托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句解析
托福閱讀長(zhǎng)難句一直都是一些同學(xué)的痛點(diǎn)，為了讓同學(xué)們更好掌握長(zhǎng)難句，小編整理了長(zhǎng)難句分析，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。
長(zhǎng)難句解析——外在信號(hào)與內(nèi)在循環(huán)
原句案例：
The disorienting effects of this mismatch between external time cues and internal schedules may persist, like our jet lag, for several days or weeks until certain cues such as the daylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment.
詞匯講解：
disorient /d?s'?r??ntet/ vt. 使(人)迷失方向，使(人)混亂
persist /p?'s?st/ vi.堅(jiān)持;持續(xù)
jet lag時(shí)差反應(yīng)
synchronize /?s??kr??na?z/ v. 同時(shí)發(fā)生，與...一致
結(jié)構(gòu)劃分：
The disorienting effects(of this mismatch)(between external time cues and internal schedules)may persist, (like our jet lag), (for several days or weeks) (until certain cues such as thedaylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock) (to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment).
深度分析：
這個(gè)句子主干部分就是The disorienting effects may persist
修飾一：(of this mismatch) ，介詞短語(yǔ)
中文：這種不匹配
修飾二：(between external time cues andinternal schedules) ，介詞短語(yǔ)
中文：在外在信號(hào)與內(nèi)在循環(huán)之間
修飾三：(like our jet lag) ，介詞短語(yǔ)
中文：像時(shí)差反應(yīng)一樣
修飾四：(for several days or weeks) ，介詞短語(yǔ)
中文：幾天或幾周
修飾五：(until certain cues such as thedaylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock) ，從句
中文：直到一些外在信號(hào)像白天或黑夜重置了生物鐘
修飾六：(to synchronize with the dailyrhythm of the new environment) ，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
中文：以便和新環(huán)境的日常循環(huán)同步
參考翻譯：
外在信號(hào)與內(nèi)在循環(huán)不匹配引起的錯(cuò)亂反應(yīng)可能會(huì)持續(xù)(像時(shí)差反應(yīng)一樣)幾天或幾周，直到一些外在信號(hào)像白天或黑夜重置了生物鐘以便和新環(huán)境的日常循環(huán)同步。
長(zhǎng)難句解析——?dú)夂蚪衣度祟惢顒?dòng)影響
原句案例：
One of the most difficult aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measureof what constitutes the natural variability of the climate.
結(jié)構(gòu)劃分：
One of the most difficult aspects (of deciding)(whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities) is that it is hard to get a measure of (what constitutes the natural variability of the climate).
深度分析：
這個(gè)句子的主干就是： One of the most difficult aspects is that
修飾一：(of deciding) ，介詞短語(yǔ)，修飾aspects
中文：確定
修飾二：(whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities) ，賓語(yǔ)從句，
中文：現(xiàn)在氣候事件是否揭露了是人類活動(dòng)影響的證據(jù)
修飾三：(what constitutes the natural variability of the climate) ，賓語(yǔ)從句
中文：什么組成了氣候的自然可變性
參考翻譯：
確定現(xiàn)在氣候事件是否揭露了是人類活動(dòng)影響的證據(jù)，其中最大困難之一在于很難去測(cè)量是什么組成了氣候的自然可變性。
長(zhǎng)難句解析——雕塑上描繪的各種行為
原句案例：
Unlike formal statues that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling, these figures depict a wide range of actions, such as grinding grain,baking bread, producing pots, and making music, and they are shown in appropriate poses, bending and squatting as they carry out their tasks.
詞匯講解：
appropriate /?'pr??pr??t/ adj. 適當(dāng)?shù)模线m的
squat /skw?t/ v. 蹲，伏下身子
結(jié)構(gòu)劃分：
(Unlike formal statues) (that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling), these figures depict a wide range of actions, (such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and making music,) and they are shown in appropriate poses, (bending and squatting)(as they carry out their tasks).
深度分析：
這個(gè)句子的主干就是：these figures depict a wide range of actions and they are shown in appropriate poses
修飾一：(Unlike formal statues) ，介詞短語(yǔ)
中文：不像正式的雕塑
修飾二：(that are limited to static poses of standing, sitting, and kneeling) ，從句，修飾statues
中文：這些雕塑局限于站、坐或者跪的靜態(tài)姿勢(shì)
修飾三：(such as grinding grain, baking bread, producing pots, and making music,) ，介詞短語(yǔ)
中文：例如磨谷物、烤面包、制壺或者奏樂(lè)
修飾四：(bending and squatting) ，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
中文：彎腰或蹲下來(lái)
修飾五：(as they carry out their tasks) ，從句
中文：當(dāng)他們做工作時(shí)
參考翻譯：
不像正式的雕塑，他們局限于站、坐或者跪的靜態(tài)姿勢(shì)，而這些圖像則描繪了各種行為，例如磨谷物、烤面包、制壺或者奏樂(lè)，他們以適當(dāng)姿勢(shì)呈現(xiàn)，當(dāng)他們做工作時(shí)彎腰或蹲下。
長(zhǎng)難句解析——蓄水層水量不足
Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.
句子分析
本句逗號(hào)比較多，容易使人看不清主要意思。本句中的but unfortunately引起前后兩句的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，在前半句中，indicate that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)。在后半句中，核心意思是rates of addition of the aquifer are minimal，而其前面under the semiarid climatic conditions這個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)后有that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾前面的conditions，最后amounting to(相當(dāng)于)是現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)，對(duì)核心意思進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。
單詞回顧
本句有一些地質(zhì)學(xué)的詞匯，比如：aquifer 蓄水層，semiarid 半干旱的，rates of addition 補(bǔ)水的速率。另外，請(qǐng)注意rate除了有“比率”的意思，還可以作動(dòng)詞，表示“評(píng)估，評(píng)價(jià)”，比如：This is rated as a five-star hotel. 這家酒店被評(píng)為五星級(jí)。She doesn’t rate herself very highly. 她自視不高。最后，amount to表示“相當(dāng)于”，比如：a cargo amounting to 2,000 tons 共計(jì)2,000噸貨物。
句子翻譯
我們可以這樣翻譯：“據(jù)估計(jì)，蓄水層含有足夠的水來(lái)填滿休倫湖。但不幸的是，在目前處于該地區(qū)的半干旱氣候的影響下，該蓄水層的補(bǔ)水率極低，總計(jì)每年大概半厘米左右?！?/p>
托福閱讀題文章怎么理解?
托福閱讀文章原型大都選自美國(guó)大學(xué)生使用的教材或者學(xué)術(shù)期刊，文章的選材范圍極其廣泛，涉及有自然科學(xué)包括：天文學(xué)、地質(zhì)學(xué)、生物學(xué)、氣象學(xué)等;人文科學(xué)包括：藝術(shù)美學(xué)、考古學(xué)、語(yǔ)言學(xué)、文學(xué)等;社會(huì)科學(xué)包括：政治學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、教育學(xué)、人類學(xué)等學(xué)科。從選材范圍可知道：托福閱讀的文章內(nèi)容不僅對(duì)同學(xué)們的知識(shí)存儲(chǔ)量有一定的要求，同時(shí)對(duì)于我們的理解能力有一定的要求。
首先托福閱讀分四個(gè)階段：
第一階段：不關(guān)心句子的意義，只關(guān)心語(yǔ)言符號(hào)，比如：貓坐在帽子上飛;黑色的太陽(yáng)
第二階段：獲取主題和重點(diǎn)信息，即大的框架結(jié)構(gòu)
第三階段：能找出觀點(diǎn)理論并確定觀點(diǎn)的支撐細(xì)節(jié);能分析整體框架。
第四階段：針對(duì)某個(gè)特定主題，在很多相關(guān)資料中尋找需要的信息。
為什么需要這四個(gè)閱讀階段呢?是由閱讀的三個(gè)特征來(lái)決定的：
1. 多書面語(yǔ)：詞匯句式復(fù)雜
2. 論證嚴(yán)密：觀點(diǎn)闡述嚴(yán)密，邏輯環(huán)環(huán)相扣
3. 結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜：多觀點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)
下面通過(guò)一個(gè)段落具體講解。3分鐘來(lái)讀以下段落：
Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event, because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary, usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world (K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous, derived from the German name Kreidezeit).S1 Many explanations have been proposed for why dinosaurs became extinct. S2 For example, some have blamed dinosaur extinction on the development of flowering plants, which were supposedly more difficult to digest and could have caused constipation or indigestion—except that flowering plants first evolved in the Early Cretaceous, about 60 million years before the dinosaurs died out.S3 In fact, several scientists have suggested that the duck bill dinosaurs and homed dinosaurs, with their complex battery of grinding teeth, evolved to exploit this new resource of rapidly growing flowering plants.S4 Othershave blamed extinction on competition from the mammals, which alleged lyate all the dinosaur eggs—except that mammals and dinosaurs appeared at the same time in the Late Triassic, about 190 million years ago, and there is no reason to believe that mammals suddenly acquired a taste for dinosaur egg safter 120 million years of coexistence. S5Some explanations (such as the one stating that dinosaurs all died of diseases) fail because there is no way to scientifically test them, and they cannot move beyond the realm of speculation and guesswork.S6
全段一共241個(gè)字，6句話，平均每句話都40個(gè)字左右。
拿第一句話Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct about 65 million years ago as part of a mass extinction known as the K-T event, because it is associated with a geological signature known as the K-T boundary, usually a thin band of sedimentation found in various parts of the world (K is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous, derived from the German name Kreidezeit)為例子，這句話出現(xiàn)了K-T boundary，sedimentation，Cretaceous等詞，不是常見詞匯，而且這句話中包含了原因狀語(yǔ)從句(becauseit is associated...)，非謂語(yǔ)(known as.../found in...),同位語(yǔ)(usually a thin band of sedimentation...)，插入語(yǔ)(K is the tradition abb...)，所以總結(jié)一下，就是生詞多，句式復(fù)雜。
第二點(diǎn)觀點(diǎn)闡述嚴(yán)密，邏輯環(huán)環(huán)相扣。這一段第一句話的意思是恐龍滅絕了，緊接著第二句話說(shuō)到Many explanations have been proposed 。第一個(gè)explanation是把恐龍的滅絕歸咎于開花植物的發(fā)展，但是(except)開花植物在恐龍滅絕前6千萬(wàn)年前就已經(jīng)進(jìn)化了，進(jìn)而否定了恐龍因?yàn)殚_花植物而滅絕這一解釋。后面in fact這一句話更加證實(shí)了恐龍不是因?yàn)殚_花植物而滅絕。第二個(gè)explanation是因?yàn)椴溉閯?dòng)物吃恐龍蛋導(dǎo)致恐龍滅絕，但是(expect)在其滅絕前，恐龍和哺乳動(dòng)物共處了1.2億年，進(jìn)而否定了恐龍因?yàn)椴溉閯?dòng)物而滅絕。最后一句話Some explanations fail既做了總結(jié)，又表達(dá)出態(tài)度：一些原因不能解釋恐龍滅絕，呼應(yīng)開頭。
第三點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，多觀點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)。第一句話Dinosaurs rapidly became extinct 呼應(yīng)主題，交代背景。緊接著Many explanations...，for example后面來(lái)列舉解釋恐龍滅絕的原因。some.....原因解釋1，破折號(hào)后面except表示轉(zhuǎn)折，否定前面的原因;in fact 表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明前面一句話的意思---否定恐龍滅絕是因?yàn)殚_花植物。others...原因解釋2，破折號(hào)后面except表示轉(zhuǎn)折，否定原因2。最后一句話Some explanations fail總結(jié)上文，明確表達(dá)出態(tài)度。整段是分(some......others......)——總(explanations fail)結(jié)構(gòu)
