托福閱讀推理題的分析

為了幫助大家閱讀能拿高分，小編為大家?guī)砹俗鐾懈ｉ喿x推理題的攻略，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

托福閱讀推理題的分析

一、推理題的兩大分類：有共性的推理題和無共性的推理題。

這里所謂的有共性推理題就是說題干中有和原文內(nèi)容相同的關(guān)鍵詞(也叫線索)。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，然后進(jìn)行推理。一般來說，大多數(shù)的推理題都屬于這類題目。對于無共性的推理題，也就是題干中無線索，一般使用排除法，即根據(jù)各個選項的關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，通過排除法得出正確答案。返回原文找信息點(diǎn)，采用排除法是解決這兩類題型解決的共同策略。

二、推理題的三個具體的解題思路：

1、一般對比推理：根據(jù)兩個事情的對比特征，問其中一個事物的特征，只要將與之形成對比的另外一個事情的特征否定掉就可以。

2、時間對比推理：在這種推理中，一般有兩個形成對比的時間段，它們所具有的特征一般相反。當(dāng)題干問一個時間段的特征時，只要將與之相反的時間段的特征否定掉就可以了。

3、集合概念推理 ：一個大的集合的兩個方面形成對比，兩者之間存在著互補(bǔ)性關(guān)系，也就是一個的增加意味著另一個的減少。反之，相同。這個比較抽象，我們來看一個例子：

例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.

What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?

(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.

(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.

(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.

(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.

文中指出：非農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例都增加了。由此可知農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例下降，所以(B)為正確答案。

三、解答這類題目需要注意的信息點(diǎn)：

1.日期和數(shù)字。

2.關(guān)鍵詞： 表示多少的副詞: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情態(tài)動詞：may, can , could…;表示過去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。

托福閱讀推理題深度解析

推理題的標(biāo)志是在題干中出現(xiàn)infer/imply/suggest/indicate/most likely 這樣的詞匯，它和細(xì)節(jié)題屬于同源題目，都需要定位并且根據(jù)文中信息來選擇答案。與細(xì)節(jié)題不同的是，推理題在找到原文中定位點(diǎn)之后考察的是學(xué)生對于文中信息的總結(jié)概括，或者反向推理的能力。

推理題的兩大分類：有共性的推理題和無共性的推理題。這里所謂的有共性推理題就是說題干中有和原文內(nèi)容相同的關(guān)鍵詞(也叫線索)。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，然后進(jìn)行推理。一般來說，大多數(shù)的推理題都屬于這類題目。對于無共性的推理題，也就是題干中無線索，一般使用排除法，即根據(jù)各個選項的關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，通過排除法得出正確答案。返回原文找信息點(diǎn)，采用排除法是解決這兩類題型解決的共同策略。

推理題大概有三個解題思路：一般對比推理、時間對比推理、集合概念推理。一般對比推理：根據(jù)兩個事情的對比特征，問其中一個事物的特征，只要將與之形成對比的另外一個事情的特征否定掉就可以。時間對比推理：在這種推理中，一般有兩個形成對比的時間段，它們所具有的特征一般相反。當(dāng)題干問一個時間段的特征時，只要將與之相反的時間段的特征否定掉就可以了。集合概念推理 ：一個大的集合的兩個方面形成對比，兩者之間存在著互補(bǔ)性關(guān)系，也就是一個的增加意味著另一個的減少。反之，相同。

在這里我們先來看一個例子：

Passage：…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century， a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals) with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils， so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles...

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?

a.They did not smoke when they were burned.

b.They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.

c.They were not available to all.

d.They contained sulfuric acid.

正確答案是C.這一段的第一句就告訴我們：19世紀(jì)的一些新發(fā)明和發(fā)現(xiàn)也對蠟燭工業(yè)產(chǎn)生了一次巨大的革命，這次革命使得所有的人都使用上了照明。從這句話中我們可以得到兩層信息：19世紀(jì)蠟燭工業(yè)有了一次革命性的變化;在沒有這次變革之前，也就是在19世紀(jì)以前，照明并不是所有人都能使用的。因為作者在談?wù)摰氖窍灎T的變革，所以這里所說的“l(fā)ighting照明”一定是與蠟燭有關(guān)的照明，其實也就是告訴我們19世紀(jì)以前并不是所有人都能夠使用到蠟燭帶來的照明，這一推論出的信息正好與選項C吻合。文章第一句同時也是一個時間的分水嶺，告訴我們19世紀(jì)蠟燭工業(yè)的變革是怎么樣的?！霸?9世紀(jì)早期到中期，蠟燭處理工藝使用alkali 和 sulfuric acid 來提煉 tallow，提煉后的產(chǎn)品就是 stearin，stearin 比未經(jīng)提煉的tallow堅硬而且燃燒得更久。這一巨大的變化意味著制造出不產(chǎn)生煙和rancid味道的蠟燭是可能的?！痹谶@里的一個關(guān)鍵詞是 rancid，意思是(油脂食物，其味道、氣味)不新鮮的;腐臭的;正好與選項b的pleasant odor相反。19世紀(jì)前的蠟燭產(chǎn)生usualsmoke(經(jīng)常有煙)，這與選項a相反。Sulfuric acid是19世紀(jì)用來處理fallow的材料，在19世紀(jì)以前是沒有使用的，這與選項d相反。

解答這類題目時要注意這些關(guān)鍵信息點(diǎn)：日期和數(shù)字、關(guān)鍵詞： 表示多少的副詞: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情態(tài)動詞：may, can , could…;表示過去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。

在此，我們再來看一道例題：

It should be obvious that cetaceans-whales , porpoises, and dolphins-are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke3 and blowhole4 cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but, already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

a. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like

b.There were great numbers of them.

c. They lived in the sea only.

d.They did not leave many fossil remains.

首先我們來對題目的出題范圍進(jìn)行定位，題干的blowhole可以作為定位詞匯，定位到原文的第四句話：“However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.” 在這句話里交代了“unlike the casess of sea otters”，即與sea otters 不一樣的是，whales 的陳述是：it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. 即，不容易看出第一頭鯨長什么樣子。而sea ottter 是和鯨魚相反，所以選擇A選項，即不難看出第一頭sea otter 長什么樣子。所以實際上，這種題目雖然叫做推理題，但是并不需要同學(xué)們在做題的時候推的過遠(yuǎn)，基本考察的還是對原文信息概括和總結(jié)的能力。

備考托福閱讀推理題分析

一、推理題的標(biāo)志

推理題的題干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等詞，分為有共性的推理題和無共性的推理題兩大類。

二、推理題的做法

對于無共性的推理題，也就是題干中無線索的，一般使用排除法，即根據(jù)各個選項的關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，通過排除法得出正確答案。

對于有共性的推理題，也就是題干中有線索的，可以先圈定題干中的關(guān)鍵詞，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，然后進(jìn)行推理。推理題主要有下列思路：

1.一般對比推理

ETS設(shè)計推理題的手段不多，根據(jù)兩個事物的對比特征出題是其中之一。問其中一個事物的特征時，只要將與之形成對比的另一個事物的特征否定掉就可以了。例如：

It should be obvious that cetaceans–whales, porpoises, and dolphins–are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.

2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

&<61;It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.

&<61;There were great numbers of them.

&<61;They lived in the sea only.

&<61;They did not leave many fossil remains.

根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞sea otters定位第四句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds…，由原文的unlike可知sea otters和pinnipeds兩種動物與whales形成對比，而且很難想象原始的whales的樣子;根據(jù)“一般對比推理”思路，可以推出“原始的sea otters的樣子不難想象”。第一個選項表達(dá)了此意，為正確答案。

2.時間對比推理

這種思路常被考到。在這種推理中，一般有兩個形成對比的時間段，它們所具有的特征一般相反。當(dāng)題干問一個時間段的特征時，只要將與之相反的時間段的特征否定掉就可以了。

例一：

Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth….

…It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.

…

It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution

(A)families were larger.

(B)population statistics were unreliable.

(C)the population grew steadily.

(D)economic conditions were bad.

工業(yè)革命之后與工業(yè)革命之前兩個時間形成對比。既然工業(yè)革命之后西方世界的家庭變小了，那么工業(yè)革命之前的家庭一定比較大。因此(A)為正確答案。

例二：

Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient. Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.

What can be inferred from the passage about the majority of films made after 1927?

(A) They were truly “silent.”

(B) They were accompanied by symphonic orchestras.

(C) They incorporated the sound of the actors’ voices.

(D) They corresponded to specific musical compositions.

1927年前后形成對比。既然1927年以前的電影只有音樂而沒有配音，那么1927年之后的電影一定有。所以(C)為正確答案。

例三：

“…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals )with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles …”

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?

&<61;They did not smoke when they were burned.

&<61;They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.

&<61;They were not available to all.

&<61;They contained sulfuric acid.

問題：關(guān)于19世紀(jì)以前的蠟燭，從第一段可以推出下列哪一點(diǎn)?

這道題的題干中有“19世紀(jì)以前”這一時間，由此可見它屬于“時間對比推理”思路。原文首句指出：“…19世紀(jì)帶來了大量新發(fā)現(xiàn)和發(fā)明，使蠟燭業(yè)發(fā)生了革命性的變化，所有人都能用蠟燭照明?！? 根據(jù)“時間對比推理”思路，由于19世紀(jì)以前的情況與19世紀(jì)形成對比，而19世紀(jì)所有人能用蠟燭照明，那么在19世紀(jì)之前，并非所有人都能用上蠟燭。第三個選項 “They were not available to all”表達(dá)了這一意思，為正確答案。

3.集合概念推理

集合概念推理也可以稱之為百分比推斷，它指的是在一個集合中，包含兩個相對的方面，共同構(gòu)成一個大的集合。一方所占的比例減少意味著另一方所占比例的增加;反之，一方所占的比例增加意味著另一方所占比例的減少。根據(jù)這一思路，可以由集合中一方的數(shù)量變化推斷另一方的消減。

例一：

A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. …Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada….

By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and constantly changing.

22.What does the author imply about the United States and Canada?

(A) They value folk cultures.

(B) They have no social classes.

(C) They have popular cultures.

(D) They do not value individualism.

原文談到folk culture 和popular culture兩種文化，它們之間形成對比。既然美國和加拿大不再存在folk culture，那么它們就有popular culture。因此(C)為正確答案。

例二：

Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.

What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?

(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.

(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.

(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.

(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.

托福閱讀推理題超強(qiáng)分析

TOEFL閱讀中的推理題就是題目需要的信息都隱藏在文章中，但是沒有直接表露出來，需要考生自己從表面內(nèi)容中推理出。因此，我們在做TOEFL閱讀推理題的時候不能錯過每一個信息點(diǎn)，因為這些可能都是最后答案的重要憑證。

推理題的題干中常出現(xiàn)infer, imply , most likely (least likely) 或probably 等詞語。

一、推理題的兩大分類：有共性的推理題和無共性的推理題。

這里所謂的有共性推理題就是說題干中有和原文內(nèi)容相同的關(guān)鍵詞(也叫線索)。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，然后進(jìn)行推理。一般來說，大多數(shù)的推理題都屬于這類題目。對于無共性的推理題，也就是題干中無線索，一般使用排除法，即根據(jù)各個選項的關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，通過排除法得出正確答案。返回原文找信息點(diǎn)，采用排除法是解決這兩類題型解決的共同策略。

二、推理題的三個具體的解題思路：

1、一般對比推理：根據(jù)兩個事情的對比特征，問其中一個事物的特征，只要將與之形成對比的另外一個事情的特征否定掉就可以。

2、時間對比推理：在這種推理中，一般有兩個形成對比的時間段，它們所具有的特征一般相反。當(dāng)題干問一個時間段的特征時，只要將與之相反的時間段的特征否定掉就可以了。

3、集合概念推理 ：一個大的集合的兩個方面形成對比，兩者之間存在著互補(bǔ)性關(guān)系，也就是一個的增加意味著另一個的減少。反之，相同。這個比較抽象，我們來看一個例子：

例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.

What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?

(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.

(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.

(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.

(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.

文中指出：非農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例都增加了。由此可知農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例下降，所以(B)為正確答案。

三、解答這類題目需要注意的信息點(diǎn)：

1.日期和數(shù)字。

2.關(guān)鍵詞： 表示多少的副詞: many , some, much of, several , a few ,most …;情態(tài)動詞：may, can , could…;表示過去的：used to be , was, were , at one time, previously ;表示不是唯一的： not only ,not exclusively等。