托福閱讀的句型結構

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托福閱讀的句型結構

一、英語句子結構的原則

1、謂動單一性原則 在一個句子里，有且只有一個謂語動詞。

2、主句單一性原則 在一個句子中，有且只有一個主句。(從句可以有若干個)

二、三大從句

1、名詞性從句 主語從句 賓語從句 同位語從句

引導詞 (what/how/that/why/whether)

結構 主語從句

what+VO=n. for eg.???????

what+SV=n. What you said is right.

形式賓語 Make it possible for sb.to do ?

that/how/why/whether+SVO=n.

That the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs is known.It is known that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs.(形式主語居多)

.形式主語和強調句的區(qū)別

形式主語 It + v + (that +SVO)=n.

n.=it

強調句 It is/was + A + that + B

SVO=A+B

而且通常情況下 It is/was……是強調句

同位語從句

同位語的實質 n1,n2—n1=n2

S,n,VO.=S,引+svo,VO

前面的成分不應當在后面充當成分。

The fact, that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs, is known.

可接同位語的名詞多為抽象名詞，例如：view/idea/suggestion/fact/reason/conclusion……

.同位語和定語從句的區(qū)別

同位語的句子中，前面的成分不應當在后面充當成分。

The fact, that the sun is round.

定語從句中，引導詞充當成分。

The book, that you bought for me. “that”充當賓語。

Example

It is generally accepted that the single super continent known as Pangaea indeed existed, that Pangaea subsequently broke apart into two giant pieces, Gondwanaland in the south and Laurasia in the north, and that the continents attached to the various crustal plates separated and drifted in various directions.

人們普遍接受，Pangaea 以一個特別大的陸地形式存在，后來他被分為兩個大塊，在南邊的Gondwanaland 和在北邊的Laurasia，他和那些在不同地殼上的大陸分開了并且向不同方向上漂移。

.如何找出復雜句中的謂語?

先找引導詞，然后去掉隨后的動詞，還有動詞的話，這個動詞就是謂語。

2、形容詞性從句=定語從句

引導詞 (1)that/which/who(whom)(代詞性)

(2)whose/when/where(非代詞性)

結構 (1)that/which/who(whom)=S+VO=a.

This is pig that/which is very fat.

(1)that/which/who(whom)=O+SV=a.

因為代詞性的引導詞可以充當主語或賓語

This is the pig that/which I ate.(作賓語可省略引)

This is the pig from which I make fun.

引導詞前的介詞取決于后面的動詞

this is the pig,which is very fast

this is the pig, (which)I ate.

This is the pig, from which I make fun.

(2)whose/when/where(非代詞性)+SVO=a.

The book, whose cover is red, is quite interesting.

This is the place where(=in which 定語從句) I grew up. When 用在后面也可能是狀從,也有可能是定從。

.具體分析舉例

In his hypothesis that he developed based on it……

看上去該句的based 是一個n-ed的形式，但是她又是修飾誰呢?In his hypothesis() he developed that based on it….

因此可以看出，based 修飾that，而在此句中，that指代 hypothesis.

.形容詞性從句的省略

當that/which在定語從句中充當賓語時，可將其省略。

This is the pig that/which I ate.

This is the pig I ate.

當that/which在定語從句中充當主語時，且從句的謂語動詞為be動詞時，可將其同時省略。

The house, which was built in 1919,was destroyed.

The house, built in 1919,was destroyed.

.個別情況下，which/as在引導定語從句時，也指代前面整個一句話。

As the plates drifted, they may have diverged, which(指代前面一句話) was associated with the spread of the seafloor, or they may have converged, which(指代前面一句話) resulted in collision, subduction, and mountain building.

.系表倒裝

主系表結構 變成 表系主 結構成為系表倒裝只限于介詞詞組在句首時

1、My hometown lies in Jilin province.

In Jilin province lies my hometown.

2、A,B,C….are among the species of seabirds.

Among the species of seabird are A,B,C….

3、副詞性從句 =狀語從句

引導詞 when/though/while/although……

結構 when+s’+v’+adj/v-ing/v-ed,SVO.

When he was young, Jack was always beaten by his father.

省略的條件 s’=S v’=be

省略 When young, Jack was always beaten by his father.

省略 Other(聯(lián)系同一類的名詞，也就是說前面提到了chemical defenses) possible chemical defenses, while (they are 省略) not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycolproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes the degrade cell walls.

托福閱讀真題原題+題目

Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems. Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects.

If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests. Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.

Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis — that is, they become diseased and die — after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells around the entry site. Several theories have been put forward to explain the basis of hypersensitive resistance.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms

(B) Theories on active plant defense mechanisms

(C) How plant defense mechanisms function

(D) How the immune system of animals and the defense mechanisms of plants differ

2. The phrase subject to in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) susceptible to

(B) classified by

(C) attractive to

(D) strengthened by

3. The word puncture in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) pierce

(B) pinch

(C) surround

(D) cover .

4. The word which in line 12 refers to

(A) tissues

(B) substances

(C) barriers

(D) insects

5. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic to

the Colorado beetle?

(A) resins

(B) tannins

(C) glycosides

(D) alkaloids

6. Why does the author mention glycoproteins in line 17?

(A) to compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals

(B) to introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants

(C) to illustrate how chemicals function in plant defense

(D) to emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense

7. The word dramatic in line 23 could best be replaced by

(A) striking

(B) accurate

(C) consistent

(D) appealing

8. Where in the passage does the author describe an active plant-defense reaction?

(A) Lines 1-3

(B) Lines 4-6

(C) Lines 13-15

(D) Lines 24-27

9. The passage most probably continues with a discussion of theories on

(A) the basis of passive plant defense

(B) how chemicals inhibit a parasitic relationship.

(C) how plants produce toxic chemicals

(D) the principles of the hypersensitive response.

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