快速解決托福閱讀指代題必備5條實(shí)用口訣分享
托福閱讀的指代題難度并不高，但解題所需花費(fèi)的時(shí)間卻往往是其它題型的數(shù)倍。今天小編給大家?guī)?lái)了快速解決托福閱讀指代題必備5條實(shí)用口訣分享。希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。
快速解決托福閱讀指代題必備5條實(shí)用口訣分享
1、見(jiàn)到代詞找指代，指代通常在前方
這句話是代詞指代題的總則，考生務(wù)必牢記：代詞永遠(yuǎn)出現(xiàn)在原詞之后，原詞永遠(yuǎn)出現(xiàn)在代詞之前。根據(jù)這條原則考生可以快速排除選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)在代詞之后的詞匯，鎖定正確答案。
2、主代主，賓代賓，所有格，就近找
代詞指代的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則非常嚴(yán)格，因此考生要優(yōu)先考慮代詞在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑褐髡Z(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、還是所有格代詞，然后在前句中快速尋找對(duì)應(yīng)的語(yǔ)法成分就可以輕松解題。僅依靠這條規(guī)律就可以解決大部分代詞指代類題目，例如：
When small fish venture too close to the tentacles of these "living flowers"， they are stung and eaten.
題目中代詞“they”在主句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)成分，考生迅速定位前方從句中的主語(yǔ)“small fish”，題目就迎刃而解。
又例如所有格代詞(你的、我的、他的等等)通常指代前文中最靠近該代詞的核心名詞：
Florists often refrigerate cut flowers to protect their fresh appearance.
題目中的所有格代詞“their”之前有兩個(gè)名詞“florists”和“flowers”，語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)薄弱的考生要花些時(shí)間才能弄清楚所謂“他(它)們的”究竟是誰(shuí)們的?事實(shí)上根據(jù)“就近原則”，在距離代詞最近的地方找到符合句中語(yǔ)意的核心名詞，就可以鎖定答案。而上述句中距離“their”最近的名詞時(shí)“flowers”，因此正確答案就是它。
3、平行結(jié)構(gòu)有搭配，多重指代層層推
所謂平行結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)質(zhì)就是分層次描述，閱讀部分經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)“not only...， but also...”，“one...， the other...”，“some...， others...”等固定搭配對(duì)兩層或多層語(yǔ)意進(jìn)行描寫，通過(guò)對(duì)這種常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)的把握，考生就可以快速鎖定答案。例如：
Many adults， poor and disillusioned with farm life， were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment， regular paychecks， increased access to goods and services， and expanded social opportunities. Others were pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable.
雖然上述語(yǔ)句語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)意都較為復(fù)雜，但不難看出題目中“many people...， others...”是固定搭配，因此“others”做為代詞所指代的名詞必定是前文中的“many people”，正確答案應(yīng)為“adults”。
此外，為了增加難度，對(duì)于代詞指代的考察也經(jīng)常在定位方面設(shè)置障礙，既通過(guò)一層推理很難鎖定目標(biāo)詞匯。因此考生需要多一點(diǎn)耐心和多一份細(xì)心，在前文內(nèi)容中層層回溯，逐一定位，抽絲剝繭，最終必然能夠順利解題。例如：
The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries form town economies to their present urban structures. In North America， they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.
4、單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)都對(duì)應(yīng)，主動(dòng)被動(dòng)要分清
代詞指代題中有一些常見(jiàn)陷阱，例如同時(shí)出現(xiàn)大量名詞，有單數(shù)、有復(fù)數(shù)、有可數(shù)名詞、也有不可數(shù)名詞，讓考生霧里看花;或是將前文中的主動(dòng)句改寫成后文的被動(dòng)句，顛三倒四，讓考生頭暈?zāi)X脹。po解這種陷阱的手法其實(shí)很簡(jiǎn)單，無(wú)論怎樣變化，代詞指代總有一定之規(guī)，例如：
In the past， biologists considered mushrooms and other fungi as a type of non-free plant. Today， however， they are most commonly regarded as a separate kingdom of living things.
本題中就不宜直接使用前文提到的“主語(yǔ)帶主語(yǔ)”原則。代詞出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)句是被動(dòng)句，因此“they”不再指代前文主語(yǔ)，而是指代前文中的賓語(yǔ)。那么“they”指代“mushrooms and other fungi”還是“non-free plant”呢?考生不必感動(dòng)彷徨無(wú)助，口訣中已經(jīng)明確指出，代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)必然與原詞單復(fù)數(shù)一致，因此正確答案只能是“mushrooms and other fungi”。
5、定位排除和代入，驗(yàn)證語(yǔ)意要記牢
總而言之，代詞指代題的解題步驟清晰明了：第一步定位文中代詞，用上述方法搜索原詞;第二步分析選項(xiàng)，排除位置和語(yǔ)意不符的詞匯;第三步帶入原句中簡(jiǎn)單翻譯，進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。
考生務(wù)必注意，驗(yàn)證是十分必要的一步，也是保證沖刺滿分的不二法門。一旦遇到拿不準(zhǔn)的題目，只要花幾秒鐘時(shí)間將代詞指代的成分帶入原句中驗(yàn)證一下，真?zhèn)瘟⒈?，保證萬(wàn)無(wú)一失。
托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句100句：鹿群的數(shù)量
Wild life zoologist Hulmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer ( mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period".(65, TPO4)
詞匯：
biotic /ba?'?t?k/ adj. 關(guān)于生命的，生物的
fluctuate /'fl?kt??e?t/ v. 漲落，波動(dòng)
approximately /?'prɑks?m?tli/ adv. 大約
yield /ji?ld/ v. 生產(chǎn)，產(chǎn)生;屈服，讓步;
分析：
修飾一：(in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time)，插入語(yǔ)，其中還有兩個(gè)介詞(in Washington) (through recorded time)
中文：回顧在華盛頓有記錄的時(shí)間內(nèi)生物變化的特性
修飾二：(since the early 1940s) ，介詞短語(yǔ)
中文：自從20世紀(jì)40年代早期
修飾三：(the winter population fluctuatingaround approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer)) ，大家能看懂這個(gè)修飾即可。其實(shí)這里有一個(gè)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，嗯，好吧，不知道也能看懂的。
中文：冬季鹿群的數(shù)量在大約32萬(wàn)只鹿(雜交鹿和黑尾鹿)左右波動(dòng)
修飾四：(which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period".)，從句，修飾winter population，其中for an indefinite period表示不定期
中文：這些鹿群每年將會(huì)不定期繁殖出各個(gè)年齡段的公鹿和母鹿各大約6.5萬(wàn)只
主干：Wild lifezoologist Hulmut Buechner(1953) says that，后面接賓語(yǔ)從句
參考翻譯：
野生動(dòng)物學(xué)家Hulmut Buechner(1953)在回顧華盛頓有記錄的時(shí)間內(nèi)生物變化的特性之后說(shuō)道：“從20世紀(jì)40年代早期，華盛頓州擁有鹿的數(shù)量比以歷史任何時(shí)期都多，冬季鹿群的數(shù)量在大約32萬(wàn)只鹿(雜交鹿和黑尾鹿)左右波動(dòng)，這些鹿群每年將會(huì)不定期繁殖出各個(gè)年齡段的公鹿和母鹿各大約6.5萬(wàn)只”
托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句100句：太平洋島殖民文化層
The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques. (48, TPO5)
詞匯：
colonization /?k?l?n??ze???n/ n. 開(kāi)拓殖民地，殖民
appropriate /?'pr??pr??t/ adj. 適當(dāng)?shù)?，合適的 v. 挪用，擅用;撥出(尤指款項(xiàng))
domesticate /d?'mest?ke?t/ v. 馴養(yǎng)
marginal /'mɑ?d??n(?)l/ adj. 邊緣的，邊界的;(土地)無(wú)生產(chǎn)力的
inventory /'?nv?nt?ri/ n. 詳細(xì)目錄, 清單
implement /'?mpl?m?nt/ n. 工具，器具
分析：
修飾一：(for the successful colonizationof the Pacific islands)，介詞短語(yǔ)，修飾requirements
中文：太平洋島成功的殖民
修飾二：(toget to the islands in the first place)，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，修飾skills
中文：最先到達(dá)這些島
修飾三：(suitedto often marginal conditions)，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，修飾skills
中文：適應(yīng)常年貧瘠條件
主干部分：
The basic cultural requirements include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills, domesticated plants and gardening skills and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques.
就是是三個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)，The basic cultural requirements include A, B and C，然后A和B里有修飾成分。
參考翻譯：
對(duì)于太平洋島成功的殖民基本的文化條件包括：最先到達(dá)這些島需要的適當(dāng)?shù)脑齑⒑叫泻秃胶＜夹g(shù)、適應(yīng)常年貧瘠條件的馴養(yǎng)植物和園藝技術(shù)以及各種各樣的捕魚(yú)工具和技術(shù)。
托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句100句：甘薯的傳播
As Patrick Kirch, an American anthropologist, points out, rather than being brought by rafting South Americans, sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back by returning Polynesian navigators who could have reached the west coast of South America. (39, TPO5)
詞匯：
anthropologist /?nθr?'p?l?d??st/ n. 人類學(xué)家
rather than prep. 而不是
raft /rɑ?ft/ n. 筏 v. 用筏子載運(yùn)(人或貨物)
navigator /'n?v?ge?t?/ n. 航行者，航海者;領(lǐng)航員，導(dǎo)航員;導(dǎo)航儀
分析：
修飾一：(an American anthropologist)，同位語(yǔ)，修飾Patrick Kirch
中文：美國(guó)人類學(xué)家
修飾二：(rather than being brought byrafting South Americans)，介詞短語(yǔ)，rather than是托福閱讀里一個(gè)高頻短語(yǔ)啊，大家記住它是一個(gè)介詞，表示“而不是”
中文：不是南美人用筏運(yùn)來(lái)的
修飾三：(by returning Polynesiannavigators)，介詞短語(yǔ)，修飾bringback
中文：玻利尼西亞返航者
修飾四：(who could have reached the westcoast of South America. ) ，從句，修飾navigators
中文：已經(jīng)去過(guò)南美西海岸
主干：sweetpotatoes might just have easily been brought back
參考翻譯：
正如美國(guó)人類學(xué)家Patrick Kirch所指出的，甘薯并不是南美人用筏運(yùn)來(lái)的，而是通過(guò)已經(jīng)去過(guò)南美西海岸的玻利尼西亞返航者很方便就帶來(lái)了。
托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句100句：水力資源
Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons. (64, TPO6)
分析：
修飾一：(although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills) ，從句
中文：雖然水力在Lancashire和Scotland十分豐富，能夠運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)谷物廠和紡織廠
修飾二：(where nature intended them to) ，從句
中文：水的流向是自然決定的
修飾三：(whether or not the location wasdesirable for other reasons.) ，從句
中文：而不管這個(gè)位置由于其他原因是否合理
參考翻譯：
只有最后一種完全適合持續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的機(jī)器，雖然水力在Lancashire和Scotland十分豐富，能夠運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)谷物廠和紡織廠，但它有一個(gè)缺點(diǎn)：水的流向是自然決定的，所以水力驅(qū)動(dòng)的工廠不得不位于河岸邊，而不管這個(gè)位置由于其他原因是否合理。
