高分GRE寫作提綱舉例指導(dǎo)

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今天小編給大家整理了高分GRE寫作提綱舉例指導(dǎo),我們來學(xué)習(xí)一下吧,下面小編就和大家分享,來欣賞一下吧。

高分GRE寫作提綱舉例指導(dǎo)1

1 、"We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning."

.分同意

意見相同的人有共同關(guān)心的問題,容易交流,可以學(xué)到

In addition, their views reveal the importance and the core of our work and their positive suggestions could provide us a more insightful understanding of the topic and more thoughts for further work. However, all the help described above can only promise our success in completeness of our own ideas about the topic. Breakthrough will be hardly achieved because it requires a distinct vision never created before to lead people. Without different opinions, it is difficult to jump out from our own myopic thinking.

.我們通常從和我們意見統(tǒng)一的人那里學(xué)到的東西比從和我們意見相悖的人那里學(xué)到的東西多的多;意見分歧阻礙了學(xué)習(xí)。

① 與意見相同的人效率高。大家基本觀點(diǎn)一致,氣氛比較和諧,還可能是受的教育相同。如:有時遇到一個問題,會傾向于和自己有相同觀點(diǎn)的人討論,和其他人根本談不來。

② 承認(rèn)有時與意見相背的人討論時降低效率的。A 有時根本立場就不一樣,根本無法達(dá)成一致。B 有時純粹就是爭論而忘了初始的目的。

③ 和意見相背的人在一起還有可能難以提高A 一方面可能壓力較大而不說出意見 B 可能難以接受自己的意見被駁斥is little harder or even bitte r to accept opposite views

④ 但是也能從意見相背的人那里學(xué)到很多。和同樣的人在一起,有相同的思考方法和論點(diǎn),無法獲得進(jìn)步。而意見相背的人,可以 A 提供新的思路 如:不同學(xué)科的學(xué)生可能傾向于使用不同的分析方法 B 給出我們所不了解的實(shí)證經(jīng)驗(yàn),如:文化傳統(tǒng)或立場不同而對一件事情有著不同的看法。

Although we can learn knowledge from people whose views we share, the knowledge is limited, since the sphere of knowledge of the people who share the same opinion ar e confined to the same level of cognition with us.

It will be quite different if we communicate with people whose views contradict to ours. Admittedly that, it is little harder or even bitte r to accept opposite views for us due to our self-assertion is impaired caused by other’s challenge.

高分GRE寫作提綱舉例指導(dǎo)2

1 、"No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."

.科之間有相互聯(lián)系,發(fā)展需要結(jié)合其他學(xué)科的內(nèi)容

1、在學(xué)科發(fā)展尚不成熟時期,不引進(jìn)外界的知識也可以發(fā)展

Galileo velocity and weight; Newton's laws of motion

2、許多學(xué)科之間有聯(lián)系,現(xiàn)代學(xué)科發(fā)展到一定程度后,這種聯(lián)系發(fā)現(xiàn)與強(qiáng)化對每個學(xué)科的發(fā)展具有重要作用

education and computer technology; instructiona l technology, more efficient teaching methods integrated with the usage of computer anthropologist's knowledge about an ancient civiliztion is enhanced by biochemists, geologists, linguists, historians

3、對于一些學(xué)科來說,如果只從學(xué)科本身去研究,無視相關(guān)學(xué)科,會限制該學(xué)科發(fā)展,無法解決某些問題

psychology and statictics, analyze the psychological problems through statistical methods, find the similarities and differences; without not able to find the psychological principles, unable to solve complex problems, e.g. to understand the rela tionship between physic al apperance and first impression

ISSUE4

沒有外來知識,任何領(lǐng)域不可能明顯發(fā)展

1 誠然,在社會發(fā)展的最初階段,各個學(xué)科還都處在不成熟的時期,它們之間的關(guān)聯(lián)很少,這使得 some of them可以獨(dú)立發(fā)展,不需要其他學(xué)科。比如數(shù)學(xué)是所有自然科學(xué)的基礎(chǔ),它最早發(fā)展的時候,沒有其他學(xué)科能夠幫助。幾乎再找不到其他的學(xué)科不需要其他學(xué)科的支持。幾乎所有學(xué)科都需要其他外來知識。

2 在科學(xué)和技術(shù)領(lǐng)域,這最明顯。沒有一項(xiàng)科學(xué)技術(shù)是獨(dú)立創(chuàng)造出來的,都需要引入其他學(xué)科的知識。拿計(jì)算機(jī)為

例,計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)明出來以后在相當(dāng)長的時間里都是停滯不前,直到引入了先進(jìn)的半導(dǎo)體技術(shù),使得 CPU的速度飛速增長,導(dǎo)致了計(jì)算機(jī)的一次革命;而當(dāng)計(jì)算機(jī)達(dá)到了 unprecedented 發(fā)達(dá)以后,先進(jìn)的軟件為材料科學(xué)提供了強(qiáng)大的工具和實(shí)驗(yàn)方法,使得材料科學(xué)領(lǐng)域可以開發(fā)更先進(jìn)的半導(dǎo)體技術(shù)。因此,很多學(xué)科都是相互影響的,他們的互相技術(shù)的交融,使得我們的 study 不停的進(jìn)步。

3 在社會學(xué)領(lǐng)域,假設(shè)一個歷史學(xué)家需要研究古人的資料,因此考古學(xué)必須介入。而考古學(xué)家想要找到文物那么有地理學(xué)知識;進(jìn)一步文物的鑒定還需要電子技術(shù)的支持以及化學(xué)的幫助;而為了更好的了解考古學(xué)家?guī)淼淖C據(jù),歷史學(xué)家不得不去文學(xué)書中尋找答案,這就要求他們必須有足夠的文學(xué)知識??梢?,社會學(xué)的領(lǐng)域也是互相滲透互相影響的,沒有其中任何一環(huán),將不能夠成功。

4 在商業(yè)領(lǐng)域,沒有任何一個經(jīng)理人會忽視經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的作用,同時,要想推廣他們的產(chǎn)品,他們還必須借鑒廣告學(xué)和公共關(guān)系學(xué)的知識;法律知識的介入,使商業(yè)活動更加規(guī)范和快速,使得商業(yè)有了本質(zhì)的飛躍。所以說,商業(yè)領(lǐng)域與前面敘述的一樣,都是必須借助外來知識的。

5 大正小負(fù):

科技發(fā)展的趨勢是越來越趨向團(tuán)對化,多領(lǐng)域化。

如:制作一個應(yīng)用軟件需要有業(yè)務(wù)分析員,系統(tǒng)分析師,程序設(shè)計(jì)員,測試人員,維護(hù)人員,管理人員的。 又如:一個飛機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì),牽扯到的專業(yè)就多了,包括機(jī)械,推進(jìn)器研究,氣體力學(xué),室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì),航空駕駛,逃生統(tǒng),等等,有些村學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域不需要其他領(lǐng)域知識和經(jīng)驗(yàn)

如:理論數(shù)學(xué),理論物理

6但趨勢是越來越綜合性。

7不可否認(rèn),許多基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科的發(fā)展主要的成果都是源自內(nèi)在的創(chuàng)造,倫琴 roentgen 發(fā)現(xiàn)了 X 射線,魏格納提出了板塊學(xué)說和漂移學(xué)說。

但是,一個領(lǐng)域的研究可以借簽其它領(lǐng)域的成果而取得巨大的進(jìn)步,當(dāng)數(shù)學(xué)家 mathematician John Nash 把數(shù)學(xué)的思想用來解釋經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)象后,當(dāng)代的經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域發(fā)生巨大的變化,很多 Nobel 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎得主是數(shù)學(xué)家; 隨著現(xiàn)代科學(xué)和社會的發(fā)展各個不同領(lǐng)域之間常常互相影響,新的交叉學(xué)科應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,不但促進(jìn)了原有領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展還具有很高的新起點(diǎn)。(化學(xué)和生物的交叉產(chǎn)生了生化 biochemistry,促進(jìn)了近代臨床科學(xué) clinic medicine的發(fā)展,如人造骨骼 artificial bones的應(yīng)用)隨著社會的發(fā)展,越來越多的交叉學(xué)科出現(xiàn),各個學(xué)科的發(fā)展需要多方面的知識。如計(jì)算機(jī)學(xué)科需要多種數(shù)學(xué)啊,藝術(shù)的知識;

盡管很少,仍有一些學(xué)科相對獨(dú)立。例:數(shù)學(xué)有自己的理論體系(system info) ,基本依靠計(jì)算(calculation)、邏輯推理(logic ratiocinate) ,哲學(xué)(philosophy)依賴思考總之,其它領(lǐng)域的成果對該領(lǐng)域進(jìn)步的促進(jìn)遠(yuǎn)大于其帶來的不利影響,應(yīng)該鼓勵各個領(lǐng)域之間的相互交流。

8 翻譯:在任何一個研究領(lǐng)域當(dāng)中,除非有該領(lǐng)域之外的人引進(jìn)他們的知識和經(jīng)驗(yàn),否則該領(lǐng)域就很難獲得巨大的

發(fā)展。

提綱:(平衡觀點(diǎn))

1、不可否認(rèn),許多基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科的發(fā)展主要的成果都是源自內(nèi)在的創(chuàng)造,如萬有引力定律,哥白尼的日心說astronomy(恩,老掉牙的例子,那就用凱恩斯發(fā)現(xiàn)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)規(guī)律吧)Archimedes Theorem(定理)mechanics(力學(xué))law (定律)the law of gravity (萬有引力定律)geometry (幾何學(xué))Keynes 凱恩斯(英國經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家)

2、但是,一個領(lǐng)域的研究可以借簽其它領(lǐng)域的成果而取得巨大的進(jìn)步(當(dāng) John Nash 把數(shù)學(xué)的思想用來解釋經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)象后,當(dāng)代的經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域發(fā)生巨大的變化)很多 Nobel 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎得主是數(shù)學(xué)家;

3、隨著現(xiàn)代科學(xué)和社會的發(fā)展各個不同領(lǐng)域之間常?;ハ嘤绊懀碌慕徊鎸W(xué)科應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,不但促進(jìn)了原有領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展還具有很高的新起點(diǎn)。(化學(xué)和生物的交叉產(chǎn)生了生化領(lǐng)域,促進(jìn)了近代臨床科學(xué)的發(fā)展,如人造骨骼的應(yīng)用)隨著社會的發(fā)展,越來越多的交叉學(xué)科出現(xiàn),各個學(xué)科的發(fā)展需要多方面的知識。如計(jì)算機(jī)學(xué)科需要多種數(shù)學(xué)啊,藝術(shù)的知識; Frederick Taylor, the father of Scientific Management 的科學(xué)管理理論是源于生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)等等artificial bones

4、盡管很少,但是其它領(lǐng)域不成熟的經(jīng)驗(yàn)會對該領(lǐng)域的進(jìn)步帶來不利的影響。(Paul Muller 的DDT對globa ecological system 的影響)

5、總之,其它領(lǐng)域的成果對該領(lǐng)域進(jìn)步的促進(jìn)遠(yuǎn)大于其帶來的不利影響,應(yīng)該鼓勵各個領(lǐng)域之間的相互交流。

6、 沒有領(lǐng)域可以 advance,除非引進(jìn)另外的知識

一、確實(shí)需要引進(jìn),但也有的學(xué)科靠自己

not all the progresses are incited by the merits of outside fields. One telling example involves series of development in physics that

二、相關(guān)學(xué)科之間,考慮生物 The interactions among relative science s are often significant and essentia DNA,生化,生物進(jìn)化、遷徙-- 地質(zhì)

三、關(guān)聯(lián)不大的學(xué)科,自然科學(xué)和人文學(xué)科,經(jīng)濟(jì)加入數(shù)學(xué)、統(tǒng)計(jì)even among those disciplines which have little bearing on each other, such as physical sciences and social sciences, decisive and unforeseeable steps occurs in the combination of different fiel ds, not the pursuit of the specific ends.

亞當(dāng)斯密開始是哲學(xué),到馬歇爾加入數(shù)學(xué),后來計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)更是統(tǒng)計(jì)的分支

四、相反,自然科學(xué)也受人文科學(xué)影響——達(dá)爾文 it is also true in the other way around that physical sciences thrive through bringing perceptions from social science.

五、有的依靠自己的知識發(fā)展——物理哥白尼系列

4T "No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."

幾乎沒有任何領(lǐng)域能夠取得具有重要意義的進(jìn)步,除非結(jié)合其他行業(yè)的知識和經(jīng)驗(yàn)到該領(lǐng)域中來

① 提供技術(shù)支持。如:Watson, American biologist who with Francis Crick proposed a spiral model, the double helix, for the molecular structure of DNA. He won the Nobel Prize for advances in the study of genetics; Computer 廣泛應(yīng)用于各個領(lǐng)域。nearly all the scientific areas

② 提供思想方法。No area of intellectual inquiry operates in a vacuum, that is, sciences in various fields are inextricably related inextricably related如:Nash, game theory: math to economics to business to military affairs; philosophy, history, provide wisdom

③ 不同的學(xué)科交叉產(chǎn)生了新興學(xué)科。New scientific fields often emerge from the interaction among different disciplines. Biochemistry, psychology with politics=public administration

④ An extreme example, pure mathematics

高分GRE寫作提綱舉例指導(dǎo)3

6 、"The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth."

文化是一個廣義的綜合的概念,人、事、物都可以一定程度上反映當(dāng)代的文化

1、青少年是社會的重要組成部分,其潮流一定程度上反映當(dāng)代的文化

例如:青少年愛吃 fast food ,反映社會節(jié)奏的加快;青少年愛好internet ,反映現(xiàn)代網(wǎng)絡(luò)文化的發(fā)展和globalization,stars in entertainment and sports

2、但是還有其他的途徑了解當(dāng)代文化,通過成年人和老年人了解文化;通過節(jié)日和傳統(tǒng)可以了解到當(dāng)代文化;通過重大事件也可以了解到當(dāng)代文化;此外,通過人口的組成也可以了解到當(dāng)代文化。比如美國是個多民族的國家,自由開放。

3、總結(jié),有多種途徑都能在反映當(dāng)代文化的某一側(cè)面,不能強(qiáng)調(diào)哪個是最有效的,如果割裂開來,僅僅看到的是當(dāng)代文化的一個方面,應(yīng)當(dāng)結(jié)合起來。只看 youth 只了解他們的文化

6T 個體和整體 問題解答 "The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth." 6了解當(dāng)代文化最有效途徑是分析其年青人的趨勢和潮流。"

① 年輕人更容易接受新事物,同時更張揚(yáng),會將他們的喜好宣揚(yáng)出來,更易形成社會潮流。如:Fashion 基本為年輕人引導(dǎo)。

② 年輕人也在傳統(tǒng)文化中長大,身上也有傳統(tǒng)文化的影子。如: 對于傳統(tǒng)價值觀的倚賴。

③ 不一定為 the most。還可以觀察大眾媒體,由于大眾媒體追求的是利潤,必然 cater to the public’s interests.

④ 歷史等因素也可影響文化。要深刻理解,還是要追溯歷史。如:Thanksgiving Day. 最初的美國人,不適應(yīng)美國環(huán)境,受印第安人幫助生存下來。印第安人送來生活必需品,并教會他們?nèi)绾卧谶@片土地上耕作。第二年獲得大豐收,與印第安人共享佳肴。當(dāng)時常食用的火雞(turkey)今天成為節(jié)日特色。

We always regard youth as the future of the society. Although they are young, fresh and immature, they are also shrewd, full of passion and vitality.

Actually, studying the trends of a country's youth, may help to understand its contemporary culture, since that youth is the pioneer of a country, in this sense, they mirrors the de velopment of the country. Since youth is only a fraction of the society, studying them and their culture just provide us one perspective of the whole culture.

In my view, compare with the youth, those conventions and traditions constitute the foundation of the contemporary culture.

高分GRE寫作提綱舉例指導(dǎo)4

5 、"A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer."

.家課程和地方課程都需要

1、國家課程可以確保學(xué)生在學(xué)科學(xué)習(xí)水平上有統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和要求,為大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)打好基礎(chǔ)

language, mathematics, science, history, computer, form the same education background fundamental skills and knowledge, children grow up as informed and productive members of society.easier for college to build curriculua suitable for all freshmen

2、完全統(tǒng)一的國家課程在制定上有問題

誰來決定課程,regulators quirky notions of what should be taught provinces;communities;schools;parents 對教育的看法不同,不會完全同意國家課程

3、實(shí)施主要國家課程的同時還需要設(shè)置地方性課程,符合地方需求,keep local culture

business courses suitable for children live in metropolitan, unsuitable for those live in hinterland;

course on farming

local culture,language,tradition,arts learn literature, works related with local life easier to understand, to preserve local culture and language

4、 使學(xué)生獲得起碼的知識水平與思想比如統(tǒng)一學(xué)習(xí)國家的歷史與文化,可以 can ensure all of our students be favored with the opportunity to learn all merits of the traditional values that have been created and tested for a long time by our ancestors比如學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué),物理,化學(xué)這些學(xué)科,培養(yǎng)足夠的邏輯思維和認(rèn)知能力cognitive skill

B 有助于大學(xué)設(shè)置課程 provide a predictable foundation upon which college administrators and faculty could more easily build curricular and select course materials for freshmen, 如果學(xué)生素質(zhì)差別太大,很難找到一個合適的起點(diǎn)。Q 保證教材的質(zhì)量全國同一的教材可以請專家來編寫,教材質(zhì)量有保障,而一些地方可能沒有條件來編教材

但是對于某些特殊民族和地區(qū),統(tǒng)一的國家教材可能難以滿足他們的需要,甚至可能破壞他們的傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗和生活方式On the first place, in some special regions where local persons may possess some kind of traditions and customs totally different from the rest of th e nation, unduly emphasize the application of the national curriculum may ruin their culture and value system.)。還有一些少數(shù)民族地區(qū)可以開必要的語言課程以及了解自己民族發(fā)展歷史的課程。比如藝術(shù)學(xué)校的學(xué)生,就需要學(xué)習(xí)藝術(shù)類相關(guān)課程而重點(diǎn)不在科學(xué)知識上 傳輸教條 facilitate the dissemination of propaganda and other dogma—which because of its biased and one-sided nature undermines the very purpose of true education: to enlighten. Might wish to suppress – as some sort of threat to its authority and power. 比如國家間意識形態(tài)不同,各自通過統(tǒng)一的課程來攻擊,貶低彼此,不利于培養(yǎng)思想完善的人

5、 "A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer."

【翻譯】 一個國家應(yīng)該要求所有的學(xué)生在進(jìn)入大學(xué)之前都學(xué)習(xí)由國家統(tǒng)一制定的課程,而不是允許由國家不同地區(qū)的學(xué)校去決定課程的安排國家統(tǒng)一和地區(qū)單獨(dú)安排課程

【提綱】:不完全贊同

1 為了保證在大學(xué)入學(xué)考試時的公平性,以及培養(yǎng)一個人生存所必備的能力,國家需要制定統(tǒng)一的必修課【比如數(shù)學(xué)培養(yǎng)logic ability in order to form rigorous thought; history makes people get a general view of a nation???】

2 考慮到一些特殊情況,地區(qū)可以根據(jù)需要開設(shè)一些有自己特色的課;(例子,比如藝術(shù)院校的學(xué)生,除了學(xué)習(xí)國家規(guī)定的課程外,還必須學(xué)一些專業(yè)方面的知識;還有一些少數(shù)民族地區(qū)可以開必要的語言課程以及了解自己民族發(fā)展歷史的課程;還有就是為特殊學(xué)生開設(shè)特殊的課程,包括 handicapped one and generous one【這點(diǎn)不曉得有沒有偏題】)

3 以統(tǒng)一課程為主,地方輔以需要的地方課。

6、 國家統(tǒng)一課程

一、有一定好處,但是地方學(xué)校同樣可以做到,而且讓國家來決定教育的內(nèi)容有問題,但是在偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)還是應(yīng)該讓國家資助

二、國家統(tǒng)一的好處 It is true that uniform courses ha ve some merits with three aspects

a.基礎(chǔ)技能 b. 國家政治、地理等課程能更好把握整體,編寫教材 c. 一個社會的成員需要共同的背景

三、國家統(tǒng)一課程的優(yōu)點(diǎn)地方學(xué)校也可以做到 However, the regional schools can also provide core courses as same as the national curriculum, and even provide some special co urses that combine with regional characteristics

a. 為了吸引學(xué)生,要把家長和學(xué)生看重的加入課程

b.而且有地方特色的課程,比如 local culture

c.使得學(xué)校多樣化,家長和學(xué)生的選擇增加

四.不能把課程的決定交給官僚 it's ill-conceived to delegate decisions about education to a few bureaucrats.

1.所有人都變成一樣

2. 選擇變少,控制思想,降低創(chuàng)造力

3.教育保持多樣化

五、但是在邊遠(yuǎn)山區(qū),沒有錢自己編寫課程,國家還是要資助,不得已用國家提供的教材、老師

5T"A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they ente college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic course to offer."

7、一個國家應(yīng)該要求所有的學(xué)生在上大學(xué)前都學(xué)習(xí)相同的課程,而不應(yīng)該允許不同地區(qū)的學(xué)校擅自決定自己的教學(xué)領(lǐng)域。

① 高質(zhì)量:A 向?qū)W生們灌輸相同的價值觀能夠確保所有的學(xué)生都學(xué)到傳統(tǒng)價值觀念中的優(yōu)點(diǎn) can ensure all of our students be favored with the opportunity to learn all merits of the traditional values that have been created and tested for a long time by our ancestors B 著名專家編撰,local 可能不具備能力或?qū)嵙?/p>

② 公平:A 使得他們能夠站在相同的起跑線上scratch line 。B with the same national curriculum, it is convenient for educationist of different parts of the nation to scientifically arrange and prepare the classes of the curriculum.

③ A nation rather than the schools in different parts of the nation determine the national curriculum for the students, however, it does not mean that the local schools have no freedom to choose any course for local students. 但是對于某些特殊民族和地區(qū),統(tǒng)一的國家教材可能難以滿足他們的需要,甚至可能破壞他們的傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗和生活方式 pose certain amount of detrimental effects. On the first place, in some special regions where local persons may posse ss some kind of traditions and customs totally different from the rest of the na tion, unduly emphasize the application of the national curriculum may ruin their culture and value system. 。如:中國宣傳無神論antitheism, 但伊斯蘭教徒信仰安拉Moslem believe in Allah

④ 傳輸教條 facilitate the dissemination of propaganda an d other dogma—which because of its biased and one-sided nature undermines the very purpose of true educatio n: to enlighten. Might wish to suppress – as some sort of threat to its authority and power.

⑤ 對學(xué)生個人而言,可能不能因材施教 teach students in accordance of their aptitude

高分GRE寫作提綱舉例指導(dǎo)5

7 、"The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records."

.象機(jī)是非常重要的記錄手段,但不能夸大其作用

1、承認(rèn)攝象機(jī)可以生動而真實(shí)地記錄發(fā)生事件 trip to Europe; Wedding ceremony; robbery in bank; stealing in supermarket; traffic rule violation

2、有些信息不適合僅用攝象機(jī)記錄,特別是需要存檔以后使用的信息,如復(fù)雜事件、會議 complex legal case; conference;

3、抽象信息攝象機(jī)無法記錄,如數(shù)字信息,人的內(nèi)心世界 quantitive information; people's mind, thinking, feeling

.攝像機(jī)可以如此精確有力地記錄當(dāng)代人們的生活,因此它已經(jīng)成為比紙筆記錄更重要的記錄方式。

1. 數(shù)碼相機(jī)好。首先,后代可以更清楚地了解以前的事情. 此外,數(shù)碼媒體占地更小 。這些對于文字來說都是不可能的

2. 文字媒體好

3. 最后,兩者各有所長,還能取長補(bǔ)短:需要再現(xiàn)場景(scene )用照片;需要記錄相關(guān)事實(shí),挖掘內(nèi)在含義,用文字;很多情況下,照片和文字結(jié)合使用,圖文并茂(the picture and its accompanying essay are both excellent)才能完整的描述一件事情。

.碼相機(jī)可以精確、令人信服地記錄當(dāng)代人們的生活,作為一種記錄方式,它的重要性已經(jīng)超過了紙筆記錄。

關(guān)鍵詞:攝影機(jī),精準(zhǔn),記錄,生活,代替紙筆

核心是:圖象和文字記錄的比較

1 分別定義“圖象記錄” 和“文字記錄”

2 人類為什么要“ 記錄” -創(chuàng)作+傳播+記錄史實(shí)(創(chuàng)作就是記錄人類對萬物的主觀感受,因?yàn)槎加斜磉_(dá)的欲望;傳播就是用來讓更多的人交換彼此的知識;史實(shí)就是記錄當(dāng)時歷史傳給后代)

3 如何滿足這樣的需求?要求記錄的工具必須-可以記錄+可以傳播+可以存儲(可記錄指的是要有一個介質(zhì)來承載,傳播指的是可以被移動,被攜帶,存儲是可以長期的留存,而不是一會就沒了)

4 從這三個基本要求出發(fā),對圖象記錄和文字記錄分別進(jìn)行優(yōu)劣比較

5 比較 1-可記錄方面,VIDEO可以錄聲畫,完全再現(xiàn),缺點(diǎn)成本高,拍攝者的主觀視角;文字,只有文字,理解時容易誤差,然而最廣泛的應(yīng)用,所以各種流派各種思想都會被記錄,比較全面客觀

6 比較2-可傳播方面。VIDEO要求要用放映的基本設(shè)施,文字作品輕便得多,隨時隨地可以看

7 比較3-可存儲方面??截惖拇鎯σ笠恍┨囟ǖ囊?,溫度,濕度,等等;書籍就相對簡單,而且復(fù)制起來也便宜

8 除此之外,VIDEO有一個致命的缺點(diǎn),就是無法表達(dá)人內(nèi)心的思想和一些抽象的東西。而文字是可以表達(dá)的。所以無法代替文字,但 100 年后如何,誰也不知道

【題目】"The video camera provides such an accurate an d convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records."

【提綱】數(shù)碼相機(jī)可以精確地拍攝當(dāng)代人們的生活,它的重要性已經(jīng)超過了紙筆記錄。

【翻譯】Position :balance ,兩者配合使用

1. 攝像機(jī)優(yōu)點(diǎn):準(zhǔn)確、生動、真實(shí)、能夠記錄瞬間、移動物體 (攝像機(jī)紀(jì)錄的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是顯而易見的. 認(rèn)它能生動、充滿細(xì)節(jié)的記錄事情。對當(dāng)時場景的百分百重現(xiàn),包括圖像聲音,這使得接受者更直接的獲得信息( 在訴訟過程中作證據(jù)) ,而文字記錄的閱讀著還需要在腦中重現(xiàn),并且由于記錄者的原因可能產(chǎn)生誤讀。)

eg. Video surveillance cameras ar e objective witnesses with perfect memories, thus play a vital evidentiary role in legal proceedings, such as those involving robbery and motor vehicle violations

2. 攝像機(jī)缺點(diǎn):記錄時間短暫、成本高、不靈活- 攜帶不方便、無概括提煉 (然而,攝像機(jī)紀(jì)錄的缺點(diǎn)也是難以彌補(bǔ)的。首先是時間廣度不夠,不能記錄時間跨度很大的事件。其次是概括性不強(qiáng)。只能記錄下具體的畫面,不具概括性。三,成本過高。與紙筆紀(jì)錄比起來,而且不靈活。)

3、紙筆紀(jì)錄的優(yōu)點(diǎn):經(jīng)過思考、提煉、加工;隨時記錄;大眾方式- 攝像機(jī)沒普及

(For certain other purposes written records are advantageous to and more appropriate than video records. To the extent that person al interpretation adds dimension and richness to the record, written documentation is actually more important than video.)

4、總結(jié)

.ideo 和Written Records

一、各有各的好處。錄像機(jī)更形象,紙筆能記錄抽象思維,而且錄像機(jī)貴,不方便

二、錄像機(jī)的好處 It is true that video records are more convincing and vibrant.

1.記錄recount 大事件,衛(wèi)星發(fā)射,新年音樂會,奧運(yùn)會開幕式

2. 視覺效果 visual scene,文學(xué)作品最多只能 mental picture

3.生活中的瞬間, surprise party, baby born process, grad uate ceremony, clues for capturing droplets along our life river

三、錄像機(jī)不能記錄詳 complex邏輯的clauses, 和statistical and quantitative 數(shù)據(jù)。as we know, video records are of little use in documenting complex, lo gical clauses and statistical, quantitative data.

1.法律條款,合同,條約

2.我體會 data的重要性 GDP,失業(yè),CPI

四、錄像機(jī)貴、不方便 the speaker ignores the obvious differences in costs and portability of video and written records.

1.不是每個人都買得起

2.不能隨便帶

3. On the basis of the scant resources, Net outcome 最大化, 恰當(dāng)選擇

7T "The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of do cumentation than written records."

.影機(jī)可以精確地拍攝當(dāng)代

人們的生活,它的重要性已經(jīng)超過了紙筆記錄

Our life has gone through great changes since the video camera came into being, which provides a totally new and different way of recording life to the traditional written methods.

攝影機(jī)的優(yōu)點(diǎn):Compared with written records, video documentation is much less influenced by the one who took record and the one who interpreted it.

Another conspicuous advantage of video records is its生動lifelikeness 。People can see what happened by themselves.如:看 Olympic

攝影機(jī)的缺點(diǎn):Yet it’s rash to say that video camera has already won over traditional written documents and become the new domination of do cumentation field since video record is limited in several aspects

A 過去的歷史事件沒有記錄 restricted by time. B 價格高昂,不是所有人都能承受。

文字的優(yōu)點(diǎn):在統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)方面,以及深刻性方面總結(jié),各有千秋。有時需要結(jié)合起來。

We cannot say whether video camera or the written document is more important than the other in that each one has its irreplaceable merits and values. Video camera offers the accurate and convincing method of recording which can revive life in before while traditional written document can provide a more detailed and rational record in lower cost.

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