托福閱讀備考提升語法能力2大重點要點講解

如何提升語法能力做好托福閱讀題?今天小編給大家?guī)砹送懈ｉ喿x備考提升語法能力2大重點要點講解。希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

托福閱讀備考提升語法能力2大重點要點講解

托福閱讀詞匯過關還需語法能力

很多托?？忌趥淇贾芯邆淞艘欢ǖ脑~匯量后，就覺得應對托福閱讀沒什么壓力了，很多難點問題好像都能迎刃而解。然而事實并非如此，有的學生的詞匯量不錯，各種詞匯書都背過，學科詞匯也都掌握，刷題量也不少，可是分數(shù)就是提高不了。背后的原因應該就是語法問題了。語法掌握是否熟練直接反映在做題速度上。而很多同學有這樣的體會，不考慮答題時間，文章都能看懂，題都能做對。一旦加上時間限制就手忙腳亂，不僅答不完題，正確率也有所下降。其實，閱讀考試的時限就是對我們語法是否熟練的考驗。這些同學慢慢看能看懂，說明知道語法規(guī)則。但是知道不等于熟悉，相反，如果一個對語法規(guī)則很熟悉的同學，即使面對很多生詞，也能快速地讀完文章，做對題目。那么這個問題如何解決呢?

托福閱讀提升語法能力要點分析

1.熟悉語法規(guī)則

對于托福閱讀，常見的語法現(xiàn)象有定語從句，主賓表同四個名詞性從句，以及非謂語動詞。對于多數(shù)的學生而言，單個的語法現(xiàn)象不足以成為閱讀的障礙，真正的障礙來自于文章句子里面所體現(xiàn)的多個語法現(xiàn)象，也就是我們平時所說的長難句。經(jīng)常做錯題分析的同學也明白，自己錯題的原因并非沒有找到相關的信息，而是定位到有效信息后，沒有看懂句子的意思，導致錯題。所以備考階段需要有針對性，要加強長難句分析的訓練，由易到難，熟練掌握語法規(guī)則。

2.精讀文章，分析段落結構，劃分句子成分，并翻譯文章大意

句子是語法的載體，在做完題目之后必須要精讀文章，把每段的段落層次劃分清楚，把比較難懂的句子單獨拿出來劃出主干部分，并翻譯出大意。在這一環(huán)節(jié)，翻譯是必要的，翻譯其實就是語言的輸出，如果輸出的信息是正確的，那么我們的理解就是正確的，同時還有利于老師對于學生語法知識盲點的準確判斷，改進教學。

托福閱讀考試中不可忽略的重要標點符號

托福閱讀常見標點符號及作用

冒號在中文或英文中都是一個常見的標點符號，在中英用法上也大致相同。冒號的主要作用有兩種：一是用在總說性話語或需要解釋的詞語后邊，引起下文的分說或引出解釋和說明;二是引出引語。在托福閱讀中，第一種用法對于我們理解文章和解題更加重要。

破折號在托福閱讀中也是尤為常見，其主要作用是引入一個解釋性的插入語，放在插入語的前面或者后面，破折號中的內容一般是對主句中的某個單詞或短語進行修飾或者解釋，作用相當于一個括號。考生就可以利用破折號之間的解釋來理解主句中的某個概念。

英語中，圓括號最常見的用法是補充說明和解釋生詞，它們不同于逗號和破折號的用法，去掉后不會影響句子的理解，但是括號內的信息同樣對考生的理解有很大的幫助。

案例分析

例1，TPO18閱讀 R-3冒號

The negatively charged region is large： several hundred meters thick and several kilometers in diameter.

前半句說帶負電negatively charged的區(qū)域region非常大，冒號后面描述了負電荷是怎么大，對前半句又進一步的表述。知道冒號的作用對于預測文章下文來說也很重要，前半句是帶負電的區(qū)域非常大，那冒號后面就是描述如何大。這句話完整的意思是帶負電的區(qū)域非常大，厚度達數(shù)百米，直徑達幾千米。因此冒號對于理解文章來說有很大的幫助。

例2，TPO19閱讀 R-3-破折號

The fossils buried in Pleistocene and earlier ocean sediments were of foraminifera—small, single-celled marine organisms that secrete shells of calcium carbonate, or calcite.

在本句話中foraminifera—small，single-celled marine organisms，small和single

對foraminifera和single進一步進行描述，埋在更新世時期的化石和更早的海洋沉積物是有孔蟲類 ，它們是一種小的單細胞海洋生物，會分泌碳酸鈣殼或者方解石。幫助我們進一步了解孔蟲類foraminifera。

例3，TPO20-3 Fossil Preservation-圓括號

來自第七段中的兩句話The Middle Eocene Messel Shale(from about 48 million years ago)of Germany accumulated in such an environment. Among the superbly preserved Messel fossils are insects with iridescent exoskeletons(hard outer coverings),frogs with skin and blood vessels intact, and even entire small mammals with preserved fur and soft tissue.

from about 48 million years ago對于前面的The Middle Eocene Messel Shale做了詳細的解釋，hard outer coverings對iridescent exoskeletons進一步進行解釋。

托福閱讀備考需解決3大問題：詞匯語法長難句都得練

托福閱讀詞匯問題如何解決?

詞匯問題是閱讀中的十分普遍的，高中畢業(yè)生的詞匯量在3500左右，但是托?？荚囈蟮脑~匯量是8000-10000，這種差距有的時候會讓考生望而卻步，單詞的積累和沉淀需要時間，但是正確的學習方法和習慣，往往事半功倍。首先，對于基礎詞匯，就是高中+大學四級詞匯，大家一定要掌握得很牢靠，每個單詞要像apple、book一樣熟悉，先查漏補缺。任何學習過程都是循序漸進的，只有基礎打牢了，再往高處走，不然就算之后稍稍有了一點小成就，那也是虛幻的空中樓閣。之后，在基礎牢靠的前提下，開始進入到托福詞匯部分，現(xiàn)在網(wǎng)上的、書籍的、紙質的、包括手機里的背單詞軟件種類很多，在這里就不贅述了，大家先用心的挑好適合自己的材料就可以。

托福閱讀長難句怎么練?

閱讀長難句的能力可以說是托?？荚嚨暮诵哪芰ΑＲ婚_始，我們會明顯感受到，有些真題中的句子里明明每個單詞都很熟悉，但是我必須要反復看3-5遍以上，才能比較好的理解它，有的時候看了后面忘了前面，看了這句，忘了上句，浪費時間不說還做不對題目。其實，這根我們平時的初高中課堂上講語法多、用語法少的現(xiàn)象有關。我們的語法知識儲備不少，但是欠缺訓練把語法知識運用到長難句的理解中。

托福閱讀語法問題怎樣應對?

語法中比較難理解的其實就是定語從句、后置定語，在中文中，我們的定語無論多長都加個“的”然后放在名詞前面;然而在英文中，定語的位置和形式變換很多，給我們設置了很多的閱讀障礙。例如托福真題中的長難句“A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into thenineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or tosoften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finestquality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects fromthe most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from aliquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance、”其實就是一個簡單句Improvements produced an instrument，然后加上了后置定語、同位語的修飾成分而已：一系列技術進步(19世紀的，包括123種)，產(chǎn)生了一個有好多音效的樂器，這些音效從某種聲音1到某種聲音2，從某種聲音3到某種聲音4?？忌鷤冊谕ㄟ^系統(tǒng)的語法學習后，再把它利用到分析和理解真題中的長難句，達到閱讀中的任何長難句讀一遍就能get到它的意思。

新托?？荚囬喿x篇沖刺試題;American Railroads

American Railroads

美國鐵路

In the United States, railroads spearheaded the second phase of the transportation revolution by overtaking the previous importance of canals. The mid-1800s saw a great expansion of American railroads. The major cities east of the Mississippi River were linked by a spiderweb of railroad tracks. Chicago's growth illustrates the impact of these rail links. In 1849 Chicago was a village of a few hundred people with virtually no rail service. By 1860 it had become a city of 100,000, served by eleven railroads. Farmers to the north and west of Chicago no longer had to ship their grain, livestock, and dairy products down the Mississippi River to New Orleans; they could now ship their products directly east. Chicago supplanted New Orleans as the interior of America's main commercial hub.

在美國，鐵路超過了以前運河的重要性，成為運輸革命的第二階段的先鋒。19世紀中期，美國鐵路得到了很大的發(fā)展。密西西比河以東的主要城市由蛛網(wǎng)般的鐵路軌道連接起來。芝加哥的增長說明了這些鐵路連接的影響。1849年，芝加哥是一個擁有幾百人的村莊，幾乎沒有鐵路服務。到1860年，它已經(jīng)成為一個擁有10萬人口的城市，由11條鐵路服務。芝加哥北部和西部的農(nóng)民不再需要將他們的糧食、牲畜和乳制品沿著密西西比河運送到新奧爾良;他們現(xiàn)在可以將他們的產(chǎn)品直接運送到東部。芝加哥取代新奧爾良成為美國主要商業(yè)中心的內部。

The east-west rail lines stimulated the settlement and agricultural development of the Midwest. By 1860 Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin had replaced Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York as the leading wheat-growing states. Enabling farmers to speed their products to the East, railroads increased the value of farmland and promoted additional settlement. In turn, population growth in agricultural areas triggered industrial development in cities such as Chicago, Davenport (Iowa), and Minneapolis, for the new settlers needed lumber for fences and houses and mills to grind wheat into flour.

東西鐵路線刺激了中西部地區(qū)的定居和農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展。到1860年，伊利諾伊州、印第安納州和威斯康星州取代俄亥俄州、賓夕法尼亞州和紐約州成為小麥種植的主要州。鐵路使農(nóng)民能夠把他們的產(chǎn)品運到東部，增加了農(nóng)田的價值，并促進了額外的定居點。反過來，農(nóng)業(yè)地區(qū)的人口增長引發(fā)了芝加哥、達文波特(愛荷華州)和明尼阿波利斯等城市的工業(yè)發(fā)展，因為新移民需要木材來修建柵欄，建造房屋和磨坊，將小麥磨成面粉。

Railroads also propelled the growth of small towns along their routes. The Illinois Central Railroad, which had more track than any other railroad in 1855, made money not only from its traffic but also from real estate speculation. Purchasing land for stations along its path, the Illinois Central then laid out towns around the stations. The selection of Manteno, Illinois, as a stop of the Illinois Central, for example, transformed the site from a crossroads without a single house in 1854 into a bustling town of nearly a thousand in 1860, replete with hotels, lumberyards, grain elevators, and gristmills. By the Civil War (1861-1865), few thought of the railroad-linked Midwest as a frontier region or viewed its inhabitants as pioneers.

鐵路也推動了沿途小城鎮(zhèn)的發(fā)展。伊利諾伊州中央鐵路，在1855年比任何其他鐵路都有更多的軌道，它不僅從交通中賺錢，而且從房地產(chǎn)投機中賺錢。伊利諾伊州中部為沿途的車站購買土地，然后在車站周圍布置城鎮(zhèn)。例如，選擇伊利諾伊州曼特諾作為伊利諾伊州中部的一個站點，將該站點從1854年一個沒有一棟房子的十字路口改造成1860年一個擁有近千人的繁華小鎮(zhèn)，這里充斥著酒店、伐木場、谷物升降機和垃圾場。到了內戰(zhàn)(1861-1865年)，很少有人認為連接中西部的鐵路是一個邊疆地區(qū)，也很少有人認為它的居民是先驅者。

As the nation's first big business, the railroads transformed the conduct of business. During the early 1830s, railroads, like canals, depended on financial aid from state governments. With the onset of economic depression in the late 1830s, however, state governments scrapped overly ambitious railroad projects. Convinced that railroads burdened them with high taxes and blasted hopes, voters turned against state aid, and in the early 1840s, several states amended their constitutions to bar state funding for railroads and canals. The federal government took up some of the slack, but federal aid did not provide a major stimulus to railroads before 1860. Rather, part of the burden of finance passed to city and county governments in agricultural areas that wanted to attract railroads. Such municipal governments, for example, often gave railroads rights-of-way, grants of land for stations, and public funds.

作為國家第一大商業(yè)，鐵路改變了商業(yè)行為。在19世紀30年代早期，鐵路和運河一樣依賴于州政府的財政援助。然而，隨著19世紀30年代末經(jīng)濟蕭條的開始，州政府取消了過于雄心勃勃的鐵路項目。選民們深信，鐵路給他們帶來了沉重的稅收和沉重的希望，于是轉而反對國家援助。在19世紀40年代初，幾個州修改了憲法，禁止國家資助鐵路和運河。聯(lián)邦政府采取了一些松懈，但聯(lián)邦援助沒有提供一個主要的刺激鐵路在1860年之前。相反，部分財政負擔轉移到了農(nóng)業(yè)地區(qū)的市和縣政府，這些政府希望吸引鐵路。例如，這些市政府經(jīng)常給予鐵路通行權、車站用地和公共資金。

The dramatic expansion of the railroad network in the 1850s, however, strained the financing capacity of local governments and required a turn toward private investment, which had never been absent from the picture. Well aware of the economic benefits of railroads, individuals living near them had long purchased railroad stock issued by governments and had directly bought stock in railroads, often paying by contributing their labor to building the railroads. But the large railroads of the 1850s needed more capital than such small investors could generate. Gradually, the center of railroad financing shifted to New York City, and in fact, it was the railroad boom of the 1850s that helped make Wall Street in New York City the nation's greatest capital market. The stocks of all the leading railroads were traded on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange during the 1850s. In addition, the growth of railroads turned New York City into the center of modern investment firms. The investment firms evaluated the stock of railroads in the smaller American cities and then found purchasers for these stocks in New York City, Philadelphia, Paris, London, Amsterdam, and Hamburg. Controlling the flow of funds to railroads, the investment bankers began to exert influence over the railroads' internal affairs by supervising administrative reorganizations in times of trouble.

然而，19世紀50年代鐵路網(wǎng)絡的急劇擴張，使地方政府的融資能力受到了限制，需要轉向私人投資，這一點從未被忽視過。由于很清楚鐵路的經(jīng)濟效益，居住在附近的人長期購買政府發(fā)行的鐵路股票，并直接購買鐵路股票，通常通過為修建鐵路付出勞動來支付。但19世紀50年代的大型鐵路需要的資本比這些小投資者能創(chuàng)造的要多。漸漸地，鐵路融資中心轉移到了紐約市，事實上，正是19世紀50年代的鐵路繁榮使紐約市的華爾街成為了全國最大的資本市場。19世紀50年代，所有主要鐵路公司的股票都在紐約證券交易所交易。此外，鐵路的發(fā)展使紐約成為現(xiàn)代投資公司的中心。投資公司評估了美國小城市的鐵路庫存，然后在紐約、費城、巴黎、倫敦、阿姆斯特丹和漢堡找到了這些庫存的買家。在控制資金流向鐵路的過程中，投資銀行家們開始通過在困難時期監(jiān)督行政重組來影響鐵路的內部事務。

Question 1 of 14

According to paragraph 1, what effect did the expansion of rail links have on Chicago?

A. Chicago became the headquarters for eleven new railroads.

B. Chicago became the most important city east of the Mississippi River.

C. Chicago was transformed from a village into a large city.

D. Chicago replaced eastern cities as the main buyer of farm products from the region.

Question 2 of 14

Paragraph 2 supports the idea that Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin were able to become the leading wheat-growing states by 1860 in large part because

A. by 1860 there were more railroads in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin than in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York.

B. the expansion of east-west rail lines made transporting Midwestern products to East Coast markets relatively fast and easy.

C. by 1860 states such as Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York had become more interested in industrial development than in agriculture.

D. most of the farmers who had grown wheat in Ohio, Pennsylvania, or New York resettled in the Midwest after the expansion of east-west rail lines.

Question 3 of 14

The word "promoted" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. encouraged.

B. controlled.

C. promised.

D. predicted.

Question 4 of 14

According to paragraph 2, one effect of the increased agricultural development in the Midwest was to

A. slow the rate at which population grew in many Midwestern cities.

B. increase the demand for industrial products from Midwestern cities.

C. encourage the extension of east-west rail lines to the Midwest.

D. reduce the pressure on Midwestern farmers to get their products to market faster.

Question 5 of 14

The author mentions "Manteno, Illinois" in order to

A. give an example of how railroads decided which small towns would be selected for stations.

B. illustrate the power of railroads to determine where towns would come into existence.

C. explain how some railroads were able to make more money from real estate speculation than from railroad traffic.

D. show how people's view of the Midwest as a frontier region had changed by the Civil War.

Question 6 of 14

The word "bustling" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. commercial.

B. wealthy.

C. lively.

D. modern.

Question 7 of 14

The word "onset" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. possibility.

B. fear.

C. worsening.

D. start.

Question 8 of 14

According to paragraph 4, how were railroads affected by the economic depression in the late 1830s?

A. They lost important funding from state governments.

B. They began to realize that some of their projects were overly ambitious.

C. They had to compete with canals for government support.

D. They emerged as the nation's biggest business.

Question 9 of 14

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Private investment in railroads began in the 1850s following the dramatic expansion of the railroad network, which had been financed by local governments.

B. Railroads' relations with local governments became strained in the 1850s, when railroads turned to private investors for financing to expand their capacity.

C. Local governments' limited capacity to finance railroad expansion was a long-standing problem that railroads solved in the 1850s by turning toward private investment.

D. When local governments could not adequately finance the railroads' dramatic expansion in the 1850s, private investment became increasingly important.

Question 10 of 14

Paragraph 5 supports which of the following ideas about people who held railroad stock?

A. Many of them were not particularly wealthy.

B. Many of them overestimated the economic benefits of railroads.

C. Most of them bought their stock for less than it was worth.

D. Most of them had been employed by a railroad.

Question 11 of 14

According to paragraph 5, investment bankers were involved in all of the following EXCEPT

A. controlling the distribution of funds to railroads.

B. finding national and international buyers of railroad stock.

C. overseeing administrative changes of railroads when needed.

D. persuading the federal government to reinvest in railroads.

Question 12 of 14

The word "flow" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. promise.

B. growth.

C. movement.

D. source.

Question 13 of 14

Look at the four squares [[span class='strong-insert']][[/span]] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [[span class='strong-insert']][[/span]] to add the sentence to the passage .

Indeed, the network became so dense that by the 1860s the United States had more miles of railroad tracks than did all the rest of the world.

Question 14 of 14

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT. The expansion of railroads in the mid-1800s played an important role in the development of the American Midwest .

A.Increased rail line between the East and the Midwest resulted in the rapid rise of major Midwestern cities such as Chicago, as well as in the growth of small towns along railroad routes.

B.Real estate speculation by railroads in the 1850s drove up the value of farmland and encouraged many Midwestern farmers to sell their land and make a new life in the cities.

C.Both canals and railroads fell out of public favor in the early 1840s, but by the mid-1850s the economic benefits of railroads had once again become generally recognized.

D.Once Chicago became a major commercial hub with direct rail connections to New Orleans and the East, Midwestern farmers were no longer limited to selling most of their products locally.

E.State government financing of railroads largely ended in the 1830s and was replaced by a combination of local and federal government support and money from private investors.

F.In the 1850s railroads turned to investment banks in New York City for capital to expand and by doing so, helped establish the city as the main financial center in the United States.