GRE閱讀文章常見結(jié)構(gòu)及解讀技巧
GRE閱讀文章常見結(jié)構(gòu)及解讀技巧,我們來看看吧，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
GRE閱讀文章常見結(jié)構(gòu)及解讀技巧
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GRE閱讀文章5大常見結(jié)構(gòu)之現(xiàn)象解釋型
考點(diǎn)：顧名思義是對(duì)某種自然或社會(huì)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行分析解釋。這類文章在一開始就會(huì)描述一種“奇怪”的現(xiàn)象，說它奇怪是因?yàn)檫@種現(xiàn)象發(fā)生的頻率比較低或者在日常生活中不容易見到，又或者是容易被我們忽略的一些現(xiàn)象。文章的展開也是圍繞這一現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行，首先是對(duì)這一現(xiàn)象的描述，然后介紹其產(chǎn)生的原因及所造成的影響，從而間接地表達(dá)作者的態(tài)度或評(píng)價(jià)。
應(yīng)對(duì)方法：對(duì)于這類文章，考生不僅要對(duì)描述的現(xiàn)象有所了解，知道其具體在講什么，更重的是對(duì)該現(xiàn)象的成因解釋要理解透徹，明確產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象的真正原因才能在作答時(shí)快速準(zhǔn)確的從文中找到依據(jù)。建議大家在平時(shí)的練習(xí)中養(yǎng)成剖析文章結(jié)構(gòu)的習(xí)慣，這樣不僅可以大大提高做題的效率，還能舉一反三，考生只要稍作歸納，就可以迅速解題，做到事半功倍。
2GRE閱讀文章5大常見結(jié)構(gòu)之觀點(diǎn)比較型
考點(diǎn)：觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比型的GRE閱讀通常會(huì)在文章一開始就提出兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的觀點(diǎn)，并在下文中呈現(xiàn)出對(duì)比分析的特點(diǎn)。通過對(duì)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的分析比較，間接表現(xiàn)出作者的態(tài)度和評(píng)價(jià)，從而判斷文章的主旨和基調(diào)。在做題過程中要注意觀察作者的態(tài)度或評(píng)價(jià)，因?yàn)榇祟愋偷奈恼轮型ǔ?huì)有關(guān)于作者態(tài)度的題目。
應(yīng)對(duì)方法：這類文章主要是考察考生對(duì)文章整體的把握程度，對(duì)文章結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容的分析能力，以及對(duì)作者態(tài)度評(píng)價(jià)及邏輯的判斷。文章通常圍繞新觀點(diǎn)展開，明白這一點(diǎn)，就要在平時(shí)的練習(xí)中多家注意，并養(yǎng)成好的做題習(xí)慣，這樣才能在考試的時(shí)候臨危不亂，取得滿意的成績(jī)。
3GRE閱讀文章5大常見結(jié)構(gòu)之結(jié)論說明型
考點(diǎn)：此類型的文章通常會(huì)在文章開頭給出一個(gè)明確的結(jié)論，然后在下文中圍繞這一結(jié)論進(jìn)行詳細(xì)論述，通過擺事實(shí)和分析論據(jù)的方式來證明結(jié)論的正確性或可行性。文章的展開通常會(huì)以“總-分”的形式來呈現(xiàn)。
應(yīng)對(duì)方法：這類文章一般在首句都會(huì)出現(xiàn)一個(gè)主題句，即topic sentence，接著下文圍繞這一話題展開討論，并且在討論的過程中不斷拋出論據(jù)來證明該結(jié)論的正確性。通過對(duì)論據(jù)的分析考生可以準(zhǔn)確判斷作者的態(tài)度，對(duì)接下來的題目練習(xí)做好鋪墊?？忌谄綍r(shí)練習(xí)的時(shí)候一定要養(yǎng)成分析文章套路的習(xí)慣，“養(yǎng)兵千日用兵一時(shí)”對(duì)提升考生的準(zhǔn)確率是非常有效的。
4GRE閱讀文章5大常見結(jié)構(gòu)之對(duì)比分析型
考點(diǎn)：此類型的文章通常會(huì)在文章開頭給出兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上關(guān)于新觀點(diǎn)的主題句，然后在下文中圍繞這一觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行詳細(xì)論述和對(duì)比分析，并且在對(duì)比中會(huì)著重凸顯作者的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)。下面給大家舉例說明一下。
應(yīng)對(duì)方法：同樣，此類文章在結(jié)構(gòu)上也會(huì)呈現(xiàn)出總-分-總結(jié)構(gòu)，第一段拋出觀點(diǎn)之后在接下來的段落中進(jìn)行針對(duì)性的分析，最后一段通常是對(duì)比分析后得出的結(jié)論匯總。所以在平時(shí)做GRE閱讀的時(shí)候一定要養(yǎng)成分析文章套路的習(xí)慣，這樣在做題的時(shí)候就能做到心中有數(shù)，下筆有神。
5GRE閱讀文章5大常見結(jié)構(gòu)之自問自答型
考點(diǎn)：?jiǎn)栴}解答類的文章通常會(huì)以問句的形式開始，第一段會(huì)提出一個(gè)問題或者呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)難題，而問題通常是“設(shè)問”句。常見的標(biāo)志詞如：problem，difficulty, task, puzzle, challenge, question等詞。緊接著會(huì)對(duì)這一問題進(jìn)行解答或作出解釋，文章圍繞這些問題展開討論分析，并把作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度貫穿其中。主要考察考生對(duì)文章問題的理解以及對(duì)所給答案的分析和判斷，要求考生有明確的思路和方向。
應(yīng)對(duì)方法：該類文章的大體結(jié)構(gòu)基本可以總結(jié)為“提問-解答-表明立場(chǎng)”，考生在讀文章的時(shí)候一定要把握好文章的基調(diào)和作者的評(píng)價(jià)，善于分析并把握文章的重點(diǎn)，判斷作者最想表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。為接下來的作答做好準(zhǔn)備。首先，正如上文介紹的，文章一開始就要找出作者提出的文章要討論的問題。接著，作者會(huì)對(duì)此給出解答這個(gè)問題的重要信息考生對(duì)這些信息要進(jìn)行明確的標(biāo)注，方便最后的題目解答。最后根據(jù)作者對(duì)問題作出的回答判斷作者的觀點(diǎn)和立場(chǎng)，把握文章的主要內(nèi)容。
【熱門GRE人文知識(shí)拓展閱讀】釀酒師逐夢(mèng)之旅
RAY WALKER, a trainee securities representative at Merrill Lynch in California, cashed in his chips before his career had barely begun and decided instead to learn how to make wine.
雷沃克是加利福尼亞州美林證券公司的有價(jià)證券實(shí)習(xí)生代表，就在要開始他的職業(yè)生涯之際，他決定去學(xué)釀酒。
He then moved to France to make red Burgundy, the most rarefied and tricky wine of them all.
于是他來到了法國(guó)，學(xué)習(xí)最純正最優(yōu)良的勃艮第紅酒制作。
Now a successful vintner, he has an intoxicating tale to tell.
如今他作為一個(gè)成功的葡萄酒商人，接下來要告訴我們一個(gè)動(dòng)人的故事。
Mr Walker knew nothing about wine before his wife began serving it at mealtimes. But soon it became a passion, then a pursuit.
沃克先生對(duì)葡萄酒一無所知，直到他的妻子在餐桌上擺上了酒，猛地激發(fā)了他對(duì)酒的愛好，于是變成了他一生所追隨的事業(yè)。
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Though his wife was six months pregnant at the time, he dropped his banking career to follow his dream.
他不顧妻子已有六個(gè)月的身孕，辭去了銀行的工作，開始追隨他的夢(mèng)想。
The reader may well be mystified as to how the author could be so capricious, particularly as he had little beyond his own savings to draw from.
讀者可能會(huì)困惑，為什么作者會(huì)這么任性出走特別是在他還有妻小儲(chǔ)蓄也不多的情況下。
But had events gone another way, this would be a rather different memoir.
但他還是走了，換另外一個(gè)說法，這將會(huì)是一個(gè)特別的回憶錄。
Once he gleaned what he could from books, Mr Walker sought lowly work at wineries in California to learn more about the business.
沃克先生來到加利福尼亞的一家釀酒廠索諾瑪公司做低等工，他已經(jīng)不能從書本提供的知識(shí)里得到滿足了，他期望在公司學(xué)到更多關(guān)于這個(gè)行業(yè)的東西。
After a season of back-breaking work in Sonoma, this Panglossian figure heads to Burgundy to buy modest grapes from a wine broker.
筋疲力盡地工作了一個(gè)季度后，這個(gè)過分的樂觀主義者從法國(guó)勃艮第區(qū)的一個(gè)葡萄酒代理人那里買來了價(jià)格適中的葡萄。
Instead he ends up securing enough to make three different Burgundies, including two barrels of Chambertin, one of France's greatest wines.
結(jié)果，他買到的葡萄足以讓他做成三種不同的勃艮第葡萄酒，包括兩桶香貝坦紅葡萄酒，這是法國(guó)最好的葡萄酒之一。
None of this could have happened without the support of a laid-back Californian financier, a friend of someone Mr Walker met through an online wine forum.
如果沒有那個(gè)生活優(yōu)越的加利福尼亞金融家支持，所有這些都不會(huì)發(fā)生。那個(gè)金融家是沃克先生在葡萄酒論壇上認(rèn)識(shí)的網(wǎng)友的朋友。
After a single telephone call, this man cheerily upped his stake in this modest business to around 150,000.
沃克和他通了一次電話之后，這個(gè)男人就欣然把投資增加到了15萬(wàn)美元左右，雖然這個(gè)行當(dāng)業(yè)績(jī)平平。
Mr Walker's good fortune continued in Burgundy, where nearly everyone he dealt with was honourable and helpful, save for two winemakers who tried to sabotage his plans.
沃克先生在勃艮第也遇到了好運(yùn)氣，除了兩個(gè)試圖破壞他釀酒計(jì)劃的勃艮第酒商，那里的人幾乎個(gè)個(gè)都為人正直而又樂于助人。
Fortuitously, his first vintage was an exceptional one in Burgundy.
意外的是，沃克先生第一次釀的酒在勃艮第特別出眾。
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But there is more to Mr Walker's success than that.
沃克先生不僅成功了，他還成了一個(gè)受歡迎的又能干的人。
He comes across as a likeable, can-do guy who earnestly believes that hard work, confidence and some luck is all it takes to make things happen.
他相信努力、自信和好運(yùn)氣是成功的墊腳石。
Now ensconced in Burgundy with his wife and young family, he is the only non-Frenchman ever to have made Chambertin.
沃克成了第一個(gè)做出香貝坦紅葡萄酒的非法國(guó)籍人士，如今他和妻兒在勃艮第的生活別提有多安逸。
A common fantasy of overworked executives is to throw it all in and retire to a vineyard.
那些過度勞累的公司高管們通常是幻想著退休后要變賣掉一切然后到一個(gè)葡萄園里去享福。
Rarely do such endeavours end well.
沒有人像沃克先生那樣如此竭盡全力做到最好收尾的。
Mr Walker's story is sure to inspire a few more leaps of faith.
沃克先生的故事值得激勵(lì)那些人來一個(gè)一百八十度的轉(zhuǎn)變
【熱門GRE閱讀背景材料】 家庭關(guān)系對(duì)愛情的沖擊
YANG YOURONG's wife kicks him as they walk upstairs and he falls back a few steps, then follows again at a distance up to the cramped offices of a district-government bureau handling divorces in Chongqing, a region in the south-east. After more than 20 years of marriage, Mr Yang's wife has had several affairs; she is “quick tempered”, he says (she had slapped him earlier, he claims). At the bureau, divorce takes half an hour and costs 9 yuan ($1.40). It is administered a few steps away from where other couples get married and take celebratory photographs. Mr Yang and his wife have second thoughts, however; they return home, still arguing. Most couples hesitate less.
楊友榮上樓的時(shí)候被老婆踢了一腳，跌下幾級(jí)臺(tái)階后又重新跟上，在老婆后面亦步亦趨地爬上已經(jīng)擠滿人的重慶某區(qū)民政局—他們是來辦離婚的。20多年的婚姻中，楊的老婆多次出軌?！八莻€(gè)急性子?！睏罱忉尩溃斑€被老婆扇了一巴掌。在民政局，離婚只需要半個(gè)小時(shí)，花9塊錢(約1.4美元)就能搞定。而不遠(yuǎn)處就是一對(duì)剛領(lǐng)結(jié)婚證的夫婦在拍紀(jì)念照。楊氏夫婦決定再想想，但回家之后仍然爭(zhēng)吵不休。大部分來離婚的夫婦都沒這么猶豫。
Divorce rates are rising quickly across China. This is a remarkable transformation in a society where for centuries marriage was universal and mostly permanent (though convention permitted men to take concubines). Under Communist rule, traditional values have retained a strong influence over family relationships: during much of the Mao era, divorce was very unusual. It became more common in the 1980s, but a marriage law adopted in 1994 still required a reference from an employer or community leader. Not until 2003 were restrictions removed.
中國(guó)的離婚率增長(zhǎng)得很快。這表明整個(gè)社會(huì)正在發(fā)生巨大改變，在過去的幾百年里，結(jié)婚是一件很普遍且持續(xù)終生的事(盡管傳統(tǒng)上允許男人納妾)。在共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，傳統(tǒng)價(jià)值觀念對(duì)家庭關(guān)系仍具有重要影響：在毛時(shí)代，離婚非常罕見，到了80年代則變得普遍，但1994年婚姻法的實(shí)施，仍規(guī)定離婚需要雇主或黨內(nèi)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)開具的說明材料，這項(xiàng)限制直到2003年才被取消。
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The trend reflects profound economic and social change. In the past 35 years, the biggest internal migration experienced by any country in human history has been tearing families apart. Traditional values have been giving way to more liberal ones. Women are becoming better educated, and more aware of their marital rights (they now initiate over half of all divorce cases). Greater affluence has made it easier for many people to contemplate living alone—no longer is there such an incentive to stay married in order to pool resources.
這一趨勢(shì)反映了經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)的重大變革。中國(guó)過去的35年經(jīng)歷了人類歷史上最大規(guī)模的遷移，這直接導(dǎo)致了無數(shù)家庭的分崩離析。傳統(tǒng)觀念讓位于更為自由的現(xiàn)代思想。女性受教育程度增加，也越來越意識(shí)到她們?cè)诨橐鲋械臋?quán)利(如今超過一半的離婚申請(qǐng)都是由女方提出的)。物質(zhì)條件的改善讓很多人不再擔(dān)心獨(dú)自生活——不必再為共享資源而被迫綁在婚姻里。
As long as both sides agree on terms, China is now among the easiest and cheapest places in the world to get a divorce. In many Western countries, including Britain, couples must separate for a period before dissolving a marriage; China has no such constraints. In 2014, the latest year for which such data exist, about 3.6m couples split up—more than double the number a decade earlier (they received a red certificate, pictured, to prove it). The divorce rate—the number of cases per thousand people—also doubled in that period. It now stands at 2.7, well above the rate in most of Europe and approaching that of America, the most divorce-prone Western country (see chart). Chongqing's rate, 4.4, is higher than America's.
中國(guó)已經(jīng)成為全世界離婚最容易也是最便宜的國(guó)家之一，只要雙方同意即可。在包括英國(guó)在內(nèi)的許多西方國(guó)家，夫妻雙方離婚前必須分居一段時(shí)間，而中國(guó)則沒有此限制。據(jù)2014年最新統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示，約有360萬(wàn)對(duì)夫妻分道揚(yáng)鑣，比十年前翻了一倍還不止(離婚的人會(huì)領(lǐng)到離婚證并拍照)。離婚率已上升至2.7，跟同期相比也增加了一倍，該比值已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)超歐洲，直追美國(guó)這一離婚率最高的西方國(guó)家(見下表)。而重慶的離婚率則沖破了美國(guó)的平均值，高達(dá)4.4。
Helped by the huge movement of people from the countryside into cities, and the rapid spread of social media, the availability of potential mates has grown with astonishing speed, both geographically and virtually. But many migrants marry in their home villages and often live apart from their spouses for lengthy periods. This has contributed to a big increase in extramarital liaisons. Married people previously had limited opportunities to meet members of the opposite sex in social situations, according to research by Li Xiaomin of Henan University. Peng Xiaobo, a divorce lawyer in Chongqing, reckons 60-70% of his clients have had affairs.
由于人口大量從農(nóng)村轉(zhuǎn)移至城市，再加上社交媒體的興起，在不同地域或不同年齡段內(nèi)找到另一半的幾率已經(jīng)比從前大得多。但很多背井離鄉(xiāng)的打工者都是先在家鄉(xiāng)結(jié)婚，然后再和配偶長(zhǎng)期分居，因此婚外情的現(xiàn)象越來越普遍。河南大學(xué)的李曉敏研究表示，已婚人士在之前的社會(huì)條件下遇到異性的機(jī)會(huì)很有限。重慶的離婚律師彭小波也表示，他的客戶中有60%~70%的人都有過外遇。
Such behaviour has led to much soul-searching. The notion that “chopsticks come in pairs” is still prevalent; propaganda posters preach Confucian-style family virtues using pictures of happy, multi-generation families. (President Xi Jinping is on his second marriage but this is rarely mentioned.) Many commentators in the official media talk of separation as a sign of moral failure; they fret that it signifies the decline of marriage, and of family as a social unit—a threat, as they see it, to social stability and even a cause of crime. The spread of “Western values” is often blamed.
此舉也給人們帶來了深思。熟語(yǔ)“筷子成雙成對(duì)，永不分離”一直深入人心。媒體也用四世同堂的和美家庭圖畫來倡導(dǎo)傳統(tǒng)儒家家庭美德(事實(shí)上，習(xí)近平主席也是二婚，但這點(diǎn)很少為人所提及)。官方論及離婚，通常認(rèn)為是道德風(fēng)氣敗壞所致。他們擔(dān)憂這標(biāo)志著婚姻與家庭作為社會(huì)組成的意義大幅銳減——正如他們所能預(yù)見的，離婚對(duì)于社會(huì)的穩(wěn)定性以及犯罪都是一大威脅。這些也常歸咎于“西方價(jià)值觀”的“泛濫”。
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But marriage is not losing its lustre. In most countries, rising divorce rates coincide with more births out of wedlock and a fall in marriage rates. China bucks both these trends. Remarriage is common too. The Chinese have not fallen out of love with marriage—only with each other.
但是婚姻并未失去它的魅力。在大多數(shù)國(guó)家，與飆升的離婚率并發(fā)的還有婚外生子率的增加、結(jié)婚率的下降。中國(guó)卻違背了這兩種趨勢(shì)。再婚現(xiàn)象也司空見慣。中國(guó)人并沒有失去對(duì)婚姻之愛，只是他們不再愛對(duì)方而已。
It is tradition itself that is partly to blame for rising divorce rates. China's legal marriage age for men, 22, is the highest in the world. But conservative attitudes to premarital relationships result in Chinese youths having fewer of them than their counterparts in the West (they are urged to concentrate on their studies and careers, rather than socialise or explore). Living together before marriage is still rare, although that is changing among educated youngsters. People still face social pressure to marry in their 20s. Their inexperience makes it more than usually difficult for them to select a good partner.
不斷攀升的離婚率部分是由傳統(tǒng)觀念本身所致。男性的法定結(jié)婚年齡是22歲(世上最大的婚齡)。但是中國(guó)年輕人對(duì)待婚前關(guān)系持保守態(tài)度，這就造成與西方的同齡人相比，他們中已婚的反倒還要少些(他們被迫關(guān)注于自己的學(xué)習(xí)與事業(yè)，而不是去與異性接觸、交往)?；榍巴釉嚮槿耘f罕見，盡管在一些受過教育的年輕人當(dāng)中這一趨勢(shì)日益改變。20多歲的未婚青年還面臨著社會(huì)輿論壓力。再加上，他們經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足，更難找到好的靈魂伴侶。
Couples' ageing relatives are part of the problem too. Yan Yunxiang of the University of California, Los Angeles, says “parent-driven divorce” is becoming more common. As a result of China's one-child-per-couple policy (recently changed to a two-child one), many people have no siblings to share the burden of looking after parents and grandparents. Thus couples often find themselves living with, or being watched over by, several—often contending—elders. Mr Yan says the older ones' interference fuels conjugal conflict. Sometimes parents urge their children to divorce their partners as a way to deal with rifts.
夫婦的老年親屬也是他們離婚的誘因之一。來自洛杉磯加利佛尼亞大學(xué)的閻云翔指出“父母促使的離婚案件”也越來越常見。中國(guó)的獨(dú)生子女政策造成許多人沒有兄弟姐妹來分擔(dān)照顧父母與祖父母的重?fù)?dān)。因此夫妻常常與多個(gè)(通常是相互不和的)長(zhǎng)輩同住或者受到他們的監(jiān)視。閻云翔稱長(zhǎng)輩的干擾會(huì)給夫妻間的沖突火上澆油。甚至有時(shí)父母會(huì)迫使他們的子女與另一半離婚以解決家庭的矛盾沖突。
Women are more likely to be the ones who suffer financially when this happens. Rising divorce rates reflect the spread of more tolerant, permissive values towards women, but legislation tends to favour men in divorce settlements. A legal interpretation issued in 2003 says that if a divorce is disputed, property bought for one partner by a spouse's parents before marriage can revert to the partner alone. That usually means the husband's family: they often try to increase their child's ability to attract a mate by buying him a home.
而當(dāng)夫妻離婚時(shí)，更易遭受經(jīng)濟(jì)重創(chuàng)的一方是女性。攀升的離婚率也反映了社會(huì)對(duì)女性更為包容的價(jià)值觀，但是司法體系更照顧離婚案件中男性的利益。2003年頒布的新婚姻法解釋指出如果有離婚糾紛，婚前由一方父母出資為子女購(gòu)買的不動(dòng)產(chǎn)會(huì)被認(rèn)定為夫妻一方的個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)。這通常意味著男方家庭會(huì)努力購(gòu)置房屋以增加他們求偶的吸引力。
In 2011 the Supreme Court went further. It ruled that in contested cases (as about one-fifth of divorces are), the property would be considered that of one partner alone if that partner's parents had bought it for him or her after the couple had got married. In addition, if one partner (rather than his or her parents) had bought a home before the couple wed, that person could be awarded sole ownership by a divorce court. This ruling has put women at a disadvantage too: by convention they are less often named on deeds.
2011年，最高法院又進(jìn)一步裁定如果婚后一方父母為子女出資購(gòu)買不動(dòng)產(chǎn)，該不動(dòng)產(chǎn)應(yīng)被認(rèn)定為夫妻一方個(gè)人財(cái)產(chǎn)。另外，如果婚前一方(而不是一方的父母)購(gòu)買的房產(chǎn)，那么該房產(chǎn)應(yīng)歸購(gòu)買房產(chǎn)者(產(chǎn)權(quán)登記者)一人所有。這樣的判決也使女性處于不利地位：通常，女人的名字很少登記在在房產(chǎn)證上。
In practice, if the couple has children the person with custody often keeps the home—more often the mother. Yet the court's interpretation sets a worrying precedent for divorced women. Their difficulties may be compounded by the two-child policy, which came into effect on January 1st. If couples have two children and both partners want custody, judges often assign parents one child each. Marriage and the family are still strong in China—but children clearly lie in a different asset class.
事實(shí)上，如果夫妻有小孩，有監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)的一方一般享有房屋—通常是指母親。然而依照最高法院頒布的解釋，這項(xiàng)判例令離異女性堪憂。此外，一月一日開始生效的二孩政策又加劇了她們的困境。如果夫妻有兩個(gè)小孩，而雙方都要監(jiān)護(hù)權(quán)，那么法官通常會(huì)判決雙方分別撫養(yǎng)一個(gè)小孩?；橐雠c家庭觀念在中國(guó)依舊很強(qiáng)——但是孩子很明顯地又是另一項(xiàng)資產(chǎn)。
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