準(zhǔn)確把握GRE閱讀文章主旨脈絡(luò)
準(zhǔn)確把握GRE閱讀文章主旨脈絡(luò), 應(yīng)從這2個(gè)方面入手，我們來看看吧，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
準(zhǔn)確把握GRE閱讀文章主旨脈絡(luò) 應(yīng)從這2個(gè)方面入手
從文章整體入手
首先說一下從整體入手。所謂整體，指的是GRE文章的框架結(jié)構(gòu)。具體來說，雖然GRE文章的題材廣泛，學(xué)術(shù)高深，尤其是自然科學(xué)題材，但是它有很強(qiáng)的模式：典型的論證文章。正是因?yàn)槿绱耍珿RE文章的閱讀從一開始就注定與一般閱讀有天壤之別。這里要強(qiáng)調(diào)一點(diǎn)：文章的主題與結(jié)構(gòu)本身的重要性遠(yuǎn)甚于文章內(nèi)容的重要性。在GRE閱讀中，不管文章如何千奇百怪，都可歸納成三種演進(jìn)方式：a，結(jié)論——> 解釋;b，舊觀點(diǎn)——> 新觀點(diǎn);C，現(xiàn)象或疑難問題——> 解決方案和解釋(有時(shí)惟一，有時(shí)不惟一)。在這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)上，每篇文章中都能找出一個(gè)總結(jié)全文的主題句(topics Sentence)。例如對(duì)于新舊觀點(diǎn)對(duì)立型的文章，新觀點(diǎn)即為主題句。把握好每篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)以及每篇文章的核心，對(duì)于經(jīng)過培訓(xùn)的GRE考生來說并不困難。GRE復(fù)習(xí)如何結(jié)合機(jī)經(jīng)用法?
從細(xì)節(jié)入手
說完了整體結(jié)構(gòu)，接下來就要談?wù)劶?xì)節(jié)。文章細(xì)節(jié)，一般指的是那些值得考生特別花心思去記住的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)。GRE閱讀文章中，有無相關(guān)背景不重要，而在每篇考試文章中都會(huì)或多或少地出現(xiàn)一些關(guān)鍵信息點(diǎn)。例如，作者在論證出自己的正或負(fù)態(tài)度過程中舉過什么重點(diǎn)例子;作者在評(píng)價(jià)中有沒有一些極端型評(píng)價(jià)，如最后、惟一之類———考生只需記住出現(xiàn)這些語言現(xiàn)象的行數(shù)，其具體內(nèi)容在做題回來定位時(shí)再看也不遲。總之，這些考試文章中，最重要的是作者在說什么內(nèi)容(理論———解釋，還是疑問———回答)?這些內(nèi)容有什么中心事物的代表(A，B，C還是X，Y，Z)?另外，一切文章細(xì)節(jié)如人物地點(diǎn)、器具、物質(zhì)都已經(jīng)虛化成監(jiān)獄犯人一樣的字母和數(shù)字。只要能通過閱讀把握住這些信息點(diǎn)，考生在解題時(shí)就能快速找到核心要點(diǎn)，而不用再回到文章里去大海撈針。
總而言之，GRE閱讀文章雖然篇幅長內(nèi)容深，但只要大家能夠通過練習(xí)掌握從整體和細(xì)節(jié)這兩方面入手的閱讀技巧，想要做好閱讀也并非難事。希望上文內(nèi)容能夠給大家?guī)硪恍﹩l(fā)和幫助。
GRE課外閱讀材料大補(bǔ)充 中國水資源緊缺 滴滴珍貴
CHINA endures choking smog, mass destruction of habitats and food poisoned with heavymetals. But ask an environmentalist what is the country’s biggest problem, and the answer isalways the same. “Water is the worst,” says Wang Tao, of the Carnegie-Tsinghua Centre inBeijing, “because of its scarcity, and because of its pollution.” “Water,” agrees Pan Jiahua, ofthe Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. “People can’t survive in a desert.” Wang Shucheng, aformer water minister, once said: “To fight for every drop of water or die: that is the challengefacing China.”
中國正遭受著持續(xù)霧霾、棲息地大規(guī)模破壞以及食品重金屬中毒等問題。然而，當(dāng)問起環(huán)境專家“什么是中國最大的問題”時(shí)，得到的答案通常如出一轍。北京清華-卡耐基中心的王濤答道：“水資源問題最為嚴(yán)重，一方面由于水資源缺乏，另一方面由于它的污染狀況?！? “水資源，”中國社科院潘家華表示認(rèn)同，“人們不能在沙漠中生存。”前水利部部長汪恕誠曾說：“中國面臨的挑戰(zhàn)就是要珍惜每一滴水,否則就是滅亡?！?/p>
He was not exaggerating. A stock image of China is a fisherman and his cormorant on a placidlake. The reality is different. The country uses 600 billion cubic metres (21,200 billion cubic feet)of water a year, or about 400 cubic metres a person—one-quarter of what the averageAmerican uses and less than half the international definition of water stress.
他并非夸大其詞。人們腦海中的中國印象是平靜湖面上的漁民和他的鸕鶿?，F(xiàn)實(shí)卻大相徑庭。中國水資源的年消耗量達(dá)6000億立方米(212,000億立方英尺)，即約每人400立方米——為美國人平均使用量的四分之一，不到國際公認(rèn)的用水緊張線的一半。
The national average hides an even more alarming regional disparity. Four-fifths of China’swater is in the south, notably the Yangzi river basin. Half the people and two-thirds of thefarmland are in the north, including the Yellow River basin. Beijing has the sort of waterscarcity usually associated with Saudi Arabia: just 100 cubic metres per person a year. Thewater table under the capital has dropped by 300 metres (nearly 1,000 feet) since the 1970s.
全國平均用水量背后的地區(qū)差異更為令人擔(dān)憂。中國五分之四的水資源位于南方，尤其是長江流域。一半人口以及三分之二的耕地則位于北方，其中包括黃河流域。北京的水荒常被與沙特阿拉伯的相比較：人均年用水量僅為100立方米。自從20世紀(jì)70年代以來，首都的地下水位已下降約300米(1,000英尺左右)。
這篇閱讀材料還有MP3音頻哦!下載>>傳送門
China is using up water at an unsustainable rate. Thanks to overuse, rivers simply disappear.The number of rivers with significant catchment areas has fallen from more than 50,000 in the1950s to 23,000 now. As if that were not bad enough, China is polluting what little water it hasleft. The Yellow River is often called the cradle of Chinese civilisation. In 2007 the Yellow RiverConservancy Commission, a government agency, surveyed 13,000 kilometres (8,000 miles) ofthe river and its tributaries and concluded that a third of the water is unfit even for agriculture.Four thousand petrochemical plants are built on its banks.
中國正以一種難以長期持續(xù)的速度消耗水資源。過度使用使河流幾近干涸。重要集水區(qū)的河流數(shù)量已從50年代的50,000條減至如今的23,000條。仿佛事態(tài)還不夠嚴(yán)重，中國僅存的河流也正遭受污染。黃河常被稱為中華文明的搖籃。2007年，政府組織黃河保護(hù)委員會(huì)調(diào)查了13,000公里(8,000英里)的黃河及其支流，結(jié)論是三分之一的水域不甚健康，甚至無法用于農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。4000家石油化工廠矗立黃河兩岸。
The water available for use is thus atrocious. Song Lanhe, chief engineer for urban water-quality monitoring at the housing ministry, says only half the water sources in cities are safe todrink. More than half the groundwater in the north China plain, according to the land ministry,cannot be used for industry, while seven-tenths is unfit for human contact, ie, even forwashing. In late 2012 the Chinese media claimed that 300 corpses were found floating in theYellow River near Lanzhou, the latest of roughly 10,000 victims—most of them (according tothe local police) suicides—whose bodies have been washing downstream since the 1960s.
可用水如此匱乏。建設(shè)部城市水質(zhì)監(jiān)測(cè)中心總工程師宋蘭合說，城市水資源中僅有一半能供人安全飲用。據(jù)土地管理局稱，超過半數(shù)中國北部平原的地下水不能用于工業(yè)，同時(shí)，七成的水不適于與人體接觸，也就是說，這些水甚至無法用于洗滌。2012年下半年，中國媒體曝出在黃河蘭州段附近發(fā)現(xiàn)300具浮尸。自60年代以來約10,000名新受害者(據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)鼐椒Q，其中多為自殺)的尸體順流而下。
In 2009 the World Bank put the overall cost of China’s water crisis at 2.3% of GDP, mostlyreflecting damage to health. Water shortages also imperil plans to expand energy production,threatening economic growth. China is hoping to follow America into a shale-gas revolution.But each shale-gas well needs 15,000 tonnes of water a year to run. China is also planning tobuild around 450 new coal-fired power stations, burning 1.2 billion tonnes of coal a year. Thestations have to be cooled by water and the coal has to be washed. The grand total is 9 billiontonnes of water. China does not have that much available. According to the World ResourcesInstitute, a think-tank in Washington, DC, half the new coal-fired plants are to be built in areasof high or extremely high water stress.
2009年，世界銀行認(rèn)為中國在水危機(jī)上的總支出占GDP的2.3%，這在很大程度上反映出水資源狀況對(duì)健康之危害。水資源短缺同樣危及擴(kuò)大能源生產(chǎn)，對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長造成威脅。中國希望能跟隨美國進(jìn)入天然氣時(shí)代。然而，一個(gè)天然氣井需一年15,000噸水來運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。中國也正在計(jì)劃建造約450座新的燃煤發(fā)電站，一年燃燒12億噸煤炭。發(fā)電站需要用水冷卻，而煤炭需要用水清洗。總需水量達(dá)90億噸。供不應(yīng)求。據(jù)位于華盛頓的智囊組織世界資源協(xié)會(huì)稱，一半的新燃煤發(fā)電站建造于水資源緊缺或極度緊缺的地區(qū)。
The best answer would be to improve the efficiency with which water is used. Only about 40%of water used in industry is recycled, half as much as in Europe. The rest is dumped in riversand lakes. Wang Zhansheng of Tsinghua University argues that China is neglecting its urbanwater infrastructure (sewerage, pipes and water-treatment plants), leading to more waste.Water prices in most cities are only about a tenth of the level in big European cities, yet thegovernment is reluctant to raise them, for fear of a popular backlash.The result is that China’s “water productivity” is low. For each cubic metre of water used,China gets $8-worth of output. The average for European countries is $58 per cubic metre. Ofcourse, these countries are richer—but they are not seven times richer.
最好的辦法是提升水的利用效率。只有約4成工業(yè)用水循環(huán)使用，該比例僅為歐洲的一半。而余下的則被棄于江河之中。清華大學(xué)王占生認(rèn)為中國忽視城市水利基建(污水、管道和污水凈化廠)導(dǎo)致更多浪費(fèi)。大部分城市的水費(fèi)僅為歐洲大城市的十分之一，而政府由于擔(dān)心民眾反對(duì)，則不愿漲價(jià)。造成的結(jié)果是中國的“水分生產(chǎn)率”低下。每立方米水產(chǎn)出值為8美元。而歐洲國家平均產(chǎn)出值為58美元。當(dāng)然，這些國家更為富有——但不至于富裕七倍。
Rather than making sensible and eminently doable reforms in pricing and water conservation,China is focusing on increasing supplies. For decades the country has been ruled by engineers,many of them hydraulic engineers (including the previous president, Hu Jintao). Partly as aresult, Communist leaders have reacted to water problems by building engineering projects on amind-boggling scale.The best known such project is the Three Gorges dam on the Yangzi. But this year an evenvaster project is due to start. Called the South-North Water Diversion Project, it will link theYangzi with the Yellow River, taking water from the humid south to the parched north. Whenfinished, 3,000km of tunnels and canals will have been drilled through mountains, across plainsand under rivers. Its hydrologic and environmental consequences could be enormouslyharmful.
相比合理使用、價(jià)格顯著調(diào)整以及水資源保護(hù)，中國采取的主要方法則是增加供應(yīng)量。幾十年來，中國的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人多為工程師，他們中有不少是水利工程師(包括前國家主席胡錦濤)。部分由于上述原因，共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)對(duì)水資源問題的反應(yīng)乃是在令人難以置信的范圍內(nèi)建立工程項(xiàng)目。此類工程中最著名的就是位于長江的三峽大壩。但今年一個(gè)更大的項(xiàng)目即將啟動(dòng)。南水北調(diào)工程將長江與黃河接通，將水從濕潤的南方調(diào)運(yùn)至干旱的北方。項(xiàng)目完成后，將有3,000公里的隧道與運(yùn)河貫通山脈，穿越平原與地下河。它將在水文與環(huán)境上造成嚴(yán)重后果。
The project links China’s two great rivers through three new channels. The eastern, ordownstream one is due to open by the end of this year (see map). It would pump 14.8 billioncubic metres along 1,160km of canals, using in part a 1,500-year-old waterway, the GrandCanal. The water pumped so far has been so polluted that a third of the cost has gone onwater treatment. A midstream link, with 1,300km of new canals, is supposed to open byOctober 2014. That is also when work on the most ambitious and controversial link, theupstream one across the fragile Himalayan plateau, is due to begin. Eventually the South-North project is intended to deliver 45 billion cubic metres of water a year and to cost a total of486 billion yuan ($79.4 billion). It would be cheaper to desalinate the equivalent amount ofseawater.
該項(xiàng)目通過三條新水道接通中國兩大河流。東部，即下游調(diào)水線將于年底貫通(見地圖)。它將沿1,160公里的運(yùn)河(部分利用擁有1500年歷史的水道——大運(yùn)河)輸水148億立方米。迄今輸送的水已被污染，以至于三分之一的開支被用于水污染治理。長達(dá)1,300千米的中游調(diào)水線預(yù)計(jì)于2014年十月貫通。而最為雄心勃勃和最具爭議的上游調(diào)水線也預(yù)備動(dòng)工，它貫穿了脆弱的喜馬拉雅高原。最終，南水北調(diào)工程計(jì)劃每年調(diào)水450億立方米，總花費(fèi)4,860億元人民幣(794億美元)。這比除去等量海水中的鹽分的成本來得更低。
The environmental damage could be immense. The Yangzi river is already seriously polluted.Chen Jiyu of the Chinese Academy of Engineering told South Weekly, a magazine, in 2012 thatthe project so far has reduced the quantity of plankton in the Yangzi by over two-thirds andthe number of benthic organisms (those living on the river bottom) by half. And that wasbefore it even opened. Ma Jun, China’s best known environmental activist, says thegovernment’s predilection for giant engineering projects only makes matters worse, “causingus to hit the limits of our water resources”.
這可能造成巨大的環(huán)境破壞。長江已被嚴(yán)重污染。2012年，中國工程院院士陳吉余告訴南方周末記者，項(xiàng)目迄今造成長江浮游生物數(shù)量減少超過三分之二，底棲生物(生活在水底的生物)減少一半。這還是沒有貫通之前所發(fā)生的。中國著名環(huán)保斗士馬軍說，政府對(duì)大型工程項(xiàng)目的偏好只會(huì)讓事情變得更糟，“導(dǎo)致我們沖擊水資源的使用極限”。
But the biggest damage could be political. Proposed dams on the upper reaches of theBrahmaputra, Mekong and other rivers are bound to have an impact on downstream countries,including India, Bangladesh and Vietnam. The Chinese say they would take only 1% of the run-off from the giant Brahmaputra. But if all these projects were operational—and the engineeringchallenges of one or two of them are so daunting that even the Chinese might balk atthem—they would affect the flow of rivers on which a billion people depend. Hence the worriesfor regional stability. And all this would increase China’s water supplies by a mere 7%. Thewater crisis is driving China to desperate but ultimately unhelpful measures.
不過，最大的危害可能是政治上的。計(jì)劃在雅魯藏布江、湄公河以及其他河流上游建造的大壩必定會(huì)對(duì)下游國家產(chǎn)生影響，包括印度、孟加拉國和越南。中國方面說他們僅從廣闊的雅魯藏布江中調(diào)取1%的水量。但是如果所有的項(xiàng)目都開始運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)——其中一兩個(gè)工程上的挑戰(zhàn)就會(huì)令人沮喪，屆時(shí)中國可能予以回避——這將影響傍河而生的10億人口。從而導(dǎo)致地區(qū)穩(wěn)定上的隱憂。而所有這些工程僅增加中國供水量的7%。水資源危機(jī)迫使中國孤注一擲，而終究未必治本。
GRE考試高分搶先練習(xí)題及答案
An Irish newspaper editorial encouraging women to participate in the non-importation movement launched in Ireland in 1779 appears consistent with a perception that the political use of the consumer boycott originated in North America and spread eastwards across the Atlantic to Ireland. This is a view that most historians have concurred with. For example, T.H. Breen argued that the consumer boycott was a brilliantly original American invention. Breen did acknowledge that a few isolated boycotts may have taken place in other countries. However, Mary ODowd argues that from the late seventeenth century, Irish political discourse advocated for the nonconsumption of imported goods and support for home manufactures by women in ways that were strikingly similar to those used later in North America.
體會(huì)下這兩道小題目
1. The passage is primarily concerned with
A. resolving a dispute
B. advocating a course of action
C. tracing the evolution of a practice
D. citing competing views of an issue
E. chronicling a series of events
2. In the context of the passage, the highlighted sentence serves to
A. qualify a point made in the preceding sentence
B. correct an erroneous assumption
C. provide evidence in support of a perception cited in the opening sentence
D. provide a rationale for the view expressed in the following sentence
E. establish the popularity of a point of view
解析
答案：1 D 2 A
你都做對(duì)了么?
我們一起來分析下：
文章開始，通過一篇新聞評(píng)論(newspaper editorial)引出主流觀點(diǎn)：抵制進(jìn)口消費(fèi)的ZZ運(yùn)動(dòng)起源于美國，傳播到愛爾蘭。T.H. Breen 是主流觀點(diǎn)的例子。However之后, 介紹Mary ODowd的相反觀點(diǎn)：愛爾蘭的婦女抵制進(jìn)口品的歷史可以追溯到17世紀(jì)，它是有自己的歷史的，也就是說，不是起源于美國的。
第一題是文章主旨題。通過文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析可知答案D最準(zhǔn)確。A選項(xiàng)不準(zhǔn)確，因?yàn)椤眗esolving”需要作者明確表態(tài)支持哪個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，而該文作者沒有明確自己的觀點(diǎn)。
第二題是高亮句子功能題。高亮的句子為“Breen did acknowledge that a few isolated boycotts may have taken place in other countries.”這一句的上一句是說Breen認(rèn)為抵制消費(fèi)活動(dòng)起源于美國，顯然高亮句是B做的讓步。A選項(xiàng)最準(zhǔn)確。下一句是Mary的完全相反的觀點(diǎn)：抵制行為起源于愛爾蘭，D選項(xiàng)不正確，高亮句不是為后句的觀點(diǎn)提供合理性。
GRE考試高分搶先練習(xí)題及答案
Early life insurers in the United States found themselves facing the problem of obtaining reliable information, as they needed to rely on applicants themselves to provide truthful, complete answers to a standard set of questions. In an attempt to personalize the relationship between insurers and their individual applicants, firms selected highly respected local citizens to act as their agents. These agents were expected to evaluate the appearance of candidates, unearth evidence of unhealthy family histories or questionable habits, and attest to the respectability of the people writing testimonial letters on an applicant's behalf. In short, the initial purpose of the agency system was not to actively solicit customers, but, rather, to recreate the glass-bowl mentality associated with small towns or city neighborhoods.
The author suggests which of the following about “city neighborhoods”?
A. They were places where family histories where difficult to establish.
B. They were places where unhealthy behaviors had been successfully addressed.
C. They were locations that were well suited for recruiting insurance agents.
D. They offered a high degree of transparency about a resident's personal history and character.
E. They offered potentially fruitful markets for the life insurance industry.
解析
答案：D
根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“city neighborhoods”定位到文章最后：“In short, the initial purpose of the agency system was not to activelysolicit customers, but, rather, to recreate the glass-bowl mentality associated with small towns or city neighborhoods. ”由“glass-bowl mentality” 就能大致猜測(cè)city neighborhoods的特征啦!什么?這個(gè)短語不認(rèn)識(shí)?不認(rèn)識(shí)怎么辦?努力猜測(cè)呀!“透明的碗”能象征什么?大家的碗是相互透明的，你吃什么，我吃什么，你吃幾兩干飯，我吃幾兩干飯，彼此沒有秘密可言呀，說的就是熟人社會(huì)的彼此了解熟悉。答案D躍然紙上呀!
GRE考試高分搶先練習(xí)題及答案
Carla L. Peterson’s Doers of the Word (1997), astudy of African American women speakers and writers from 1830-1880, is animportant addition to scholarship on nineteenth-century African American women.Its scope resembles that of Frances Smith Fosters 1993 study, but its approachis quite different. For Foster, the Black women who came to literary voice innineteenth-century America were claiming their rights as United Statescitizens, denying that anything should disqualify them from full membership inan enlightened national polity. Peterson sees these same women as having beenfundamentally estranged from the nation by a dominant culture unsympathetic toBlack women, and by a Black intelligentsia whose male view of race concernsleft little room for Black female intellect.
It can be inferred that Peterson’s studyand Fosters study are similar with respect to which of the following?
A. the writers that each takes up for examination
B. the degree to which each has influenced other scholars
C. the assumptions that each brings to nineteenth-century AfricanAmerican literature
D. their analysis of the nineteenth-century Black intelligentsia
E. their interpretation of nineteenth-century Americas dominant culture‘
解析
答案：A
解析：
做對(duì)了么?這道題如果做錯(cuò)，要做10個(gè)俯臥撐，好好反思下呀!題目問P和F兩人的共同點(diǎn)。文章主要就是通過和F的對(duì)比介紹P的研究。文章哪里提到兩人相同點(diǎn)呢?對(duì)了，是這句：Its scope resembles that of Frances Smith Fosters 1993 study, butits approach is quite different. 說得再清楚不過啦!為什么沒有選A呢?哎呀，A選項(xiàng)“the writers that each takes up for examination”不理解，其實(shí)就是說，兩個(gè)人研究的作家對(duì)象是一樣的。原文哪個(gè)詞說的是研究對(duì)象呢?對(duì)啦!scope! 研究范圍就是研究的作家對(duì)象呀!
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