托福閱讀推理題實例解析

托福閱讀的推理題，雖然大家了解了具體的方法，但是在實際的解題過程中，到底如何運用這些技巧來答題，也是非常關(guān)鍵的,下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

托福閱讀推理題實例解析

例一：Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans—whales, porpoises, and　dolphins—are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to　live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a　fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals.　However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses,　whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first　whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil　record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged?　Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land　mammals and cetaceans

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?　○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.

○There were great numbers of them.

○They lived in the sea only.

○They did not leave many fossil remains.

例二：Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989. Several skeletons of another　early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now　exposed in the Sahara desert. This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million　years after Pakicetus. Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the　first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes.　Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus　on land. Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional,　or vestigial, hind legs.

It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locations　○On land

○B(yǎng)oth on land and at sea

○In shallow water

○In a marine environment

例三：Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where　the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer　browses on huckleberry, salad, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is　　fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of　plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to　migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the　lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory isexposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and　other arboreal fodder.

It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions

○ Cause some deer to hibernate

○ Make food unavailable in the highlands for deer

○ Make it easier for deer to locate understory plants

○Prevent deer from migrating during the winter

托福閱讀推理題考察點解析

托福閱讀考試中，不同的題型考察的目的和重點是不一樣的。所以在實際的備考中，針對各種考試題型，大家也要掌握考察的重點。那么關(guān)于閱讀推理題部分，具體的考察內(nèi)容是什么?下面小編為大家整理了詳細(xì)的內(nèi)容，供大家參考!

一、托福閱讀推理題的兩大分類：有共性的推理題和無共性的推理題。

這里所謂的有共性推理題就是說題干中有和原文內(nèi)容相同的關(guān)鍵詞(也叫線索)。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，然后進(jìn)行推理。一般來說，大多數(shù)的推理題都屬于這類題目。對于無共性的推理題，也就是題干中無線索，一般使用排除法，即根據(jù)各個選項的關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，通過排除法得出正確答案。返回原文找信息點，采用排除法是解決這兩類題型解決的共同策略。

二、托福閱讀推理題的三個具體的解題思路：

1、一般對比推理：根據(jù)兩個事情的對比特征，問其中一個事物的特征，只要將與之形成對比的另外一個事情的特征否定掉就可以。

2、時間對比推理：在這種推理中，一般有兩個形成對比的時間段，它們所具有的特征一般相反。當(dāng)題干問一個時間段的特征時，只要將與之相反的時間段的特征否定掉就可以了。

3、集合概念推理 ：一個大的集合的兩個方面形成對比，兩者之間存在著互補(bǔ)性關(guān)系，也就是一個的增加意味著另一個的減少。反之，相同。這個比較抽象，我們來看一個例子：

例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.

What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?

(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.

(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.

(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.

(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.

文中指出：非農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例都增加了。由此可知農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例下降，所以(B)為正確答案。

三、解答這類題目需要注意的信息點：

1.日期和數(shù)字。

2.關(guān)鍵詞： 表示多少的副詞: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情態(tài)動詞：may, can , could…;表示過去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等

托福閱讀推理題例子解析

推理題大概有三個解題思路：一般對比推理、時間對比推理、集合概念推理。一般對比推理：根據(jù)兩個事情的對比特征，問其中一個事物的特征，只要將與之形成對比的另外一個事情的特征否定掉就可以。時間對比推理：在這種推理中，一般有兩個形成對比的時間段，它們所具有的特征一般相反。當(dāng)題干問一個時間段的特征時，只要將與之相反的時間段的特征否定掉就可以了。集合概念推理 ：一個大的集合的兩個方面形成對比，兩者之間存在著互補(bǔ)性關(guān)系，也就是一個的增加意味著另一個的減少。反之，相同。

在這里我們先來看一個例子：

Passage：…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century， a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils， so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles...

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?

a.They did not smoke when they were burned.

b.They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.

c.They were not available to all.

d.They contained sulfuric acid.

正確答案是C.這一段的第一句就告訴我們：19世紀(jì)的一些新發(fā)明和發(fā)現(xiàn)也對蠟燭工業(yè)產(chǎn)生了一次巨大的革命，這次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。從這句話中我們可以得到兩層信息：19世紀(jì)蠟燭工業(yè)有了一次革命性的變化;在沒有這次變革之前，也就是在19世紀(jì)以前，照明并不是所有人都能使用的。因為作者在談?wù)摰氖窍灎T的變革，所以這里所說的“l(fā)ighting照明”一定是與蠟燭有關(guān)的照明，其實也就是告訴我們19世紀(jì)以前并不是所有人都能夠使用到蠟燭帶來的照明，這一推論出的信息正好與選項C吻合。文章第一句同時也是一個時間的分水嶺，告訴我們19世紀(jì)蠟燭工業(yè)的變革是怎么樣的?！霸?9世紀(jì)早期到中期，蠟燭處理工藝使用alkali 和 sulfuric acid 來提煉 tallow，提煉后的產(chǎn)品就是 stearin，stearin 比未經(jīng)提煉的tallow堅硬而且燃燒得更久。這一巨大的變化意味著制造出不產(chǎn)生煙和rancid味道的蠟燭是可能的?！痹谶@里的一個關(guān)鍵詞是 rancid，意思是(油脂食物，其味道、氣味)不新鮮的;腐臭的;正好與選項b的pleasant odor相反。19世紀(jì)前的蠟燭產(chǎn)生usualsmoke(經(jīng)常有煙)，這與選項a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世紀(jì)用來處理fallow的材料，在19世紀(jì)以前是沒有使用的，這與選項d相反。

解答這類題目時要注意這些關(guān)鍵信息點：日期和數(shù)字、關(guān)鍵詞： 表示多少的副詞: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情態(tài)動詞：may, can , could…;表示過去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。

在此，我們再來看一道例題：

It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales , porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

a. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like

b.There were great numbers of them.

c. They lived in the sea only.

d.They did not leave many fossil remains.

首先我們來對題目的出題范圍進(jìn)行定位，題干的blowhole可以作為定位詞匯，定位到原文的第四句話：“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.” 在這句話里交代了“unlike the casess of sea otters”，即與sea otters 不一樣的是，whales 的陳述是：it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. 即，不容易看出第一頭鯨長什么樣子。而sea ottter 是和鯨魚相反，所以選擇A選項，即不難看出第一頭sea otter 長什么樣子。所以實際上，這種題目雖然叫做推理題，但是并不需要同學(xué)們在做題的時候推的過遠(yuǎn)，基本考察的還是對原文信息概括和總結(jié)的能力。

如何應(yīng)對托福閱讀推理題

一、題型分類

對于托福閱讀來說，詞匯是根本。在閱讀中詞匯題(vocabulary questions)的數(shù)量很多，每篇存在三至五題不等。

接下來就是閱讀中的句子。句子細(xì)節(jié)在托福中的考察形式和內(nèi)容相比詞匯更為深入。有對于單個句子結(jié)構(gòu)和主干意思理解做出的考察，即句子簡化題(sentence simplification questions)。有對于文中明確表述的細(xì)節(jié)信息的考察和理解，即事實信息題(factual information questions)。還有對于文中明確表述信息真?zhèn)蔚淖R別和理解，也就是否定事實信息題(negative factual information questions)。除此之外，閱讀還會考察對于文中強(qiáng)烈暗示而未明確表述的信息的識別和理解能力，即推理題(inference questions)。

在閱讀中，對于段落的考察往往側(cè)重于句子之間的關(guān)系。句與句之間的連接往往會有名詞的重復(fù)以及代詞的指代，所以有了指代題(reference questions)。內(nèi)容的銜接除了代詞指代之外，還有邏輯關(guān)系的遞進(jìn)，所以又有了修辭目的題(rhetorical purpose questions)。如果說指代題和修辭目的題是對于句間關(guān)系的識別的話，那么句子插入題(insert sentence questions)則是兩者的升級版，是對于句間關(guān)系的邏輯的應(yīng)用。

當(dāng)然，托福閱讀也涉及篇章中段落的主旨以及段間的關(guān)系的考查。若是順承的關(guān)系往往出的是總結(jié)題(prose summary questions)，若是對比分類的關(guān)系往往出的是表格題(fill in a table questions)。

二、題型難度

通過以上的分類講解，相信大家對于托福閱讀十大題型考察的能力有了了解。那么十大題型里，哪種題型相對比較難呢?如果說其他題型是通過詞匯積累或者對于文章里的信息的透徹理解就可以掌握的話，那么更側(cè)重于考察出題人的邏輯思維模式的題型就是推理題了。

我們再來看一下托福官方指南里對于推理題的表述：對于文中強(qiáng)烈暗示而未明確表述信息的識別和理解。大家重點關(guān)注強(qiáng)烈暗示這幾個詞，言下之意就是通過一些相關(guān)信息的表述來傳遞內(nèi)在的意思，所以體會出題人傳達(dá)相關(guān)信息的模式就變成了解題的關(guān)鍵。

三、推理題中的對比取反

解答推理題應(yīng)從識別題型入手。推理題題干中常見表示推理或暗示的詞匯：infer，imply，indicate，suggest。然后，仔細(xì)閱讀題干。最后，根據(jù)題干信息研讀文章信息以做出推理。

接下來我們通過以下四個例子來層層深入解析推理題中對比取反的情況。

1. Paragraph: Two other developments presaged the end of the era of turnpikes and started a transportation revolution that resulted in increased regional specialization and the growth of a national market economy. First came the steamboat; although flatboats and keelboats continued to be important until the 1850s, steamboats eventually superseded all other craft in the carrying of passengers and freight. Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats.

1. Which of the following can be inferred from the paragraph about flatboats and keelboats?

A. They ceased to be used as soon as the first turnpikes were built.

B. They were slower and more expensive to operate than steamboats.

C. They were used for long-distance but not for regional transportation.

D. They were used primarily on the Erie Canal.

根據(jù)題干信息flatboats and keelboats對應(yīng)到原文句子Steamboats were not only faster but also transported upriver freight for about one tenth of what it had previously cost on hand-propelled keelboats. 從句子里steamboat以及keelboats之間的faster 以及one tenth of很容易得出B選項。解出答案之后，希望大家思考，這樣一道推理題透露了出題人設(shè)置題目時的邏輯思維，那就是信息的對比，而且有對比的時候，答案往往會取反面。

2. Paragraph: A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community – that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.

1. Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from the paragraph?

A. It excludes interactions between more than two species.

B. It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.

C. Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.

D. Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.

根據(jù)題干信息commensalism對應(yīng)到原文句子There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.該句得不出答案，接著看到The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community;該句告訴我們first and third指代上句中的parasitism和mutualism, 而題干中被問及的commensalism(共棲)恰是三者之中剩余的部分，根據(jù)例一中出題人對于對比取反的邏輯設(shè)置，顯然該題同樣取反，既然文中給出一三重要，那么強(qiáng)烈暗示的就是處于第二的commensalism不重要，所以選C。

3. Paragraph: Isotopic analysis of shells allowed geologists to measure another glacial effect. They could trace the growth and shrinkage of continental glaciers, even in parts of the ocean where there may have been no great change in temperature – around the equator, for example. The oxygen isotope ratio of the ocean changes as a great deal of water is withdrawn from it by evaporation and is precipitated as snow to form glacial ice. During glaciations, the lighter oxygen-16 has a greater tendency to evaporate from the ocean surface than the heavier oxygen-18 does. Thus, more of the heavy isotope is left behind in the ocean and absorbed by marine organisms. From this analysis of marine sediments, geologists have learned that there were many shorter, more regular cycles of glaciation and de-glaciation than geologists had recognized from the glacial drift of the continents alone.

1. It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that foraminifera fossil shells containing calcite with high percentages of oxygen-16 were deposited at times when…

A. polar ice extended as far as equatorial regions of land and sea.

B. extensive glaciation was not occurring.

C. there were no great increases in ocean temperature.

D. there was heavy snowfall on continental glaciers.

同樣根據(jù)題干信息oxygen-16對應(yīng)到原文During glaciations, the lighter oxygen-16 has a greater tendency to evaporate from the ocean surface than the heavier oxygen-18 does. 句中給出during glaciations的時候oxygen-16會蒸發(fā)離開，題干問什么時候oxygen-16 were deposited, 同樣還是對比取反，即not during glaciations，對應(yīng)選項B。

4. Paragraph 2: The areas covered by this material were so vast that the ice that deposited it must have been a continental glacier larger than Greenland or Antarctica. Eventually, Agassiz and others convinced geologists and the general public that a great continental glaciation had extended the polar ice caps far into regions that now enjoy temperate climates. For the first time, people began to talk about ice ages. It was also apparent that the glaciation occurred in the relatively recent past because the drift was soft, like freshly deposited sediment. We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift. The drift of the last glaciation was deposited during one of the most recent epochs of geologic time, the Pleistocene, which lasted from 1.8 million to 10,000 years ago. Along the east coast of the United States, the southernmost advance of this ice is recorded by the enormous sand and drift deposits of the terminal moraines that form Long Island and Cape Cod.

1. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that Agassiz and other geologists of his time were not able to determine…

A. which geographic regions had been covered with ice sheets in the last ice age.

B. the exact dates at which drifts had been deposited during the last ice age.

C. the exact composition of the drifts laid during the last ice age.

D. how far south along the east coast of the United States the ice had advanced during the last ice age.

通過以上的例子，相信大家已經(jīng)熟悉了推理題中對比取反的邏輯思維。那么最后這一道題，是否能夠應(yīng)用講解的規(guī)律順利得出正確答案呢?

首先讀題干，很多考生會選擇Agassiz and other geologists這一信息去對應(yīng)原文，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)無法根據(jù)文中對應(yīng)信息得出正確答案。此時要牢記對比取反的邏輯思維，重新審題發(fā)現(xiàn)了of his time這一時間短語與文中的We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift.一句里的now構(gòu)成對比關(guān)系。所以根據(jù)對比取反的邏輯，既然我們現(xiàn)在才e799bee5baa6e78988e69d8331333363393661精確知道冰川形成的時間，那么在當(dāng)時是不知道的，順利選出B選項。

在托福閱讀中，希望考生可以通過分析真題仔細(xì)體會出題人的思維邏輯，掌握考試規(guī)律，這樣才能百戰(zhàn)百勝。