新托福考試閱讀篇沖刺試題

今天小編給大家?guī)?lái)了新托?？荚囬喿x篇沖刺試題,大家趕緊做做看吧。下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。

新托?？荚囬喿x篇沖刺試題;American Railroads

American Railroads

美國(guó)鐵路

In the United States, railroads spearheaded the second phase of the transportation revolution by overtaking the previous importance of canals. The mid-1800s saw a great expansion of American railroads. The major cities east of the Mississippi River were linked by a spiderweb of railroad tracks. Chicago's growth illustrates the impact of these rail links. In 1849 Chicago was a village of a few hundred people with virtually no rail service. By 1860 it had become a city of 100,000, served by eleven railroads. Farmers to the north and west of Chicago no longer had to ship their grain, livestock, and dairy products down the Mississippi River to New Orleans; they could now ship their products directly east. Chicago supplanted New Orleans as the interior of America's main commercial hub.

在美國(guó)，鐵路超過(guò)了以前運(yùn)河的重要性，成為運(yùn)輸革命的第二階段的先鋒。19世紀(jì)中期，美國(guó)鐵路得到了很大的發(fā)展。密西西比河以東的主要城市由蛛網(wǎng)般的鐵路軌道連接起來(lái)。芝加哥的增長(zhǎng)說(shuō)明了這些鐵路連接的影響。1849年，芝加哥是一個(gè)擁有幾百人的村莊，幾乎沒有鐵路服務(wù)。到1860年，它已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)擁有10萬(wàn)人口的城市，由11條鐵路服務(wù)。芝加哥北部和西部的農(nóng)民不再需要將他們的糧食、牲畜和乳制品沿著密西西比河運(yùn)送到新奧爾良;他們現(xiàn)在可以將他們的產(chǎn)品直接運(yùn)送到東部。芝加哥取代新奧爾良成為美國(guó)主要商業(yè)中心的內(nèi)部。

The east-west rail lines stimulated the settlement and agricultural development of the Midwest. By 1860 Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin had replaced Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York as the leading wheat-growing states. Enabling farmers to speed their products to the East, railroads increased the value of farmland and promoted additional settlement. In turn, population growth in agricultural areas triggered industrial development in cities such as Chicago, Davenport (Iowa), and Minneapolis, for the new settlers needed lumber for fences and houses and mills to grind wheat into flour.

東西鐵路線刺激了中西部地區(qū)的定居和農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展。到1860年，伊利諾伊州、印第安納州和威斯康星州取代俄亥俄州、賓夕法尼亞州和紐約州成為小麥種植的主要州。鐵路使農(nóng)民能夠把他們的產(chǎn)品運(yùn)到東部，增加了農(nóng)田的價(jià)值，并促進(jìn)了額外的定居點(diǎn)。反過(guò)來(lái)，農(nóng)業(yè)地區(qū)的人口增長(zhǎng)引發(fā)了芝加哥、達(dá)文波特(愛荷華州)和明尼阿波利斯等城市的工業(yè)發(fā)展，因?yàn)樾乱泼裥枰静膩?lái)修建柵欄，建造房屋和磨坊，將小麥磨成面粉。

Railroads also propelled the growth of small towns along their routes. The Illinois Central Railroad, which had more track than any other railroad in 1855, made money not only from its traffic but also from real estate speculation. Purchasing land for stations along its path, the Illinois Central then laid out towns around the stations. The selection of Manteno, Illinois, as a stop of the Illinois Central, for example, transformed the site from a crossroads without a single house in 1854 into a bustling town of nearly a thousand in 1860, replete with hotels, lumberyards, grain elevators, and gristmills. By the Civil War (1861-1865), few thought of the railroad-linked Midwest as a frontier region or viewed its inhabitants as pioneers.

鐵路也推動(dòng)了沿途小城鎮(zhèn)的發(fā)展。伊利諾伊州中央鐵路，在1855年比任何其他鐵路都有更多的軌道，它不僅從交通中賺錢，而且從房地產(chǎn)投機(jī)中賺錢。伊利諾伊州中部為沿途的車站購(gòu)買土地，然后在車站周圍布置城鎮(zhèn)。例如，選擇伊利諾伊州曼特諾作為伊利諾伊州中部的一個(gè)站點(diǎn)，將該站點(diǎn)從1854年一個(gè)沒有一棟房子的十字路口改造成1860年一個(gè)擁有近千人的繁華小鎮(zhèn)，這里充斥著酒店、伐木場(chǎng)、谷物升降機(jī)和垃圾場(chǎng)。到了內(nèi)戰(zhàn)(1861-1865年)，很少有人認(rèn)為連接中西部的鐵路是一個(gè)邊疆地區(qū)，也很少有人認(rèn)為它的居民是先驅(qū)者。

As the nation's first big business, the railroads transformed the conduct of business. During the early 1830s, railroads, like canals, depended on financial aid from state governments. With the onset of economic depression in the late 1830s, however, state governments scrapped overly ambitious railroad projects. Convinced that railroads burdened them with high taxes and blasted hopes, voters turned against state aid, and in the early 1840s, several states amended their constitutions to bar state funding for railroads and canals. The federal government took up some of the slack, but federal aid did not provide a major stimulus to railroads before 1860. Rather, part of the burden of finance passed to city and county governments in agricultural areas that wanted to attract railroads. Such municipal governments, for example, often gave railroads rights-of-way, grants of land for stations, and public funds.

作為國(guó)家第一大商業(yè)，鐵路改變了商業(yè)行為。在19世紀(jì)30年代早期，鐵路和運(yùn)河一樣依賴于州政府的財(cái)政援助。然而，隨著19世紀(jì)30年代末經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條的開始，州政府取消了過(guò)于雄心勃勃的鐵路項(xiàng)目。選民們深信，鐵路給他們帶來(lái)了沉重的稅收和沉重的希望，于是轉(zhuǎn)而反對(duì)國(guó)家援助。在19世紀(jì)40年代初，幾個(gè)州修改了憲法，禁止國(guó)家資助鐵路和運(yùn)河。聯(lián)邦政府采取了一些松懈，但聯(lián)邦援助沒有提供一個(gè)主要的刺激鐵路在1860年之前。相反，部分財(cái)政負(fù)擔(dān)轉(zhuǎn)移到了農(nóng)業(yè)地區(qū)的市和縣政府，這些政府希望吸引鐵路。例如，這些市政府經(jīng)常給予鐵路通行權(quán)、車站用地和公共資金。

The dramatic expansion of the railroad network in the 1850s, however, strained the financing capacity of local governments and required a turn toward private investment, which had never been absent from the picture. Well aware of the economic benefits of railroads, individuals living near them had long purchased railroad stock issued by governments and had directly bought stock in railroads, often paying by contributing their labor to building the railroads. But the large railroads of the 1850s needed more capital than such small investors could generate. Gradually, the center of railroad financing shifted to New York City, and in fact, it was the railroad boom of the 1850s that helped make Wall Street in New York City the nation's greatest capital market. The stocks of all the leading railroads were traded on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange during the 1850s. In addition, the growth of railroads turned New York City into the center of modern investment firms. The investment firms evaluated the stock of railroads in the smaller American cities and then found purchasers for these stocks in New York City, Philadelphia, Paris, London, Amsterdam, and Hamburg. Controlling the flow of funds to railroads, the investment bankers began to exert influence over the railroads' internal affairs by supervising administrative reorganizations in times of trouble.

然而，19世紀(jì)50年代鐵路網(wǎng)絡(luò)的急劇擴(kuò)張，使地方政府的融資能力受到了限制，需要轉(zhuǎn)向私人投資，這一點(diǎn)從未被忽視過(guò)。由于很清楚鐵路的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，居住在附近的人長(zhǎng)期購(gòu)買政府發(fā)行的鐵路股票，并直接購(gòu)買鐵路股票，通常通過(guò)為修建鐵路付出勞動(dòng)來(lái)支付。但19世紀(jì)50年代的大型鐵路需要的資本比這些小投資者能創(chuàng)造的要多。漸漸地，鐵路融資中心轉(zhuǎn)移到了紐約市，事實(shí)上，正是19世紀(jì)50年代的鐵路繁榮使紐約市的華爾街成為了全國(guó)最大的資本市場(chǎng)。19世紀(jì)50年代，所有主要鐵路公司的股票都在紐約證券交易所交易。此外，鐵路的發(fā)展使紐約成為現(xiàn)代投資公司的中心。投資公司評(píng)估了美國(guó)小城市的鐵路庫(kù)存，然后在紐約、費(fèi)城、巴黎、倫敦、阿姆斯特丹和漢堡找到了這些庫(kù)存的買家。在控制資金流向鐵路的過(guò)程中，投資銀行家們開始通過(guò)在困難時(shí)期監(jiān)督行政重組來(lái)影響鐵路的內(nèi)部事務(wù)。

Question 1 of 14

According to paragraph 1, what effect did the expansion of rail links have on Chicago?

A. Chicago became the headquarters for eleven new railroads.

B. Chicago became the most important city east of the Mississippi River.

C. Chicago was transformed from a village into a large city.

D. Chicago replaced eastern cities as the main buyer of farm products from the region.

Question 2 of 14

Paragraph 2 supports the idea that Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin were able to become the leading wheat-growing states by 1860 in large part because

A. by 1860 there were more railroads in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin than in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York.

B. the expansion of east-west rail lines made transporting Midwestern products to East Coast markets relatively fast and easy.

C. by 1860 states such as Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York had become more interested in industrial development than in agriculture.

D. most of the farmers who had grown wheat in Ohio, Pennsylvania, or New York resettled in the Midwest after the expansion of east-west rail lines.

Question 3 of 14

The word "promoted" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. encouraged.

B. controlled.

C. promised.

D. predicted.

Question 4 of 14

According to paragraph 2, one effect of the increased agricultural development in the Midwest was to

A. slow the rate at which population grew in many Midwestern cities.

B. increase the demand for industrial products from Midwestern cities.

C. encourage the extension of east-west rail lines to the Midwest.

D. reduce the pressure on Midwestern farmers to get their products to market faster.

Question 5 of 14

The author mentions "Manteno, Illinois" in order to

A. give an example of how railroads decided which small towns would be selected for stations.

B. illustrate the power of railroads to determine where towns would come into existence.

C. explain how some railroads were able to make more money from real estate speculation than from railroad traffic.

D. show how people's view of the Midwest as a frontier region had changed by the Civil War.

Question 6 of 14

The word "bustling" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. commercial.

B. wealthy.

C. lively.

D. modern.

Question 7 of 14

The word "onset" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. possibility.

B. fear.

C. worsening.

D. start.

Question 8 of 14

According to paragraph 4, how were railroads affected by the economic depression in the late 1830s?

A. They lost important funding from state governments.

B. They began to realize that some of their projects were overly ambitious.

C. They had to compete with canals for government support.

D. They emerged as the nation's biggest business.

Question 9 of 14

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Private investment in railroads began in the 1850s following the dramatic expansion of the railroad network, which had been financed by local governments.

B. Railroads' relations with local governments became strained in the 1850s, when railroads turned to private investors for financing to expand their capacity.

C. Local governments' limited capacity to finance railroad expansion was a long-standing problem that railroads solved in the 1850s by turning toward private investment.

D. When local governments could not adequately finance the railroads' dramatic expansion in the 1850s, private investment became increasingly important.

Question 10 of 14

Paragraph 5 supports which of the following ideas about people who held railroad stock?

A. Many of them were not particularly wealthy.

B. Many of them overestimated the economic benefits of railroads.

C. Most of them bought their stock for less than it was worth.

D. Most of them had been employed by a railroad.

Question 11 of 14

According to paragraph 5, investment bankers were involved in all of the following EXCEPT

A. controlling the distribution of funds to railroads.

B. finding national and international buyers of railroad stock.

C. overseeing administrative changes of railroads when needed.

D. persuading the federal government to reinvest in railroads.

Question 12 of 14

The word "flow" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. promise.

B. growth.

C. movement.

D. source.

Question 13 of 14

Look at the four squares [[span class='strong-insert']][[/span]] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [[span class='strong-insert']][[/span]] to add the sentence to the passage .

Indeed, the network became so dense that by the 1860s the United States had more miles of railroad tracks than did all the rest of the world.

Question 14 of 14

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT. The expansion of railroads in the mid-1800s played an important role in the development of the American Midwest .

A.Increased rail line between the East and the Midwest resulted in the rapid rise of major Midwestern cities such as Chicago, as well as in the growth of small towns along railroad routes.

B.Real estate speculation by railroads in the 1850s drove up the value of farmland and encouraged many Midwestern farmers to sell their land and make a new life in the cities.

C.Both canals and railroads fell out of public favor in the early 1840s, but by the mid-1850s the economic benefits of railroads had once again become generally recognized.

D.Once Chicago became a major commercial hub with direct rail connections to New Orleans and the East, Midwestern farmers were no longer limited to selling most of their products locally.

E.State government financing of railroads largely ended in the 1830s and was replaced by a combination of local and federal government support and money from private investors.

F.In the 1850s railroads turned to investment banks in New York City for capital to expand and by doing so, helped establish the city as the main financial center in the United States.

新托?？荚嚊_刺試題：The Commercialization of Lumber

The Commercialization of Lumber

木材的商業(yè)化

In nineteenth-century America, practically everything that was built involved wood.Pine was especially attractive for building purposes.It is 【durable 】and strong, yet soft enough to be easily worked with even the simplest of hand tools.It also floats nicely on water, which allowed it to be transported to distant markets across the nation.The central and northern reaches of the Great Lakes states—Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota—all contained extensive pine forests as well as many large rivers for floating logs into the Great Lakes, from where they were transported nationwide.

在十九世紀(jì)的美國(guó)，幾乎所有的建筑都是用木頭建造的。松樹對(duì)于建筑用途特別有吸引力。它【耐用】且堅(jiān)固，但足夠柔軟，即使是最簡(jiǎn)單的手工工具也能輕易地使用。它也能很好地漂浮在水上，這使得它能被運(yùn)到全國(guó)各地的遙遠(yuǎn)市場(chǎng)。大湖州、密歇根州、威斯康星州和明尼蘇達(dá)州的中部和北部地區(qū)都有大片的松林，還有許多大型河流，用于將原木從大湖運(yùn)到全國(guó)各地。

By 1860, the settlement of the American West along with timbershortages in the East converged with ever-widening impact on the pineforests of the Great Lakes states. Over the next 30 years, lumbering became a full-fledged enterprise in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Newly formed lumbering corporations bought up huge tracts of pineland and set about systematically cutting the trees. Both the colonists and the later industrialists saw timber as a 【commodity】, but the latter group adopted a far more thorough and calculating approach to removing trees.In this sense, what happened between 1860 and 1890 represented a significant break with the past. No longer were farmers in search of extra income the main source for shingles, firewood, and other wood products. By the 1870s, farmers and city dwellers alike purchased forest products from large manufacturing companies located in the Great Lakes states rather than chopping wood themselves or buying it locally.

到1860年，美國(guó)西部的定居點(diǎn)和東部的木材種植園對(duì)五大湖州的松樹的影響日益擴(kuò)大。在接下來(lái)的30年里，伐木業(yè)在密歇根、威斯康星州和明尼蘇達(dá)州成為一家成熟的企業(yè)。新成立的伐木業(yè)公司收購(gòu)了大片松蘭，開始有計(jì)劃地砍伐樹木。殖民者和后來(lái)的實(shí)業(yè)家都把木材看作是一種[商品]，但后者采用了一種更為徹底和更為精確的方法來(lái)清除樹木。從這個(gè)意義上說(shuō)，1860年至1890年之間發(fā)生的事情代表了與過(guò)去的重大突破。農(nóng)民不再是尋找額外收入的主要來(lái)源，木瓦，木柴和其他木制品。到了19世紀(jì)70年代，農(nóng)民和城市居民都從大湖州的大型制造公司購(gòu)買森林產(chǎn)品，而不是親自砍柴或在當(dāng)?shù)刭?gòu)買。

The commercialization of lumbering was in part the product of technological change. The early, thick saw blades tended to waste a large quantity of wood, with perhaps as much as a third of the log left behind on the floor as sawdust or scrap. In the 1870s, however, the 【British-invented band saw】, with its thinner blade, became standard issue in the Great Lakes states' lumber factories.Meanwhile, the rise of steam-powered mills streamlined production by【 allowing for 】the more efficient, centralized, and continuous cutting of lumber. Steam helped to automate a variety of tasks, from cutting to the carrying away of waste. Mills also employed steam to heat log ponds, preventing them from freezing and making possible year-round lumber production.

伐木業(yè)的商業(yè)化部分是技術(shù)變革的產(chǎn)物。早期厚實(shí)的鋸片往往會(huì)浪費(fèi)大量的木材，可能有三分之一的原木留在地板上，就像鋸末或廢料一樣。然而，在19世紀(jì)70年代，【英國(guó)發(fā)明的帶鋸】以其較薄的鋸片成為大湖州木材工廠的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)問題。同時(shí)，蒸汽驅(qū)動(dòng)的工廠的興起通過(guò)【允許】更高效、集中和連續(xù)的木材切割來(lái)簡(jiǎn)化生產(chǎn)。蒸汽有助于自動(dòng)化各種任務(wù)，從切割到帶走廢物。磨坊還利用蒸汽加熱原木池，防止它們凍結(jié)，并使全年的木材生產(chǎn)成為可能。

For industrial lumbering to succeed, a way had to be found to neutralize the effects of the seasons on production. Traditionally, cutting took place in the winter, when snow and ice made it easier to drag logs on sleds or sleighs to the banks of streams. Once the streams and lakes thawed, workers rafted the logs to mills, where they were cut into lumberin the summer. [■]If nature did not cooperate—if the winter proved dry and warm, if the spring thaw was delayed—production would suffer. To counter the effects of climate on lumber production, loggers experimented with a variety of techniques for transporting trees out of the woods. [■]In the 1870s, loggers in the Great Lakes states began sprinkling water on sleigh roads, giving them an artificial ice coating to facilitatetravel. [■]The ice reduced the friction and allowed workers to move larger and heavier loads. [■]

為了使工業(yè)伐木業(yè)取得成功，必須找到一種方法來(lái)抵消季節(jié)對(duì)生產(chǎn)的影響。傳統(tǒng)上，砍伐是在冬季進(jìn)行的，當(dāng)時(shí)冰雪使得用雪橇或雪橇把原木拖到河岸上變得更容易。當(dāng)溪流和湖泊解凍后，工人們用木筏把圓木運(yùn)到磨坊，在那里，圓木在夏天被砍成圓木。如果大自然不合作，如果冬天證明干燥和溫暖，如果春季解凍推遲生產(chǎn)將受到影響。為了應(yīng)對(duì)氣候?qū)δ静纳a(chǎn)的影響，伐木工人試驗(yàn)了多種將樹木運(yùn)出森林的技術(shù)。在19世紀(jì)70年代，大湖州的伐木工人開始在雪橇道路上灑水，給他們一層人造冰層，以方便他們滑行。[■]冰減少了摩擦，允許工人移動(dòng)更大和更重的負(fù)載。[

But all the sprinkling in the world would not save a logger from the threat of a warm winter. Without snow the sleigh roads turned to mud. In the 1870s, a set of snowless winters left lumber companies to ponderways of liberating themselves from the seasons. Railroads were one possibility.At first, the 【remoteness】 of the pine forests discouraged common carriers from laying track.But increasing lumber prices in the late 1870s combined with periodic warm, dry winters compelled loggers to turn to iron rails. By 1887, 89 logging railroads crisscrossed Michigan, transforming logging from a winter activity into a year-round one.

但是，世界上所有的零花落雨都無(wú)法拯救一個(gè)伐木工人免受溫暖冬天的威脅。沒有雪，雪橇路變成了泥地。在19世紀(jì)70年代，一系列無(wú)雪的冬天讓木材公司思考如何從季節(jié)中解放自己。鐵路是一種可能。起初，松林的[偏遠(yuǎn)]阻礙了普通運(yùn)輸公司鋪設(shè)鐵軌。但19世紀(jì)70年代后期木材價(jià)格的上漲，加上周期性的溫暖干燥的冬季，迫使伐木工人轉(zhuǎn)向鐵路。到1887年，89條伐木鐵路橫貫密歇根州，將伐木從冬季活動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槿昊顒?dòng)。

Once the logs arrived at a river, the trip downstream to a mill could be a long and tortuous one.Logjams (buildups of logs that prevent logs from moving downstream) were common—at times stretching for 10 miles—and became even more frequent as pressure on the northern Midwest pinelands increased in the 1860s. To help keep the logs moving efficiently, barriers called booms (essentially a chain of floating logs) were constructed to control the direction of the timber. By the 1870s, lumbercompanies existed in all the major logging areas of the northern Midwest.

一旦原木到達(dá)河流，下游到工廠的旅程可能是漫長(zhǎng)而曲折的。原木堵塞(阻止原木向下游移動(dòng)的原木堆積)在長(zhǎng)達(dá)10英里的時(shí)間里很常見，而且隨著1860年代中西部北部松蘭地區(qū)的壓力的增加，這種堵塞變得更加頻繁。為了幫助保持原木的移動(dòng)效率此外，還建造了柵欄，稱為柵欄(基本上是一條漂浮的原木鏈)，以控制木材的方向。到19世紀(jì)70年代，伐木公司已經(jīng)遍布中西部北部的所有主要伐木區(qū)。

1.The word "durable" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. readily available

B. long lasting

C. dense

D. flexible

2.According to paragraph 1, all of the following characteristics of pine made it a desirable material for building in nineteenth-century America EXCEPT:

A. It was long lasting.

B. It was relatively easy to transport.

C. Its softness made it easy to work with.

D. It produced buildings that were especially attractive.

3.The word "commodity" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. product

B. problem

C. opportunity

D. advantage

4.What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about timber in America before the year 1860?

A. Farmers of the American West earned most of their income by selling timber to newly arrived settlers.

B. Timber came primarily from farmers who wished to supplement their income.

C. Timber was much more expensive before the year 1860 because it was less readily available.

D. Timber came primarily from large manufacturing companies in the East.

5.Why does the author discuss the "British-invented band saw"?

A. To give an example of how steam power led to technological advancements

B. To help explain how the thickness of a saw blade determines how much wood is wasted

C. To explain how competition with other countries benefited the American lumber industry

D. To illustrate the impact of new technology on the lumber industry

6.The phrase "allowing for" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. encouraging

B. introducing

C. making possible

D. emphasizing

7.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as resulting from the use of steam in the lumber industry EXCEPT:

A. Work became centralized, and many tasks were automated.

B. Lumber could be produced more efficiently and on a larger scale.

C. Waste materials could be re-used as fuel to power the lumber mills.

D. Lumber production could continue throughout the cold winter months.

8.The word "facilitate" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. expand

B. ease

C. transform

D. permit

9.According to paragraph 4, how could a warm, dry winter interfere with lumber production?

A. Certain trees would become dry and yield low-quality lumber.

B. There would not be enough water in streams and lakes to raft the logs to mills.

C. It would be more difficult to transport logs to streams and lakes.

D. Rivers would not be full enough in the spring to power mills.

10.The word "remoteness" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. decline

B. density

C. size

D. isolation

11.In paragraph 5, why does the author include the information that 89 logging railroads crisscrossed Michigan by 1887?

A. To argue that Michigan had replaced other Great Lakes states as the center of the lumbering industry

B. To provide evidence of the growing importance of logging railroads to the lumbering industry

C. To support the claim that Michigan winters had become more severe in the late 1800s than they had been earlier

D. To challenge the idea that climate discouraged the laying of track

12.According to paragraph 6, the construction of booms benefited the logging industry by

A. reducing the pressures placed on the northern Midwest pinelands in the 1860s

B. reducing the length of the downstream trip to a mill by as much as 10 miles

C. increasing the number of logs that could be floated down a river at a single time

D. allowing logs to move downstream more quickly and easily

13.Look at the four squares[■]to add the sentence to the passage.Some sleighs were capable of carrying over 100 tons worth of timber..

14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT.Increasing demands for timber in nineteenth-century America transformed lumbering in the Great Lakes region.

A.During the nineteenth century, lumbering became a large-scale industry controlled by manufacturing companies rather than a local enterprise controlled by farmers.

B.Technological advances, including the use of steam power, led to increased productivity, efficiency, and commercialization of the lumbering industry.

C.Seasonal changes and severe winters made the development and laying of track for logging railroads slow and difficult.

D.After 1860 farmers continued to be the main suppliers of new timber, but lumbering companies took over its transport and manufacture into wood products.

E.The invention of new technology, such as band saws, allowed American lumbering companies to make a profit by exporting surplus lumber to Britain and other countries.

F.New methods for transporting logs to mills helped transform lumbering from a seasonal activity to a year-round activity.

新托?？荚嚊_刺試題全面剖析

階段原則：題會(huì)考試感覺、訓(xùn)練考試心理。

任務(wù)1：用2001以后的真題，進(jìn)行摸考，按照考試的時(shí)間、自己打印答題紙，按照聽力的方式：揚(yáng)聲器或者耳機(jī)，進(jìn)行適應(yīng)性訓(xùn)練。

總之：完全按照考試的實(shí)際情況，模擬訓(xùn)練。

任務(wù)2：通過(guò)摸考，體會(huì)時(shí)間分配、遇到特殊情況的策略、做題先后順序，培養(yǎng)考試的心理感覺?？朔ёx。

任務(wù)3：看考場(chǎng)，最好在考試的前一周去看考場(chǎng)，計(jì)算路上的時(shí)間，如果考場(chǎng)組織摸考，聽力試音，一定要參加。

任務(wù)4：最后對(duì)自己做錯(cuò)的語(yǔ)法題，進(jìn)行突擊復(fù)習(xí)。力保語(yǔ)法的正確率。

下面的內(nèi)容就是智課網(wǎng)小編提供的一些托福備考的誤區(qū)：

一：喜歡用高端大氣的詞匯。

眾所周知，托?？荚囍性~匯的重要性，沒有一定的詞匯量對(duì)于托?？荚噥?lái)說(shuō)簡(jiǎn)直就是雞肋。托?？荚嚭透鱾€(gè)考試部分都有善于詞匯的考查，不過(guò)有的比較明顯，有的并不是很明顯罷了。比如說(shuō)托福閱讀考試中的詞匯題，就是專門針對(duì)詞匯的考查，而詞匯到了托福寫作考試中，就是要看你如果清晰的表達(dá)清晰文章的主旨，就是用詞的準(zhǔn)確性問題，等等這些都關(guān)乎到詞匯。

二、一味的模仿范文。

這是一個(gè)非常突出的問題，考生在考生前會(huì)收集大師的范文，甚至是考生將這些范文都背了下來(lái)。典型的中國(guó)式教育的影響，以為會(huì)背了就全部OK了，這是非常嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤。試想，如果你背了，我也背了，在考試的時(shí)候豈不是會(huì)出現(xiàn)很多相同的答案，那么這次的考試很有可能會(huì)被delay了。

三、大量使用復(fù)雜句。

句型的使用也是托?？谡Z(yǔ)和寫作中使用的較多，和前面使用高級(jí)詞匯的目的是一樣的，就是為了表現(xiàn)你的表述能力比較別人強(qiáng)，所以考生在答案中大量的使用復(fù)雜句(長(zhǎng)難句)來(lái)彰顯自己的強(qiáng)大的英語(yǔ)功底。但是考生要明白的是托?？荚嚨哪康氖鞘裁矗⒉皇且疾槟愕挠⒄Z(yǔ)功底多么多么的強(qiáng)大，僅僅只是要求你能表達(dá)清楚自己的觀點(diǎn)就OK啦，搞的那么復(fù)雜，一個(gè)沒用好，那么豈不是全功盡棄了?