GRE閱讀題型解題技巧解析
GRE閱讀題型解題技巧解析,我們來看看吧，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
GRE閱讀題型解題技巧解析
GRE閱讀對于考生要求較高，詞匯、長難句、邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)等，缺一不可。因此做好備考計劃，將有助于大家用較少的時間和精力取得更好的復(fù)習(xí)效果。大家在日常備考過程中，可以在以下方面有針對性的加強(qiáng)GRE閱讀訓(xùn)練，從而提高自己的GRE成績!
詞匯能力的累積
GRE單詞對于絕大部分同學(xué)來說難度很大，起初同學(xué)們會憑直覺認(rèn)為單詞越長越難背。但是，經(jīng)歷過一段時間的學(xué)習(xí)后，大家發(fā)覺那些構(gòu)詞比 較簡單的單詞反而更難以掌握，特別是以字母 D , T , S , 開頭，由5-6個字母組成的單詞。其次， GRE 考試多次出現(xiàn)一詞多義的考題，所以單純地依靠“刷單詞”，考生未必能掌握出題人實(shí)際考察的意思。
因此，針對 Word Polishing 比較好的學(xué)習(xí)方法是，在真題練習(xí)中，通過上下文的意思理解并掌握單詞。
強(qiáng)化長難句
GRE考試有一個重要規(guī)則：長句不難，難句不長。真正難的句子，是那些長度適中、幾乎沒有生僻單詞，但整體意思卻晦澀難懂的句子。破解這些難句需要我們以真題為背景，將這些句子逐個梳理出來，建立難句資源。
句子，作為任何閱讀文章基本的閱讀單位，其重要性不言而喻。換句話說，句子讀不懂，想要讀懂文章，好比癡人說夢?？墒荊RE閱讀中的句子之繁難，超出其他所有的英語考試的范疇，其長度更立人瞠目，往往讀到句末，已經(jīng)忘了前面在說些什么，令很多初學(xué)者困惑不已，不得不放棄真正讀懂文章的想法。
建議考生一定要在正式模考之前把長難句拿下。現(xiàn)掌握了長難句閱讀能節(jié)省很多的復(fù)習(xí)時間，之前需要一個詞一個詞來讀的文章，通過訓(xùn)練可以做到以段來理解。
量的積累
熟悉GRE閱讀套路的簡單粗暴方法就是大量接觸GRE的閱讀。結(jié)束長難句的專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練之后，大家就可以開始進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度較大的閱讀訓(xùn)練了，把各類能找到的GRE閱讀真題和練習(xí)題都拿來作為積累閱讀量的材料，有時間的話還可以看一些英文課外讀物補(bǔ)充知識面，通過大量閱讀的方式積累對于GRE閱讀的熟悉程度。
題目分類解析
中心思想題
所謂中心思想題，是GRE考試當(dāng)中唯一具有主觀思想的考題。主要考察的是考生對于文章的大概意思還有考生對文章總體結(jié)構(gòu)的把握能力。因?yàn)镚RE考試的范圍涉及范圍很廣，幾乎包括了考古，生物，文學(xué)和社會科學(xué)等等幾個比較大的科目。所以針對這樣的題型，幾乎是對所描述的客觀事物的記錄以及內(nèi)容的記敘，不會涉及作者自己的態(tài)度以及觀點(diǎn)。
根據(jù)文章的主要特征，GRE閱讀包含兩種寫作方式：記敘文以及議論文。記敘文是對文章中所涉及到的某類人物或者現(xiàn)象的描述，是對客觀存在的事物進(jìn)行的紀(jì)錄以及描述。其文章的邏輯發(fā)展主要是通過時間順序或者是空間順序進(jìn)行的。相比之下，議論文是通過對文章中的某種客觀的事物或者觀點(diǎn)表達(dá)的看法。
列舉題
列舉，顧名思義，就是通過對文章中符合考題的幾個例子進(jìn)行列舉，以獲得正確的選項(xiàng)。列舉題的形式包括以下兩種：
第一種是對文章中沒有提及到的例子進(jìn)行列舉?？疾斓姆绞绞峭ㄟ^詢問考生選項(xiàng)中沒有被提及的例子，進(jìn)行排除，考生可以定位原文，然后選出正確的答案;
第二種，選擇文章中提及到的事例?？傊?，列舉題在文章中出現(xiàn)的幾率會很大，通常一篇文章會出現(xiàn)一道題目。
復(fù)述題
針對于復(fù)述題，是GRE閱讀中相對簡單的考題，只要考生可以根據(jù)題目要求回歸定位原文，那么針對此類的題目，考生及可以迎刃而解了?；卮疬@種題型的技巧是，考生可以分析選項(xiàng)中是否有通過原文改寫而成的句子，改寫形式包括形容詞與副詞之間的改寫，動詞與動名詞之間等等，這就靠看考生對于文章句子的定位了。
一般說來，復(fù)述題都會很明確的指引你，或者是給予考生很直接的定位線索，如“在文章中的第幾行”或者是告訴考生與文章結(jié)構(gòu)密切相連的詞或短語。這樣考生就可以進(jìn)行快速的定位。
邏輯題
這里所提及的邏輯題型與GRE邏輯有稍微的區(qū)別，考題中出現(xiàn)的邏輯一般都是比較簡單。通過文中給出的邏輯關(guān)系，推導(dǎo)出符合這些邏輯關(guān)系的選項(xiàng)，這類題目一般設(shè)置的都不會太難。
作者思路題
這類考題和中心思想題有很大的區(qū)別但是也有一定的聯(lián)系。首先中心思想題型是考察考生對文章意思的理解能力，而作者思路題則是考察考生對于文章結(jié)構(gòu)的掌握。這些構(gòu)成了文章的主要脈絡(luò)。如果考生對文化的中心思想可以很好地掌握的話，那么相應(yīng)的作者思路的題型就可以變得很容易。
暗示推理題
其實(shí)這類題目介于細(xì)節(jié)信息和中心思想題目之間，所以考生并不是能很好地界定。但是考生也不一定非要對考題的分類進(jìn)行界定，GRE閱讀的分類也僅僅是為了幫助考生對考試的題型有一個大致的了解。如果你碰到一個考題，雖然能夠很快地定位，但是卻不是很快地進(jìn)行選擇，那么這道考題就是所謂的暗示推理題。
【熱門GRE閱讀背景材料】家有雙胞胎?寶好、媽好、全家好!
Mothers of twins do not just get twice the bundle of joy—they are also healthier than other mothers
擁有雙胞胎的母親不僅能得到雙份的快樂，而且她們會比其她母親更健康。
THROUGHOUT history, twins have provoked mixed feelings. Sometimes they were seen as a curse—an unwanted burden on a family’s resources. Sometimes they were viewed as a blessing, or even as a sign of their father’s superior virility. But if Shannen Robson and Ken Smith, of the University of Utah, are right, twins have more to do with their mother’s sturdy constitution than their father’s sexual power.
在歷史上，對待雙胞胎有著復(fù)雜的感情。有時，他們被視為禍根--家庭中不受歡迎的負(fù)擔(dān)。有時，他們被視為祝福，或作為他們父親擁有更好的性能力的一個標(biāo)志。但如果猶他大學(xué)的夏儂.羅布森和肯.史密斯是正確的，那么雙胞胎為他們的母親那健壯的體格所做的比為他們的父親的性能力方面所做的更多。
At first blush, this sounds an odd idea. After all, bearing and raising twins is taxing, both for the mother and for the children. Any gains from having more than one offspring at a time might be expected to be like higher infant and maternal mortality rates. On this view, twins are probably an accidental by-product of a natural insurance policy against the risk of losing an embryo early in gestation. That would explain why many more twins are conceived than born, and why those born are so rare (though more common these days, with the rise of IVF). They account for between six and 40 live births per 1,000, depending on where the mother lives.
乍看之下，這好像聽起來好像是一個奇怪的想法，畢竟對于母親和孩子，生產(chǎn)和撫養(yǎng)雙胞胎是很費(fèi)力的。每次從多于一個孩子那里獲得的比期望的更多，通常會伴隨著較高的嬰兒死亡率和母親死亡率。根據(jù)這種觀點(diǎn)，雙胞胎很可能是一次在懷孕期間用自然保障方式防止流產(chǎn)的意外的副產(chǎn)品。這樣就能解釋為何雙胞胎懷的比生的多，而且為什么生的會這么少(雖然現(xiàn)在更多的運(yùn)用試管受精已經(jīng)很平常)。他們解釋說每1000個中成活率在6到40之間，這要根據(jù)母親生活的地方。
Dr Robson and Dr Smith, however, think that this account has got things the wrong way round. Although all women face a trade-off between the resources their bodies allocate to reproduction and those reserved for the maintenance of health, robust women can afford more of both than frail ones. And what surer way to signal robustness than by bearing more than one child at a time? In other words, the two researchers conjectured, the mothers of twins will not only display greater overall reproductive success, they will also be healthier than those who give birth only to singletons.
然而，羅布森博士和史密斯博士認(rèn)為這個解釋是事情處于錯誤中。盡管許多女人面臨著一個權(quán)衡，那就是在身體分配給生育所需的資源和保留給保持身體健康所需營養(yǎng)之間權(quán)衡。強(qiáng)健的母親可能比瘦弱的母親提供的更多。而且能有什么比健壯的母親生育多于一個孩子更有說服力呢?換言之，這兩位調(diào)查者推測，雙胞胎的母親不僅更好的展示了整體的生育成功，也會比只生一個孩子的母親更健康。
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Alas, pinning down evolved relationships between fertility and health is tricky. Modern medicine and the pampering effects of economic growth mean that, these days, women everywhere give birth to fewer children than they did in the distant evolutionary past, when human bodies and physiology were forged—even as more of the offspring they do bear survive into adulthood. In Europe and North America this demographic transition began in earnest around 1870.
唉，控制生育和保持健康之間的關(guān)系是很難的?，F(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展精心呵護(hù)的結(jié)果是，當(dāng)人體和生理機(jī)能被偽造，這個時候的女性無論在哪里都會比處在以前緩慢發(fā)展時期的女性生的孩子要少，因?yàn)樗齻兩暮⒆哟蟛糠帜芑畹匠赡?。在歐洲和北美這個人口過渡開始于1870年左右。
One way round this is to look at records gathered before the demographic transition began. The problem is that few authorities then kept tabs diligently enough to provide adequate fodder for statistical analysis. One exception was Utah, a state largely settled in its early days by Mormons, who have always taken such matters seriously. As a result, Utah’s Pedigree and Population Resource, a database of which Dr Smith is the director, contains 1.6m genealogical records for people in the state from the early 1800s to the 1970s.
圍繞著尋找記錄及合并的方法要在人口過渡開始前完成。這個問題是只有很少的當(dāng)局會勤奮的為統(tǒng)計分析提供足夠的材料保持制表符。一個例外是猶他州，在早期有摩門教徒定居在此，他們總是嚴(yán)肅的對待事情。結(jié)果，在史密斯博士作為主管的一個數(shù)據(jù)庫中，猶他州的血統(tǒng)和人口資源包括160萬份在早期的1800世紀(jì)到 1970世紀(jì)中居住于此的居民的家譜記錄。
To test their theory that the bearers of twins are supermums, Dr Robson and Dr Smith scoured the records for women born between 1807 and 1899 who survived past the age of 50, when the menopause typically strikes. They excluded those married more than once, those widowed before they were 50 and also (this being Utah) those wives who were part of one of the polygamous marriages once legal among the state’s Mormon settlers. (In a study published earlier this year, Dr Smith and his colleagues found that the more wives a Mormon woman had to compete with for her husband’s attentions, the fewer children she was likely to produce.) This left them with some 59,000 women, around 4,600 of whom had given birth to twins at least once.
為了檢驗(yàn)他們關(guān)于雙胞胎母親是超級媽媽的說法羅伯森博士和史密斯博士搜集了關(guān)于超過50歲的更年期正常來臨并在1807年到1899年進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)的婦女的資料。她們只結(jié)過一次婚，在50歲以前就守寡并且這些妻子是一夫多妻制婚姻的一部分，而這在這一地區(qū)的摩門教徒中是合法的。(今年早期發(fā)布的一項(xiàng)研究表明，史密斯博士和他的同事發(fā)現(xiàn)在眾多妻子中，一個摩門婦女不得不為了吸引丈夫的關(guān)注而競爭，這樣她很可能會生更少的孩子。)這樣的婦女大約有59000名，其中4600名至少一次的生產(chǎn)雙胞胎。
更多雙語文章》》 點(diǎn)擊這里
To assess the effects of the demographic transition, the two researchers split the sample into women born before 1870 and those born in or after it. The results, just published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, confirm their hypothesis. Mothers of twins in the pre-1870 batch gave birth, on average, to 1.9 more children than the mothers of singletons. Those in the post-1870 batch had 2.3 more. More importantly, from an evolutionary point of view, more of their children made it to maturity. The mothers of twins in the pre-1870 batch had 1.24 more children who survived past the age of 18 than did other mothers. After that date the figure was 1.56.
為了評估人口過渡的影響，這兩名研究員分頭對在1870年前和在這時及之后進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)的婦女進(jìn)行取樣。結(jié)果公布在英國皇家學(xué)會學(xué)報上以證明他們的假說。在 1870年前生產(chǎn)雙胞胎的母親平均比生一個的多生1.9個孩子。這在1870年后就變?yōu)槎嘤?.3個了。更重要的是，從一個逐漸發(fā)展的角度來看，她們的孩子會更成熟。比起其她母親來說，在1870年以前生育雙胞胎的母親會有多于1.24個孩子，這些孩子更能活到18歲。之后這個數(shù)據(jù)變成了1.56。
Of course, having twins automatically increases a mother’s lifetime fertility by one, relative to her number of pregnancies. But, since few women have twins more than once, the data imply that mothers of twins are more productive, even ignoring that effect. Moreover, they also outperformed the mothers of singletons on a range of other reproductive measures, including intervals between births (shorter) and the age at which they gave birth to their last child (older).
當(dāng)然，擁有雙胞胎無意識的增強(qiáng)了母親一生的生育力，這也和母親的懷孕時間有關(guān)。但是如果很少婦女能多于一次的生產(chǎn)雙胞胎，那么數(shù)據(jù)顯示雙胞胎的母親擁有更好的生育力，甚至可忽視其影響。此外，她們也超過一個母親的其她生育價值，包括生育之間的間歇和生育最后一個孩子的年齡。
Most strikingly, the pre-1870 group of mothers of twins actually lived longer than those who were not thus blessed. They were, in other words, simply healthier. This suggests that, in evolutionary terms at least, twins are far from a curse. On the contrary, they are indeed the mark of a supermum.
更明顯的，在1870年前生產(chǎn)雙胞胎的母親實(shí)際上比沒有這份祝福的要活得更長。換言之，她們是更健康的。這個建議說明，至少在進(jìn)化過程中，雙胞胎不是禍根，正好相反，他們卻是超級母親的標(biāo)志。
熱門GRE閱讀背景材料 抗擊咖啡銹病
WHEN Jesus Maria Aguirre saw his coffee bushes wither away, he knew that he had lost the sole source of income for his family. “We would go to collect coffee and would come back with our baskets nearly empty,” says the Colombian grower, recalling the pernicious effects of the “coffee rust” fungus, or roya.
當(dāng)赫蘇斯·瑪利亞·阿吉雷看到了他的咖啡樹日漸枯萎時，他意識到，這下他的家庭失去了唯一的收入來源?！拔覀?nèi)ヌ锢锊煽Х榷梗Y(jié)果只能籃子空空地回來?！边@位哥倫比亞的種植者在回想起這種咖啡銹病真菌，或被稱為“羅亞”所帶來的惡性影響時這樣說到。
The fungus stunts the growth of the fruit of arabica coffee plants. It infected about 40% of Colombia's crop between 2008 and 2012. Production plunged from a high of 12.6m 60kg bags a year in 2007 to just 7.7m bags in 2012. As supply from Colombia shrank, international buyers turned to growers elsewhere.
這種真菌阻滯了阿拉比卡豆咖啡樹果實(shí)的生長。在2008年至2012年間，它已經(jīng)使哥倫比亞 40%的作物受到了感染，產(chǎn)量因此由2007年的峰值1260萬袋60公斤的咖啡豆暴跌至2012年的僅770萬袋。隨著哥倫比亞的咖啡供應(yīng)量的萎縮，國際上的咖啡買家開始向其它咖啡生產(chǎn)地尋求供應(yīng)。
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What Mr Aguirre went through then is now the lot of farmers throughout Central America, the Dominican Republic, southern Mexico and Jamaica. Production there fell by 30% between 2011 and 2013 because of roya, reckons the International Coffee Organisation. USAID thinks it has caused $1 billion of economic damage in Latin America since 2012. This time Colombians are the ones taking advantage.
當(dāng)時阿吉雷先生所遭受的窘境現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)席卷了中美洲、多米尼加、南墨西哥以及牙買加。據(jù)國際咖啡組織估計，由于受“羅亞”影響，這些地區(qū)的咖啡產(chǎn)量在2011年至2013年間已下跌了30%。美國國際開發(fā)署認(rèn)為，自從2012年起，這種銹病已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致了拉丁美洲范圍內(nèi)高達(dá)10億美元的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。不過這次，哥倫比亞的種植戶卻可以置身事外甚至因此獲利。
On his farm on the slopes of the country's central mountain range, Mr Aguirre today presides over 1.5 hectares (4 acres) of healthy bushes plump with red berries. For yields to recover, he had to yank up fungus-prone bushes and plant a new variety that promised to fight off the blight. He was one of thousands of farmers who joined in a countrywide scheme run by the Colombian Coffee Growers Federation, which represents more than 500,000 independent growers. By June 2014 more than 3 billion bushes had been replanted.
現(xiàn)如今，在阿吉雷先生位于哥倫比亞中部山脈山坡上的農(nóng)場里，他照料著超過1.5公頃的種滿紅色果實(shí)的健康的咖啡樹。當(dāng)初為了使產(chǎn)量恢復(fù)，他不得不剔除了易感真菌的植株并且種植了一種據(jù)信可抗枯萎的新品種。阿吉雷先生是全國范圍種植計劃的數(shù)千參與者之一，這個計劃是由哥倫比亞咖啡種植者聯(lián)合會運(yùn)作的，這個聯(lián)合會代表了超過50萬的獨(dú)立種植戶。截至2014年6月，這種新植株已重新種植了超過30億棵。
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Three-quarters of them were replaced with a roya-resistant variety known as Castillo, which had been developed in the labs of Cenicafé, the coffee federation's research arm, after 13 years of selective breeding. Lindsey Bolger, head coffee buyer for Keurig Green Mountain, a roaster in the United States, said the industry was “on pins and needles” about whether the Castillo would work. It has. Colombia produced 11.5m bags in the 12 months to June 2014, up by 31% on the previous 12-month period, according to the coffee federation. Buyers are coming back.
這些咖啡樹中的四分之三被一種被稱為“卡斯蒂羅”的 “抗羅亞”品種替代，此品種是由哥倫比亞國家咖啡研究中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室經(jīng)過13年精心選育開發(fā)出來的。林塞·博爾捷，美國綠山咖啡烘焙公司的首席采購，在談及 “卡斯蒂羅”能否擔(dān)任恢復(fù)產(chǎn)量重任時，形容咖啡產(chǎn)業(yè)對此是“如坐針氈”。事實(shí)上，“卡斯蒂羅”做到了。據(jù)咖啡聯(lián)合會數(shù)據(jù)，截至2014年6月的12個月內(nèi)，哥倫比亞出產(chǎn)了1150萬袋咖啡豆，比上個同期的產(chǎn)量增長了31%。采購商們又把目光開始投回哥倫比亞。
Fernando Gast, Cenicafé's director, says seeds of the Castillo coffee plants have been sent to Mexico, El Salvador and Costa Rica for evaluation. But he warns that Colombia's success story is not directly transferable to Central America. The Castillo variety was created for Colombia's needs and may not adapt to Central America's soil and climate, he says.
費(fèi)爾南多·加斯特，哥倫比亞國家咖啡研究中心實(shí)驗(yàn)室主任，表示“卡斯蒂羅”的種子已被送往墨西哥、薩爾瓦多以及哥斯達(dá)黎加進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步評估。但是他也警告說，哥倫比亞的產(chǎn)業(yè)復(fù)蘇經(jīng)驗(yàn)并不可被中美洲地區(qū)直接套用?！翱ㄋ沟倭_”品種是為了滿足哥倫比亞的需求而研發(fā)生產(chǎn)的，所以可能并不適合在中美洲的土壤及氣候環(huán)境條件下種植。
Cenicafé's 89 researchers cannot rest easy, either. They are working on a project to map the coffee genome. That should help them develop new varieties that will not only resist roya, which is continuously evolving, but will also be less susceptible to erratic weather. The search for a stronger brew is never over.
實(shí)驗(yàn)室的89位研究人員們也還不能高枕無憂。他們現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行一個繪制咖啡樹基因譜的項(xiàng)目，這將有助他們培育新的變種，這種變種不僅能抵抗“羅亞”及其以后可能出現(xiàn)的其它變種，還能更不易受到不穩(wěn)定天候影響的新品種植株。對于更優(yōu)良品種的研究總會一直進(jìn)行下去。
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