托福閱讀解析之閱讀備考要點(diǎn)及備考步驟解析

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托福閱讀解析丨閱讀備考要點(diǎn)及備考步驟解析

一.托福閱讀備考中的要點(diǎn)有哪些

1.題型

考生在考托福之前,考生也就必須要對托福閱讀考試時的題型和解題技巧有所了解,托福閱讀是有10種題型的,除了小結(jié)題以外,其他題都是考查細(xì)節(jié)的題目,對于文章的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容的題目,一般來說,考生在考閱讀的時候,時間基本都是不夠用的,來不及做題也是比較常見的問題,在練習(xí)的時候得要練習(xí)自己的速度,盡量做到20分鐘閱讀完文章以及答題。

2.知識面

托福閱讀的文章類型有很多,各行各業(yè),各個方面,而對于相對陌生的文章,閱讀起來就會很困難,看懂幾句話肯定是不行的,在練習(xí)的時候,最好要多從各種方面的文章入手,來進(jìn)行練習(xí),這樣就能從不同的角度,增加自己的詞匯量了,詞匯量多了,就能看懂,聽懂了??忌绾伟盐罩髦碱}?主旨題與細(xì)節(jié)無關(guān),考查的是我們把握全文結(jié)構(gòu)的能力。做題之前需要瀏覽文章的標(biāo)題及每段首句,尤其是總分結(jié)構(gòu)的文章。文章的每段會對應(yīng)出2-3道題,那么題目中對應(yīng)的部分基本都是段落的核心所在,從這兩點(diǎn)就可以很快了解文章的主要內(nèi)容。所以備考的時候做題少不了,但還要多加注意如何練習(xí)快速閱讀的能力。

3. 解題思路

托福閱讀的確要多做題,因?yàn)閭淇急旧砭蜎]有什么捷徑可以走,但是提升練習(xí)量并不意味著盲目的題海戰(zhàn)術(shù)??忌枰鞔_自己想要達(dá)成的目標(biāo)并在此基礎(chǔ)上增加練習(xí)量才能起到效果。比如如果是想要訓(xùn)練某個題型的應(yīng)對能力,那么增加的練習(xí)量就應(yīng)該都是以做這個題型的題目為主,而假如想要提升閱讀速度,那么做的練習(xí)自然也應(yīng)該盡量挑選篇幅較長的文章來進(jìn)行練習(xí)。這樣提升練習(xí)量才能更有針對性更能實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的目標(biāo)。

二.托福閱讀備考步驟

托福閱讀備考步驟一

如果新托福閱讀基礎(chǔ)一般的考生想要參加托??荚?,最好提前3-4個月準(zhǔn)備起來。一本好的詞匯書是必不可少的。其實(shí)背哪一本詞匯書不是重點(diǎn)所在,重要的是能夠持之以恒,每天對所背的詞匯進(jìn)行復(fù)習(xí)和總結(jié)。因?yàn)橥懈?忌鷤冊谧鲈~匯題時如果能遇到你熟悉的詞,可以節(jié)省你會到文章中去看上下文猜詞的時間。雖然不能保證背到就一定能考到,但是單詞可以幫助你更好的理解文章。一定要看ETS 的托福官方指南(OG),通過這本書,你可以知道托福都要考什么,題型都有哪些,是如何考的。在開始備考之前,一定要把這一點(diǎn)弄清楚。明白了 ETS 對你的要求,你才知道更好地給自己制定托福分?jǐn)?shù)目標(biāo)。

托福閱讀備考步驟二

單詞,掌握語法知識。一旦開始背誦單詞,務(wù)必要做到音、形、義三者的緊密聯(lián)系,只有視覺詞匯的認(rèn)知是不足夠的,還要有發(fā)音的聽覺刺激才行,這樣才能避免在練習(xí)聽力時無法對實(shí)際上已經(jīng)熟知的單詞有效地辨音,導(dǎo)致部分同學(xué)會再一次花費(fèi)大量時間去專門記憶單詞發(fā)音。托福閱讀考生們要從理解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)開始理解托福閱讀文章。我們要明白,托??荚嚨拈喿x文章都是北美校園基礎(chǔ)課程的文章,基本沒有做過改動。所以文章的結(jié)構(gòu)就是完全按照美式作文的五段法,我們的考生只要用這樣的方式去分析每一篇文章,就會發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的結(jié)構(gòu)是大同小異的。

托福閱讀備考步驟三

積累背景知識對托福閱讀考生們來說相當(dāng)?shù)闹匾?,因此在做新托福閱讀的題目的同時也應(yīng)該在空余的時候多閱讀課外讀物,原版雜志。譬如國家地理,自然,這不僅可以擴(kuò)充我們的背景知識,同時也可以補(bǔ)充考生們在詞匯量上的不足。

托福閱讀備考步驟四

新托福閱讀考生們在新托福閱讀考試復(fù)習(xí)的最后階段做做模擬練習(xí)題是必不可少的。如果有條件的話最好做一下??架浖?。因?yàn)檫@樣可以模仿新托福機(jī)考的真實(shí)場景。

托福閱讀背景材料之如何經(jīng)營品牌聲譽(yù)

In February, Google found itself in an unusual position: out of step with its customers. When the company launched Buzz, its social networking service, it faced a barrage of criticism from users who objected to the way it had automatically enrolled users of Gmail, its e-mail service, into the new offering. Their gripe was that it would make their private contacts public. Google was stung by the uproar but put it down to a mistake made in good faith and quickly made Buzz optional.

2月,谷歌(Google)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己陷入了一個不同尋常的境地:與客戶步調(diào)不合。公司推出社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)Buzz時,遭到用戶的猛烈批評,他們反對谷歌將電子郵件Gmail的用戶自動注冊為新服務(wù)的用戶,抱怨這會公開自己的私密聯(lián)系人。這場騷亂對谷歌造成了打擊,但公司將此歸為無心之失,并迅速把Buzz變成可選服務(wù)。

For a company that ranked second in a recent survey by Fortune magazine of the world's most admired companies, getting it so wrong with users was uncomfortable. It also begged the question of how a company known for being so intuitively connected to consumers could get it so wrong.

在《財(cái)富》(Fortune)雜志近期的世界最受尊敬公司調(diào)查中,谷歌排名第二。對這樣一家公司來說,對用戶的了解錯到如此地步是令人不安的。這也提出了一個問題:一家以與消費(fèi)者心有靈犀而出名的公司怎么會犯錯呢?

Google had established its reputation on the back of the functionality and ease of use of its search engine, a stream of popular innovations and a declared commitment to free access to information and the democratisation of the internet. Estimates vary wildly, but in 2009 one research agency, Millward Brown Optimor, valued the Google brand at $100bn.

谷歌的聲譽(yù)依賴于搜索引擎的功能性和易用性、接連不斷廣受歡迎的創(chuàng)新、以及對自由獲取信息和網(wǎng)絡(luò)民主化的公開推崇。市場對谷歌品牌價值的估算相去甚遠(yuǎn),但2009年,研究機(jī)構(gòu)Millward Brown Optimor對它的估值為1000億美元。

But, even before the furore over Buzz, there were signs of cracks in the edifice. Google's reputation took a beating over its decision to enter the Chinese market, where it initially agreed to government demands to censor search results, only to recant and redirect users to a non-censored site in January based in Hong Kong. Observers wondered if the decision to enter China in the first place had compromised Google's founding values, summed up in its unofficial motto: "Don't be evil."

然而,甚至在Buzz事件引發(fā)眾怒之前,谷歌大廈便已出現(xiàn)了裂痕。進(jìn)軍中國市場的決定給谷歌的聲譽(yù)造成了沖擊——谷歌最初接受了中國政府對搜索結(jié)果進(jìn)行審查的要求,但在今年1月被迫放棄,并將用戶重新鏈接至香港的站點(diǎn)(最近為了申請延長其在中國的ICP牌照,谷歌不再把中國內(nèi)地用戶自動轉(zhuǎn)往其香港站點(diǎn)——編者注)。觀察人士懷疑最初進(jìn)軍中國的決定是否損害了谷歌的創(chuàng)始價值觀:用其非官方的座右銘總結(jié)就是“不做惡”。

Google, of course, is not the only brand to have seen its reputation suffer recently. The public image of Goldman Sachs, the investment bank, has suffered in the wake of the credit crunch with a famous article in Rolling Stone magazine describing the organisation as a "great vampire squid wrapped around the face of humanity". BPis widely perceived to have compounded the damage done to its image by the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico through a poor public relations and crisis management strategy in its aftermath.

當(dāng)然,谷歌不是最近聲名受損的惟一品牌。信貸危機(jī)爆發(fā)后,投資銀行高盛(Goldman Sachs)的公眾形象也受到了損害,《滾石》(Rolling Stone)雜志上一篇著名的文章將該公司描述為“纏繞在人性面孔上的巨大吸血烏賊”。而外界廣泛認(rèn)為,英國石油(BP)事后不力的公共關(guān)系和危機(jī)管理戰(zhàn)略,進(jìn)一步加重了墨西哥灣原油泄漏事件對其形象的損害。

What affects reputations in turn affects brands. It is too soon to say how badly the Goldman Sachs and BP brands will be affected but it seems certain that they will be. And what all of these examples highlight is how hard it is to manage reputations.

影響聲譽(yù)的事情反過來也會影響到品牌。要判斷高盛和英國石油的品牌會受到多么嚴(yán)重的沖擊,現(xiàn)在還為時過早,但沖擊似乎已不可避免。這些例子都突顯出管理聲譽(yù)有多么困難。

Rohit Deshpandé, professor of marketing at Harvard Business School, says the pressures to grow mean that some businesses, and start-ups in particular, forget to adapt their strategies as they become bigger. "When you are growing, your focus is on growing rapidly and you tend to be opportunistic about growth," he says. "You are not thinking about the vision and strategy. You are doing everything, so you have no time to sit back and think about things."

哈佛商學(xué)院(HBS)營銷學(xué)教授羅希特?德什潘德(Rohit Deshpandé)表示,增長的壓力會讓部分企業(yè)(尤其是初創(chuàng)企業(yè))在發(fā)展壯大時忘記調(diào)整自己的戰(zhàn)略。“在發(fā)展階段,你的關(guān)注重點(diǎn)是迅速成長,對于發(fā)展往往抱著機(jī)會主義心態(tài),”他說?!澳銢]有考慮到愿景和戰(zhàn)略。你什么事都要做,所以沒有時間坐下來想事情?!?/p>

In other cases, companies lose sight of the core values that define their brand. "Brands are attitudes and perceptions in customers' minds," says Patrick Barwise, a professor of marketing at London Business School and chairman of Which?, the consumer organisation. Successful reputations, he says, are built on customer experience. Those companies that have built strong global brands, such as Apple and Procter & Gamble, have done so by first creating a strong customer promise and then delivering on that promise consistently.

在其他一些案例中,企業(yè)忘記了詮釋其品牌的核心價值觀?!捌放凭褪穷櫩托哪恐械膽B(tài)度和認(rèn)知,”倫敦商學(xué)院(LBS)營銷學(xué)教授、消費(fèi)者組織Which的主席帕特里克?巴韋斯(Patrick Barwise)表示。他說,成功的聲譽(yù)建立在顧客的體驗(yàn)上。打造了知名國際品牌的公司,如蘋果(Apple)和寶潔(P&G),都是先對顧客做出強(qiáng)有力的承諾,接著不間斷地履行這個承諾,才取得成功。

Other companies start out well and then lose their way. Café chain Starbucks was a very powerful and successful brand in North America, in part because it became very good at delivering what customers wanted. But somewhere along the way, says Prof Deshpandé, hubris set in. "It was so focused on growth by opening new stores that it lost touch with its core customers," he says. As a result in some markets, such as the UK, Starbucks has seen its image and reputation decline.

還有一些企業(yè)開頭不錯,但后來迷失了方向。連鎖咖啡店星巴克(Starbucks)曾是北美地區(qū)一個非常強(qiáng)大和成功的品牌,部分原因就在于它非常善于滿足客戶需求。但在發(fā)展過程中,德什潘德表示,傲慢不知不覺地滋生了?!八^于重視發(fā)展壯大,不斷開設(shè)新店,以至于失去了與核心顧客的聯(lián)系,”他表示。結(jié)果在英國等部分市場,星巴克的形象和聲譽(yù)都直線下落。

Prof Deshpandé adds that most companies make a big mistake by relegating brand management issues to the marketing department.

德什潘德補(bǔ)充表示,大多數(shù)公司都犯了個大錯:把品牌管理事務(wù)托付給了營銷部門。

點(diǎn)擊免費(fèi)下載,2014年托福機(jī)經(jīng)匯總(小馬官方版)

Martin Roll, chief executive of brand consultancy VentureRepublic, agrees. Many companies, he says, think of brands only in terms of advertising and positioning. "Most companies do not put brands at the heart of their strategy," he says.

品牌咨詢公司VentureRepublic首席執(zhí)行官馬丁?羅爾(Martin Roll)對此表示贊同。他說,許多公司只是從廣告和定位的角度去考慮品牌。“大多數(shù)公司沒有把品牌作為戰(zhàn)略的核心?!?/p>

Another challenge for companies is how to manage their reputations as their operations become more global. It was easier for Google, for example, to adhere to its motto when it operated in open markets such as the US and western Europe but in a more controlled economy, such as China, this proved more tricky.

企業(yè)面臨的另一個挑戰(zhàn)是,在業(yè)務(wù)進(jìn)一步全球化之時,如何管理品牌聲譽(yù)。例如,當(dāng)谷歌在美國和西歐等開放市場里經(jīng)營時,要堅(jiān)守自己的信條會比較容易,但在中國這樣管控更加嚴(yán)格的經(jīng)濟(jì)體,問題就會更加棘手。

A similar difficulty is faced by Asian companies as they try to grow outside their home markets. The Tata group, for example, is India's biggest and most valuable brand but the country's own brand image is weak in the west. Apart from IT services, India is considered by many to be a source of low-cost, low-quality goods and services. How can Tata transcend that image? One option is to follow the example of Sony and create a global brand that is not country-specific.

當(dāng)亞洲企業(yè)試圖在本土市場以外發(fā)展時,也面臨類似的難題。比如,塔塔集團(tuán)(Tata)是印度最大、最有價值的品牌,但在西方,這個國家自身的品牌形象很弱。除了IT服務(wù)之外,許多人都將印度視為廉價低質(zhì)商品和服務(wù)的來源。塔塔如何才能超越這種形象?選擇之一是效仿索尼(Sony),打造一個沒有國別色彩的全球化品牌。

托福閱讀和SAT閱讀的對比

1.文章篇幅

托福閱讀共三篇文章(加試除外),每篇字?jǐn)?shù)在700字左右,而SAT閱讀共有四篇短閱讀和五篇長閱讀,其中分別有一組短對比文章和一組長對比文章。短文章100-150字,而長閱讀字?jǐn)?shù)在600-800之間。因此從文章數(shù)目上來說,SAT閱讀更多。而文章篇幅上,托福閱讀沒有短閱讀。

2.文章題材

托福閱讀和SAT閱讀題材都很廣泛,涉及自然科學(xué)和人文社科等。但是,它們的文章角度略有不同。通常在托福閱讀中,作者的態(tài)度較為客觀,只是陳述一些事實(shí),涉及觀點(diǎn)也多數(shù)為某些學(xué)者的觀點(diǎn)。而在SAT閱讀中則不然,SAT閱讀中的議論文中的論證更明顯。作者會針對某件事情提出自己的觀點(diǎn),然后加以論證。如果涉及其他人的觀點(diǎn),作者也會有傾向性的支持或者反對。此外,SAT閱讀還涉及一些文學(xué)作品,這是另外一個很大的不同。這些文學(xué)作品多數(shù)為小說,有自傳體的回憶錄,也有以人物為中心的故事。因此,SAT閱讀比托福閱讀更富有人文主義色彩。

3.題目數(shù)量

托福閱讀部分共39-40題,而SAT閱讀是48題。托福閱讀的考試時間是60分鐘,而SAT的48題和填空部分的19題一起在70分鐘內(nèi)完成。因此,文章多、題目多、時間緊,SAT較托??荚噷忌拈喿x和做題效率要求更高。

4.題型設(shè)置

托??荚嚿婕耙韵率箢}型:細(xì)節(jié)題、排除題、推斷題、修辭目的題、詞匯題、指代題、簡化句子題、插入句子題、文章內(nèi)容小結(jié)題、完成圖表題。SAT閱讀也是十大題型:主旨題、作用題、修辭題、態(tài)度題、詞匯題、互聯(lián)題、求同題、求異題、推理題和假設(shè)題。

題型設(shè)置略有不同,托福閱讀側(cè)重對文章內(nèi)容的理解,而SAT閱讀考查考生對作者寫作手法的理解。


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托福閱讀解析之閱讀備考要點(diǎn)及備考步驟解析

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