GRE寫作如何用類比法來找論據(jù)

GRE寫作如何用類比法來找論據(jù)?實(shí)用作文技巧實(shí)例講解,快來看看吧，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

GRE寫作如何用類比法來找論據(jù)?實(shí)用作文技巧實(shí)例講解

GRE寫作ISSUE作文怎么用類比?

ISSUE是立論文，也就是說，我們需要用理由或例子去支持自己的觀點(diǎn)。在英語中有個單詞叫comparable,直譯的話是可比較的，其實(shí)它等同于similar(相似的)這個單詞，因?yàn)樵谖鞣轿幕校挥邢嗨频臇|西才具有可比較性。因此相似性也就成為了整個類比關(guān)系的前提和基礎(chǔ)。

個人認(rèn)為，類比(Analogy)在上述提到的五種論據(jù)方法中是最有邏輯性的，使用得當(dāng)可以省力又出彩地證明觀點(diǎn)。它有點(diǎn)像中學(xué)時代所學(xué)的幾何題，解題的關(guān)鍵不在論證的過程，而是添加一條輔助線。只要找到合適的輔助線，論證就是水到渠成的事了。當(dāng)我們想論證一個抽象復(fù)雜的命題A——B時，我們可以選擇一個具體形象并且不需要證明的——D來作為輔助線，然后就把原本復(fù)雜的A——B的論證過程替代為論述AB和CD之間的相似性就可以了。這里需要指出的是，所謂具體形象且不需要證明的CD其實(shí)指的就是事實(shí)或常識。所以類比關(guān)系建立的難點(diǎn)就在與選擇合適的CD.我們來看個例子。

The Negro has callus growing on his soul and it’s getting harder and harder to hurt him there. That’s simple law of nature. Like a callus on the foot in a shoe that’s too tight. The foot is nature’s and that shoe was put on by man. The tight shoe will pinch your foot and make you holler and scream. But sooner or later,if you don’t take the shoe off,a callus will form on the foot and begin to wear out the shoe.

It’s the same with the Negro in America. That shoe—the white man’s system—has pinched and rubbed and squeezed his soul until it almost destroyed him. But it didn’t. And now a callus has formed on his soul， and unless that system is adjusted to fit him too,that callus is going to wear out that system.

很顯然在這段文字中，作者想證明的是全文第二段的最后一句話：And now a callus has formed on his soul， and unless that system is adjusted to fit him too,that callus is going to wear out that system。(現(xiàn)在黑人的靈魂中已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了老繭，除非白人的統(tǒng)治體系能調(diào)整以適合他們，否則老繭將使這個體系土崩瓦解。)簡而言之，就是黑人終將沖破白人統(tǒng)治。

黑人反抗白人統(tǒng)治獲得解放這無疑是個非常抽象復(fù)雜的命題。采用一般的例證法，學(xué)生們都不約而同能想馬丁路德金。且不管例子雷同與否，事實(shí)上，很少有人能真正清楚又準(zhǔn)確地寫出馬丁路德金的具體事跡來證明這個觀點(diǎn)。甚至還有學(xué)生會想到曼德拉或奧巴馬來證明，實(shí)在有失偏頗。

再來看上面這段文字。作者很巧妙地找了CD,即foot(nature)——shoe(put on by man)之間的關(guān)系。鞋子小了，腳穿著會疼，如果不及時脫掉或調(diào)整，腳上會產(chǎn)生老繭。如果鞋子繼續(xù)對腳進(jìn)行禁錮，那么總有一天，腳會把鞋子穿破。這是一個再平常不過的道理，不需要再花時間進(jìn)行論證，括號里的就是AB和CD間的相似性，輕松論證了這個復(fù)雜的命題，這就是類比的魅力。

下面再給大家一段文字來體會類比的妙用。

“It is unrealistic to expect individual nations to make,independently,the sacrifices necessary to conserve energy. International leadership and worldwide cooperation are essential if we expect to protect the world’s energy resources for future generations.”

Another reason why an international effort is required is that other problems of an international nature have also required global cooperation. For example,has each nation independently recognized the folly of nuclear weapons proliferation and voluntarily disarmed? No. Only by way of an international effort,based largely on coercion of strong leaders against detractors,along with an appeal to self-interest,have we made some progress. By the same token,efforts of individual nations to thwart international drug trafficking have proven largely futile,because efforts have not been internationally based. Similarly,the problem of energy conservation transcends national borders in that either all nations must cooperate,or all will ultimately suffer.

類比，這種說理手段對大家而言其實(shí)并不陌生。在中國古文中如《老子》，《莊子》等都很擅長把深刻的道理用顯而易見的故事來講述出來，比如刻舟求劍等。另一方面，在詩歌中也會采用大量類比或比喻的手段來把抽象的意境具體化地表現(xiàn)出來。這里選用幾句Tagore(泰戈?duì)?飛鳥集中的句子來賞析一下希望能給大家些靈感：

Her wishful face haunts my dreams like the rain at night.她的熱切的臉，如夜雨似的，攪擾著我的夢魂。

Woman， when you move about in your household service your limbs sing like a hill stream among its pebbles.(婦人，你在料理家務(wù)的時候，你的手足歌唱著，正如山間的溪水歌唱著在小石中流過。

The touch of the nameless days clings to my heart like mosses round the old tree.無名的日子的感觸，攀緣在我的心上，正象那綠色的苔蘚，攀緣在老樹的周身。

GRE寫作ARGUMENT如何運(yùn)用類比思維?

我們知道Argument是駁論性文章，也就是找一段文字中的錯誤，進(jìn)行有理有據(jù)的駁斥。Argument比issue容易些，因?yàn)殄e誤的類別其實(shí)很固定的，俗稱“七宗罪”。在這七宗罪中就有三宗是跟類比有關(guān)系的，分別是：misapplied generalization(概括誤用，即以大推小);hasty generalization(匆忙概括，即以小推大);faulty analogy(錯誤類比)。不管是哪一種錯誤，只要是跟類比扯上關(guān)系，在駁斥時，我們都可以把它簡化成一件事——找相異性。因?yàn)閷τ陬惐汝P(guān)系而言，它成立的前提和基礎(chǔ)就是相似性，所以只要找到所比較兩者間的相異性，那么再有邏輯的推理也是不成立的。我們舉個很簡單的例子來說明這個道理。如有這樣一個觀點(diǎn)：

你應(yīng)該請?jiān)诎＠锟说呐蓪χ姓埖哪侵嗤臉逢?duì)，因?yàn)樗麄兒馨簟?/p>

在進(jìn)行駁斥時，千萬不要花時間去論證埃里克所請的那支樂隊(duì)是否很棒，這不是問題的關(guān)鍵。關(guān)鍵是找到兩個派對的相異性，只要能證明這兩個派對沒有可比性，那么無論那支樂隊(duì)棒或不棒，都不該請。我們可以從派對參與人數(shù)(比如你的派對1000人，埃里克只有10人)，派對參與對象(你的派對全是年輕人，埃的派對平均年齡88)，派對場所(你的派對在戶外大廣場，埃的在室內(nèi))等等方面提出假設(shè)，進(jìn)行駁斥。

GRE作文優(yōu)秀范例

"People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does."

Sample Essay

Teamwork as a whole can naturally produce an overall greater productivity through the concept of "synergy", where the total of the whole is greater than the sum of its individual parts. But the idea that people work more productively in teams rather than as individuals is going to vary greatly between the types of teams that are organized, the end reward or motivation for both the team and the individuals, as well as the individuals themselves.

Regarding individuals, some people are born with the desire to succeed, no matter what the situation or task that they are facing. These people may evolve into the classic "Type A" personalities that work ferociously because they are driven by an internal fire that says they must always be doing something, whether individually or as part of a team. Other people may desire to be less socially involved or are very highly competitive with other people. For these people, their work is most productive as individuals, because the very idea of cooperating with other people limits their effectiveness and efficiency because they simply do not want to be a part of the team. Whether this mindset is innate or developed over time does not matter, it is merely the state of their being and neither motivation nor rewards can generate inside them the desire to work collectively as a team.

Some people are highly motivated by social interaction and the desire to work with others towards a collective effort. Obviously these individuals are at their most productive when working as part of a team. Organizational behavioral studies have shown that Asian cultures are much more likely to develop this type of collective behavior as opposed to the more individualistic behavior associated with Western cultures. It could naturally be assumed then that there may be cultural values that can determine whether people are at their most productive individually or as part of a team.

Another variable is the end reward that is involved with the task at hand. Will the rewards be greater if the team works together towards a common goal, or are the rewards more geared toward individual performance? To the extent that the individual is motivated by the end reward, obviously his or her performance inside of a team may be more or less productive with respect to the entire team, depending on how the performance is rewarded. Individual goals may interfere with the group performance. Synergies may not be achieved because the individuals are not working towards a whole "sum" but rather towards an individual reward. Productivity thus will vary for each person as a team member or as an individual depending on the degree to which that person is motivated by an individual or overall team reward.

Finally, the degree of productivity of a person will depend upon the type of team that is organized. Is the group composed of equally contributing individuals? Does the group have an outstanding leader that can motivate both the individuals and the team as a whole? From a pure productivity standpoint, the presence or absence of a charismatic and exceptional leader can make all the difference whether a person would be more productive as a part of a team or as an individual. Personality types that work well together can prove to be much more productive as part of a team than as individuals, and vice versa.

Fundamentally, measures of productivity depend greatly on the individuals themselves. The dilemma facing leaders in all areas of life is how to best assess these individuals to determine how to best harness their capabilities to reach their ultimate productive capabilities. Whether a person is more productive alone or while working in concert with others is one of the great challenges that leaders and managers must face to accomplish tasks effectively and efficiently.

GRE寫作Issue題目分析與提綱

"It is not the headline-making political events but the seldom-reported social transformations that have the most lasting significance."

Transformation: change

真正具有長遠(yuǎn)意義的，不是那些被炒作的政治事件，而是那些鮮有報道的社會變化。

Agree

1. The headline-making “sensational” political events are often superficial and short-lived.

2. The commercial interests of the mass media determine their preoccupation with the news value of events rather than the social value of events.

3. Social transformations usually take place slowly, and are hard to notice at their beginning.

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198. "Instead of encouraging conformity, society should show greater appreciation of individual differences."

Conformity: agreement

社會應(yīng)該多一些鼓勵個人間的差異而不是統(tǒng)一。

There is no doubt that society should encourage individuals to stand out to show their unique character and qualities.

1. Conformity leads to the death of creativity.

2. A society that encourages individual differences will benefit from the creations and vitality of its people.

3. “Whatever crushes individuality is despotism, by whatever name it may be called.” (John Stuart Mill)

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203. "The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines."

了解一個社會特點(diǎn)最好的方法是去考察被這個社會視為英雄的人們的特點(diǎn)。

1. First consider the sports hero, whom in my observation society chooses not merely by virtue of athletic prowess.

2. Next consider the military hero, who gains heroic stature by way of courage in battle, or by otherwise facing certain defeat and emerging victorious.

3. On the other hand, consider a third type of hero: the champion of social causes who inspires and incites society to meaningful political and social change.

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220. "The increase in knowledge is forcing people to specialize. As a result, the distance between fields of specialization has become so vast that specialists in different areas are rarely able to influence each other."

知識的增加促使了人們的專業(yè)化。其結(jié)果是不同的專業(yè)化領(lǐng)域之間的差異變得越來越大以至于各個領(lǐng)域中的專業(yè)人員很少能夠互相影響了。

Overspecialization in the academic world is liable to exert negative impacts on academic research in various fields, which makes it necessary for education to encourage interdisciplinary studies.

1. The dramatic increase in knowledge today has made it impossible for any one to keep pace with the latest developments in all academic fields.

2. As a result, specialists in different areas tend to focus only on their own area of study.

3. However, this overspecialization is harmful not only academically but also socially.

4. Schools should aim at cultivating not only specialists but also generalists.

少數(shù)和多數(shù)的關(guān)系之專業(yè)化

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242. "Societies should try to save every plant and animal species, regardless of the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being."

社會應(yīng)該以不計(jì)人類的努力、時間和金錢為代價，嘗試挽救每一個動植物物種。

There is no need to save every plant and animal species regardless of the human costs.

1. The history of natural evolution has witnessed the extinction of some plants and animals species, which did not result in any harm to the environment.

2. Of course, if scientists can more or less prove that the extinction of a certain plant or species will cause some disastrous chain effects, we should make every effort to save it.

3. The primary responsibility of humans is to try to maintain the environment at its natural state, and then let nature do the rest job.

人類和物種

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244. "Most societies do not take their greatest thinkers seriously, even when they claim to admire them."

大多數(shù)社會都沒把最偉大的思想家當(dāng)回事，雖然有時候這些社會自稱是求才若渴的。

Great thinkers are often wronged or ignored in many societies.

1. Confucius is regarded as a great thinker in China, but today few people pay much attention to what he actually said.

2. John Dewey was one of the greatest thinkers in American history, but few Americans including scholars know much about him.

3. In ancient Greece, the great thinker Socrates was sentenced to death.

社會和思想家

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