代對象,但其實這種情況是很容易解決的,打擊可以看到第二個句子的前后半句用一個or來連接,而這種連接表示的邏輯關系就是并列,既然是并列那么兩個they指代的對象顯然應該是一致的。第一個they緊跟著前面一句所以很容易看出指代對象是pent-up aggresive impluses,那么第二個they的指代對象自然也是它了。所以考生在做指代題時,通過判斷句子之間的邏輯關系,也能非常迅速地找到指代對象完成解答。

關于托福閱讀指代題reference的高效解題思路就為大家介紹到這里。最后小編要提醒大家一點,那就是托福閱讀考試時間非常緊張,因此在做對題目的基礎上,考生還需要始終考慮如何優(yōu)化解題思路提升效率,這才是保證托福閱讀高分的核心思路。

托福閱讀中的四種句子關系

很多考生在準備托福考試的時候,總會發(fā)現部分托福考試中的句子遠遠超出了自己的能力范圍。對于這些長難句,當然要從語法的角度去完全把握。但是如果是在考試中遇到不能理解的句子時,考生就偏向于一遍一遍的去讀句子,沒讀懂不說,還浪費了時間,影響了下面的答題。

其實長難句在考試中最直接的運用就是考察插入句子題和解釋句子題。對于這樣的題目,我們在不能讀懂句子的情況下,能夠把握的就是句子的內在關系,即邏輯。邏輯在解釋句子題中的運用尤為重要,以前有學生反映,在考試中其實句子根本就不能讀懂,而利用邏輯就能迅速排除選項,從而找到正確的答案。所以說,邏輯是我們托福閱讀中的隱形解題幫手,考生們一定要尤為關注。

下面是托福閱讀中經常出現的四大邏輯關系,把握了它們就等于掌握了托福閱讀解題技巧的一個重要部分。

1. 因果關系

因:because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with

果:so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly

因果關系除了傳統(tǒng)意義上的顯性因果表達詞外,隱性的因果同樣是不可忽略的一個重要部分。

隱性因果:

A 導致(因-果):cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for

如The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs。

在這段話中,有l(wèi)ead to, 表示了導致的意思,即結果; 而so that 更進一步表示了后面的結果,所以可以充分判定這段話有因果關系的邏輯。

B 由…而來(果-因):result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, be responsive to, be attributable to

如 “The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process?!?/p>

在這段話中,根據result from可以推斷出有因果關系,那如果是解釋句子題時,選項中有因果關系就可以優(yōu)先考慮。

C 反映,體現(果-因): reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, show

This result demonstrates that…

D 考慮到: given, considering, in view of, thanks to, according to

He succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort。

E 依賴于: rely on, depend on, resort to,

He resorted to books when he had problems。

F 條件關系:when, once, as soon as, as long as

As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once。

G 分詞短語,不定式做狀語

Failing in the final exam, she cried。

2. 對比轉折關系

A 對比:while, whereas, on the other hand

在解釋句子題,插入句子題中,一旦出現對比關系,學生在掌握的基礎上就能非??焖俚呐卸ň溟g和句內的關系。While, whereas 前后連接的是平行結構,on the other hand前必定有on one hand, 可以用來把握句間關系。

B 轉折:but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, however

轉折是托福閱讀的一個經典考點之一,掌握這些轉折詞對考試非常有幫助。

3. 比較關系

A 同級比較 as…as

B 比較級:more…than, -er than, less…than

C 變化:change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop, progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remain

D 差異:different, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare…to

E 超越:surpass, exceed, excel, over

F 最高級

1)本身有最高級含義:maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, top

2) 本身程度比較深:amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively high

3) 否定+比較=最高級

No one is more outstanding than him。

從這句話中可以看出,否定加比較表示的是一種最高級關系。

4. 否定關系

顯性否定:no, not, never, nor, none neither

隱形否定:fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of

否定前綴:a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non- , un-

否定前綴是詞匯題中經常出的一個考點,把握否定前綴可以幫助考生把握一些生詞,依靠否定前綴對選項進行一個排除。

雙重否定;not fail to, not illegal, not uncommon, not unavailable

雙重否定是英文中經常運用的表達方式,由于在平時中文對話中用的很少,隨意對雙重否定的把握就顯得特別的重要。

托福閱讀素材之世界上最貴的指甲油

The most expensive nail polish in the world has been unveiled.

Containing 267-carats of black diamonds, the tiny bottle of varnish, by Los Angeles-based luxury jeweler Azature, has been priced at $250,000 (157萬元).

Models Own, a British company, released a Gold Rush Couture nail polish last year. The product, which contained 1,118 diamonds, was priced at $132, 800 (84萬元), which set a new record for the most expensive nail polish in the world.

It also featured a hand-crafted lid made from yellow gold.

Just last month, beauty fans showed their passion for nail polish by taking to the auction site eBay in order to purchase the almost impossible-to-get Black Spotted polish by OPI.

Because it only sells in France, French owners of the product are able to price the varnish for up to $70 (440 元) per bottle.

譯文:

女生們大都喜歡指甲油,那或鮮艷或神秘的顏色,給心情增加了不少斑斕。不過,這小小的指甲油,也有平價和天價之分。

珠寶品牌Azature推出號稱“全世界最昂貴的指甲油”,成分含有267克拉的黑鉆石,一瓶售價高達25萬美元。

流行品牌Models Own兩年前推出一款名稱為“淘金潮”(Gold Rush)的金黃色指甲油,要價13萬美元,且宣稱是“全世界最昂貴的指甲油”,受到媒體矚目。

這款指甲油內含約14克拉的鉆石粉末,手工打造的瓶子含有將近4盎司黃金,并鑲著1118顆碎鉆。

如今珠寶品牌Azature更上一層樓,推出售價25萬美元的黑鉆石指甲油,指甲油內含有276克拉的黑鉆石,堪稱“全世界最昂貴的指甲油”。

六種方法解決托福閱讀中的生詞

1. 下定義法

這個方法在托福閱讀考試中的運用還是很普遍的,多用于描述一個新專業(yè),新領域,新單詞。而且在文章首段出現的頻率最高,因為文章首段通常都是為本文話題或標題下定義。

例:Archaeologyis partly the discovery of the treasures of the past, partly the careful workof the scientific analyst, partly the exercise of the creative imagination.(“The Nature And Aims of Archaeology”) 從“is”這個詞不難發(fā)現后面的部分都是為archaeology下定義:對過去財物的發(fā)掘,細致的科學分析,創(chuàng)造力的想象------考古學(以-ology為后綴都是表示某門學科)。

例:Theseasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is calledphotoperiodism. (“The effects of light on plant and animal species”) “is called”的前半句也起了解釋說明的作用:日長的生理反應稱為光周期的季節(jié)性影響。

2. 符號法

無論是考試中還是劍橋系列,我們常發(fā)現某個單詞或詞組,乃至句子的前后常會出現一些特殊符號,比如:破折號(—),冒號(:),小括號(),引號(“ ”)。這些符號都是幫助大家猜測生詞的clue, 它們的前后通常都是對托福閱讀詞匯的解釋和說明。

例:Generally,the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates). ( “Micro-Enterprise Creditfor Street Youth”) 括號里的部分是對其前面的modest做說明,即比銀行的利息低一些。

例:Inall cases, someone has to act as a source of language data--- informant.Informant指的是充當語言資料來源的人。需要提示的是,經常會在小括號里出現i.e, 意思是thatis to say.

3. 舉例子

托福閱讀試題經常會在某個潛在生詞的后面,舉出一系列的例子,此時,大家可以根據例子,總結它們的共性。舉例子的一些標志詞:forexample, for instance, such as, just like, e.g.

例:Themarket for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before. Countries allacross… such as mountains, Arctic lands, deserts, small islands andwetlands (“The Impact of Wilderness Tourism”) 第一句的remote可以通過后面的例子,高山,北極地區(qū),荒漠,小島,濕地,得出指的是偏遠地區(qū)。

4. 句子之間的關聯詞

句子之間的關聯詞主要分為轉折和并列,透露了兩句之間表達意思的方向性是否一致。我們完全可以通過已知的半句所表述的涵義,借助關聯詞,來推測另外半句的意思。

并列關系:and, similarly,equally, also, both … and…

轉折關系:but, however,yet, instead, nevertheless, by contrast, on the other hand

例:Internationalcommerce was therefore dominated by raw materials, such as wheat, wood and ironore, or processed commodities, such as meat and steel. (“Delivering The Goods”)“or”表示或者,雖然是并列關系,但在意思上是相反的。Processedcommodities不難理解是加工過的產品,那“or”前面的句子指的就該是沒有加工過的產品,即raw materials, 原材料。

例:Forexample, desert annual germinate, flower, and seed whenever suitable rainfalloccurs… (“The effects of light on plant and animal species”) 從“and”可以判斷其前后三個詞的詞性相同,意思上也應該是同一個方向。flower表示開花,seed是結種,那germinate自然也是動詞,是在開花之前的階段,可粗略理解為生長或發(fā)芽。

5. 常識和上下文

常識和上下文也是作為揣測詞義的一個有效途徑,而這里所言的常識是涉及各領域,學科,平時累積而成,眾所周知的知識,常理。

例:Theearliest method of making fire was through friction. European peasants wouldinsert a wooden drill in a round hole and rotate it briskly between theirpalms. (“How Fire Leapt to Life”) 最早的取火方式是鉆木取火,其原理是摩擦生熱。通過下文的例子也可看出這一點。歐洲的農民會把一個木制的鉆頭插入一個圓形的洞,然后在手掌間迅速的旋轉它。Friction就是摩擦的意思。

6. 同位語

同位語是指一個名詞(或其它形式)對另一個名詞或代詞進行修飾,限定或說明,這個名詞(或其它形式)就是同位語。同位語與被它限定的詞的格要一致,并常常緊挨在一起,常出現在句子中間或者后面的位置。

例:Oneof the most important new methodologies is biomechanics, the study of the body in motion. (“How much higher?How much faster?”) 有時候同位語的解釋更讓人容易理解和接受,biomechanics專業(yè)說法是生物力學,而同位語的表達更平易近人:對身體運動的研究。



托福閱讀指代題2種高效解題方法實例講解

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