如何應(yīng)對托福閱讀推理題

托福閱讀的推理題，難度排行僅次于文章內(nèi)容小結(jié)題，小編整理了一些閱讀推理題的小攻略,下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

如何應(yīng)對托福閱讀推理題

步驟一：審題

通過審題，確定本題的推理對象;

步驟二：回原文中鎖定推理對象的位置

這時候又分兩種情況，如果推理對象存在于原文某個句子中的其中一個分句或一個部分，則推理依據(jù)就在本句剩下的內(nèi)容中;如果推理對象存在于原文一個完整的句子中，則推理依據(jù)需要結(jié)合上下文。

比如下面這道題：(TPO24)

By whatever means,a lake is constantly gaining water and losing water:its water does not just sit there,or,anyway,not for long.This raises the matter of a lake’s residence time.The residence time is the average length of time that any particular molecule of water remains in the lake,and it is calculated by dividing the volume of water in the lake by the rate at which water leaves the lake.The residence time is an average;the time spent in the lake by a given molecule(if we could follow its fate)would depend on the route it took:it might flow through as part of the fastest,most direct current,or it might circle in a backwater for an indefinitely long time. 　　It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that the length of time a given molecule of water remains in a lake A.depends entirely upon the average speed of a lake's currents

B.can be measured by the volume of the lake alone

C.can be greater or lesser than the residence time D.is similar to the length of time all other molecules remain in that lake

首先審題，我們知道推理對象為the length of time a given molecule of water remains in a lake，然后通過定位，找到原文包含推理對象的句子，即原文最后一句話的后半句，“The residence time is an average;the time spent in the lake by a given molecule(if we could follow its fate)would depend on the route it took:it might flow through as part of the fastest,most direct current,or it might circle in a backwater for an indefinitely long time.”

本句話以分號分成了前后兩個分句，因此前一個分句也需要分析。前一個分句，即“The residence time is an average，停留時間是平均的”，這個信息點需要記住，接下來再把后半句看完。后半句，即“the time spent in the lake by a given molecule would depend on the route it took，一分子的水停留在湖里的時間取決于它所走的路線”，隱含意思即水停留在湖里的時間是不固定的，走的路線是直線，則停留時間短，走的路線是循環(huán)的，則停留時間就長。結(jié)合前一個分句，可得出結(jié)論，一分子的水停留在湖里的時間可能比residence time長，也可能比它短，故答案為C。

如何快速找出托福閱讀推理題的推理依據(jù)

托福閱讀推理題的題干中常出現(xiàn)infer， imply ， most likely (least likely) 或probably 等詞語。托福閱讀推理題的兩大分類：有共性的推理題和無共性的推理題。

有共性推理題就是說題干中有和原zd文內(nèi)容相同的關(guān)鍵詞(也叫線索)。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，然后進行推理。一版般來說，大多數(shù)的推理題都屬于這類題目。

對于無共性的推理題，也就是題干中無線索，一般使用排除法，即根據(jù)各個選項的關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，通過排除法得出正確答案。返回原文找信息點，采用排除法是解決這兩類題型解決的共同策略。

文中的關(guān)鍵詞，觀權(quán)點，邏輯和平時的基本常識都是解決托福閱讀題型這類問題的關(guān)鍵。

托福閱讀推理題套路大解讀，玩溜了不怕題難

A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.

1. Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from paragraph 1?

○ It excludes interactions between more than two species.

○ It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.

○ Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.

○ Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.

解法1：

初學(xué)者在看到這樣題目的時候，會先把文章看完甚至翻譯一遍，認為理解了自然就能選對答案。這是正確率最高最靠譜的做法，如果你第一次接觸托福又沒聽過備考君的課，我會舉起天上所有的星星推薦你這么做。但最大的缺陷是考試時無法在短時間內(nèi)理解文章并且做完題目。所以在閱讀能力不是很強的時候，盡量不要使用看完文章理解再做題的方法。

解法2：定位規(guī)律

? 題干關(guān)鍵詞：commensalism

? 文中定位點：There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.有三種共生關(guān)系：寄生、共生、互利共棲。說的是題干關(guān)鍵詞本身的內(nèi)容，無法對應(yīng)選項。

? 再往后讀啊讀啊讀……理論上來說看到這里應(yīng)該能得到答案了，但是……看看選項?

○ 共生關(guān)系不包括超過兩個物種之間的相互作用

○ 共生關(guān)系使得物種在生物團體中難以生存

○ 共生關(guān)系在生物群體中的重要性是小的

○ 共生關(guān)系在生物結(jié)構(gòu)中的角色是引起混亂的

選哪個?!正確答案是哪個啊?

這里備考君要同學(xué)們學(xué)的是一個小套路，我們把文中內(nèi)容和選項都理解后得到這樣的一個邏輯：

文章：第一個和第三個在一個生物團體結(jié)構(gòu)中是重要的;意思是，所有的有機體居住在一起并且在特定的區(qū)域相互作用。

推理模式：第一個(寄生)和第三個(互利共棲)在一個生物團體結(jié)構(gòu)中是重要的→第二個(共生)是不重要的

所以選C

這個切入點你發(fā)現(xiàn)了嗎?

但這樣分析題目，對我們來說有什么實際的意義呢?(敲黑板!)同學(xué)們，這篇文章的核心就是希望大家能高效的發(fā)現(xiàn)題目的切入點并且解決問題。于是，對于這道題來說發(fā)現(xiàn)一個能夠廣泛使用的規(guī)律，比起選出正確答案更有意義：

讓我們聊聊剛才在題目中的推理模式：第一個(寄生)和第三個(互利共棲)在一個生物團體結(jié)構(gòu)中是重要的→第二個(共生)是不重要的

這個推理模式我叫做反義推理(有些老師也叫做反向推理、取非，意思一致)，是托福閱讀推理題常用的推理模式，并且在細節(jié)題、否定事實信息題(NOT EXCEPT)和判斷其他題型錯誤選項的時候經(jīng)常使用，也是最常見的一種思維模式。反義推理的核心來自于歸約(reduction)，意思是當(dāng)未知量與已知量看上去無法匹配的時候，在二者之間搭上一個橋梁來使得找答案變得更簡單。

讓我們來看看類似題目中用到反義推理的高效表現(xiàn)：

真題

With questions such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft, deep-sea mud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.

4.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?

○ It did not contain any marine fossil.

○ It had formed in open-ocean conditions.

○ It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.

○ It contained sediment from nearby deserts.

這道題很容易，和上一題是同樣的套路

? 題干關(guān)鍵詞：the solid gypsum layer

? 文中定位點： Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions.

? 利用反義推理：在石膏層上面和下面的沉積層中包含小海洋化石→石膏層不包含海洋化石

? 所以選A

而在我們熟練了在一個完整概念下不同因素之間的反義推理后(例如整體是【A,B,C】, 文中說AB重要則C不重要，AB有東西則C沒有)，將完整概念拓展到時間點前后區(qū)分概念會使得做題變得更加的簡單：

真題

Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of paradoxes. Nearly every movie theater, however modest, had a piano or organ to provide musical accompaniment to silent pictures. In many instances, spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate aural presentations alongside movies' visual images, from the Japanese benshi (narrators) crafting multivoiced dialogue narratives to original musical compositions performed by symphony-size orchestras in Europe and the United States. In Berlin, for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin, film director Sergei Eisenstein worked with Austrian composer Edmund Meisel (1874-1930) on a musical score matching sound to image; the Berlin screenings with live music helped to bring the film its wide international fame.

5. Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about Eisenstein’s film The Battleship Potemkirf?

○ The film was not accompanied by sound before its Berlin screening.

○ The film was unpopular in the Soviet Union before it was screened in Berlin.

○ Eisenstein’s film was the first instance of collaboration between a director and a composer.

○ Eisenstein believed that the musical score in a film was as important as dialogue.

? 題干關(guān)鍵詞：Eisenstein’s film The Battleship Potemkirf，大寫字母很容易找

? 文中定位點： In Berlin, for the premiere performance outside the Soviet Union of The Battleship Potemkin, film director Sergei Eisenstein worked with Austrian composer Edmund Meisel (1874-1930) on a musical score matching sound to image; the Berlin screenings with live music helped to bring the film its wide international fame.

? 利用反義推理：在柏林首次公演→在柏林之前沒有演過

? 所以選A

對我們來說，掌握了時間點前后不一致，可以使用反義推理這個方法，能讓我們更快的得到答案：

真題

The areas covered by this material were so vast that the ice that deposited it must have been a continental glacier larger than Greenland or Antarctica. Eventually, Agassiz and others convinced geologists and the general public that a great continental glaciation had extended the polar ice caps far into regions that now enjoy temperate climates. For the first time, people began to talk about ice ages. It was also apparent that the glaciation occurred in the relatively recent past because the drift was soft, like freshly deposited sediment. We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift. The drift of the last glaciation was deposited during one of the most recent epochs of geologic time, the Pleistocene, which lasted from 1.8 million to 10,000 years ago. Along the east coast of the United States, the southernmost advance of this ice is recorded by the enormous sand and drift deposits of the terminal moraines that form Long Island and Cape Cod.

5.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that Agassiz and other geologists of his time were not able to determine

○ which geographic regions had been covered with ice sheets in the last ice age

○ the exact dates at which drifts had been deposited during the last ice age

○ the exact composition of the drifts laid during the last ice age

○ how far south along the east coast of the United States the ice had advanced during the last ice age

? 題干關(guān)鍵詞： Agassiz and other geologists of his time were not able to determine

? 文中定位點：We now know the age of the glaciation accurately from radiometric dating of the carbon-14 in logs buried in the drift.

? 利用反義推理：We now know ……→ Agassiz and other geologists of his time were not able to determine

? 所以選B

真題

It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity. Since the Cambrian period, biodiversity has generally risen, but there have been some notable exceptions. Biodiversity collapsed dramatically during at least five periods because of mass extinctions around the globe. The five major mass extinctions receive most of the attention, but they are only one end of a spectrum of extinction events. Collectively, more species went extinct during smaller events that were less dramatic but more frequent. The best known of the five major extinction events, the one that saw the demise of the dinosaurs, is the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction.

2. Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about life on Earth before the Cambrian period?

○ Biodiversity levels were steady, as indicated by the fossil record.

○ Levels of biodiversity could not be tracked.

○ The most dramatic extinction episode occurred.

○ Few microscopic species existed.

? 題干關(guān)鍵詞： before the Cambrian period?

? 文中定位點： It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity.

? 利用反義推理：It was not until the Cambrian period ……allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity→ Levels of biodiversity could not be tracked.

? 所以選B

反義推理這個模式還可以被用在NOT EXCEPT題當(dāng)中：

真題

Five centuries later, about 7700B.C., a new village rose on the mound. At first the inhabitants still hunted gazelle intensively. Then, about 7000 B.C., within the space of a few generations, they switched abruptly to herding domesticated goats and sheep and to growing einkorn, pulses, and other cereal grasses. Abu Hureyra grew rapidly until it covered nearly 30 acres. It was a close-knit community of rectangular, one-story mud-brick houses, joined by narrow lanes and courtyards, finally abandoned about 5000 B.C.. Many complex factors led to the adoption of the new economies, not only at Abu Hureyra, but at many other locations such as 'Ain Ghazal, also in Syria, where goat toe bones showing the telltale marks of abrasion caused by foot tethering (binding) testify to early herding of domestic stock.

10.According to paragraph 5, after 7000 B.C. the settlement of Abu Hureyra differed from earlier settlements at that location in all of the following EXCEPT

○ the domestication of animals

○ the intensive hunting of gazelle

○ the size of the settlement

○ the design of the dwellings

? 題干關(guān)鍵詞： after 7000 B.C

? 文中定位點：Then, about 7000 B.C……但我的思考是，之后的內(nèi)容對應(yīng)選項則會成為正確的內(nèi)容，而題目需要我們找到錯誤的內(nèi)容并且選出來，那么，7000 BC之前的內(nèi)容如果對應(yīng)選項，就應(yīng)該是錯誤的并且可以被選出來了，根據(jù)這個想法我們往前看

? Five centuries later, about 7700 B.C., a new village rose on the mound. At first the inhabitants still hunted gazelle intensively.

? 對應(yīng)答案B