托福閱讀備考提升先練什么

托福閱讀備考提升先練什么?提升詞匯量全程受益效率高,今天小編給大家?guī)?lái)了托福閱讀備考提升先練什么。希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。

托福閱讀備考提升先練什么?提升詞匯量全程受益效率高

托福閱讀到底需要多少詞匯才夠用?

我們大家都知道，詞匯量有限的話，會(huì)嚴(yán)重牽制閱讀的速度，如果要實(shí)現(xiàn)快速閱讀，我們的詞匯量到底要達(dá)到多少呢?這里有一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，那就是我們所具備的詞匯量要能夠“推理出生詞所在語(yǔ)境的意思”，如果把這一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行量化的話，我們必須要具備基礎(chǔ)詞匯和搭配4000-4500個(gè)，也就是達(dá)到大學(xué)四級(jí)的水平，以及專業(yè)詞匯2000個(gè)，才能保證基本正常的閱讀速度。

托福閱讀詞匯題詳解

同時(shí)，托福閱讀的每套題中，平均有12個(gè)詞匯題。很多同學(xué)都覺(jué)得這是送分題，也往往不給予過(guò)多的關(guān)注，以至于大量丟分。而對(duì)于想拿滿分的同學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)，這個(gè)題顯得尤為重要，因?yàn)樗麄兺窃谠~匯題上丟分，才得到最后的29分。那么，我們就要做到有備無(wú)患，防止丟分。

但是，很多考生會(huì)對(duì)詞匯題的準(zhǔn)備感到束手無(wú)措。詞匯題的考法非常簡(jiǎn)單直接，就是要求選擇4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中和原文某一詞匯意義表達(dá)相同的選項(xiàng)，題目基本都為The word X in the passage is closest in meaning to ...看起來(lái)是很簡(jiǎn)單，只要__知道一個(gè)詞匯的基本含義就可以做對(duì)，但是要準(zhǔn)備的詞匯范圍又很大。而OG中對(duì)于詞匯題的解釋就是，there is “no list ofwords” that must be tested. 這句話就告訴考生：沒(méi)有所謂的大綱詞匯可供參考，因?yàn)楦揪蜎](méi)有大綱，考試中要考查到的單詞可能是來(lái)自牛津字典或朗文字典中的任何一個(gè)單詞，所以范圍很大。另外，OG中的解釋還有一句a word might have more than one meaning, but in the reading passage, only one of those meaning is relevant. 大多數(shù)考生遇到的情況是，所碰到的詞匯并不是已經(jīng)讓人熟知的第一詞義，而是要根據(jù)語(yǔ)境上下文推斷出的第二詞義甚至是第三詞義。

托福閱讀備考如何做好詞匯準(zhǔn)備?

為此，我們平時(shí)要在詞匯方面做好充分的準(zhǔn)備：

1、利用零散的時(shí)間背單詞，并要積累詞根詞綴。

可以重點(diǎn)記那些?？嫉暮诵脑~匯，而對(duì)于那些不太常用的學(xué)科名詞、物質(zhì)名詞可以放在第二位。

2、進(jìn)行高頻率的重復(fù)，建議把重復(fù)的周期控制在7天以內(nèi)。

具體說(shuō)來(lái)，就是每天背100個(gè)單詞，把時(shí)間控制在半個(gè)小時(shí)以內(nèi)，每天過(guò)3-4遍，第二天再過(guò)一遍前一天的。單詞材料可以找一些相關(guān)的閱讀詞匯書，或者是以往考過(guò)的詞匯題內(nèi)容。

3、把背單詞和閱讀相結(jié)合

也就是把單詞和語(yǔ)境相結(jié)合，并還要廣泛閱讀以及這是增加詞匯量的有效方法，也就是要在閱讀中加強(qiáng)對(duì)已經(jīng)背過(guò)的單詞的記憶。學(xué)生可以根據(jù)不同的基礎(chǔ)，選擇OG，閱讀機(jī)經(jīng)等相關(guān)閱讀材料。平時(shí)也可以多做泛讀訓(xùn)練，材料可以來(lái)自于維基百科等國(guó)外原版資料。

新托福考試沖刺試題：The Commercialization of Lumber

The Commercialization of Lumber

木材的商業(yè)化

In nineteenth-century America, practically everything that was built involved wood.Pine was especially attractive for building purposes.It is 【durable 】and strong, yet soft enough to be easily worked with even the simplest of hand tools.It also floats nicely on water, which allowed it to be transported to distant markets across the nation.The central and northern reaches of the Great Lakes states—Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota—all contained extensive pine forests as well as many large rivers for floating logs into the Great Lakes, from where they were transported nationwide.

在十九世紀(jì)的美國(guó)，幾乎所有的建筑都是用木頭建造的。松樹對(duì)于建筑用途特別有吸引力。它【耐用】且堅(jiān)固，但足夠柔軟，即使是最簡(jiǎn)單的手工工具也能輕易地使用。它也能很好地漂浮在水上，這使得它能被運(yùn)到全國(guó)各地的遙遠(yuǎn)市場(chǎng)。大湖州、密歇根州、威斯康星州和明尼蘇達(dá)州的中部和北部地區(qū)都有大片的松林，還有許多大型河流，用于將原木從大湖運(yùn)到全國(guó)各地。

By 1860, the settlement of the American West along with timbershortages in the East converged with ever-widening impact on the pineforests of the Great Lakes states. Over the next 30 years, lumbering became a full-fledged enterprise in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Newly formed lumbering corporations bought up huge tracts of pineland and set about systematically cutting the trees. Both the colonists and the later industrialists saw timber as a 【commodity】, but the latter group adopted a far more thorough and calculating approach to removing trees.In this sense, what happened between 1860 and 1890 represented a significant break with the past. No longer were farmers in search of extra income the main source for shingles, firewood, and other wood products. By the 1870s, farmers and city dwellers alike purchased forest products from large manufacturing companies located in the Great Lakes states rather than chopping wood themselves or buying it locally.

到1860年，美國(guó)西部的定居點(diǎn)和東部的木材種植園對(duì)五大湖州的松樹的影響日益擴(kuò)大。在接下來(lái)的30年里，伐木業(yè)在密歇根、威斯康星州和明尼蘇達(dá)州成為一家成熟的企業(yè)。新成立的伐木業(yè)公司收購(gòu)了大片松蘭，開始有計(jì)劃地砍伐樹木。殖民者和后來(lái)的實(shí)業(yè)家都把木材看作是一種[商品]，但后者采用了一種更為徹底和更為精確的方法來(lái)清除樹木。從這個(gè)意義上說(shuō)，1860年至1890年之間發(fā)生的事情代表了與過(guò)去的重大突破。農(nóng)民不再是尋找額外收入的主要來(lái)源，木瓦，木柴和其他木制品。到了19世紀(jì)70年代，農(nóng)民和城市居民都從大湖州的大型制造公司購(gòu)買森林產(chǎn)品，而不是親自砍柴或在當(dāng)?shù)刭?gòu)買。

The commercialization of lumbering was in part the product of technological change. The early, thick saw blades tended to waste a large quantity of wood, with perhaps as much as a third of the log left behind on the floor as sawdust or scrap. In the 1870s, however, the 【British-invented band saw】, with its thinner blade, became standard issue in the Great Lakes states' lumber factories.Meanwhile, the rise of steam-powered mills streamlined production by【 allowing for 】the more efficient, centralized, and continuous cutting of lumber. Steam helped to automate a variety of tasks, from cutting to the carrying away of waste. Mills also employed steam to heat log ponds, preventing them from freezing and making possible year-round lumber production.

伐木業(yè)的商業(yè)化部分是技術(shù)變革的產(chǎn)物。早期厚實(shí)的鋸片往往會(huì)浪費(fèi)大量的木材，可能有三分之一的原木留在地板上，就像鋸末或廢料一樣。然而，在19世紀(jì)70年代，【英國(guó)發(fā)明的帶鋸】以其較薄的鋸片成為大湖州木材工廠的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)問(wèn)題。同時(shí)，蒸汽驅(qū)動(dòng)的工廠的興起通過(guò)【允許】更高效、集中和連續(xù)的木材切割來(lái)簡(jiǎn)化生產(chǎn)。蒸汽有助于自動(dòng)化各種任務(wù)，從切割到帶走廢物。磨坊還利用蒸汽加熱原木池，防止它們凍結(jié)，并使全年的木材生產(chǎn)成為可能。

For industrial lumbering to succeed, a way had to be found to neutralize the effects of the seasons on production. Traditionally, cutting took place in the winter, when snow and ice made it easier to drag logs on sleds or sleighs to the banks of streams. Once the streams and lakes thawed, workers rafted the logs to mills, where they were cut into lumberin the summer. [■]If nature did not cooperate—if the winter proved dry and warm, if the spring thaw was delayed—production would suffer. To counter the effects of climate on lumber production, loggers experimented with a variety of techniques for transporting trees out of the woods. [■]In the 1870s, loggers in the Great Lakes states began sprinkling water on sleigh roads, giving them an artificial ice coating to facilitatetravel. [■]The ice reduced the friction and allowed workers to move larger and heavier loads. [■]

為了使工業(yè)伐木業(yè)取得成功，必須找到一種方法來(lái)抵消季節(jié)對(duì)生產(chǎn)的影響。傳統(tǒng)上，砍伐是在冬季進(jìn)行的，當(dāng)時(shí)冰雪使得用雪橇或雪橇把原木拖到河岸上變得更容易。當(dāng)溪流和湖泊解凍后，工人們用木筏把圓木運(yùn)到磨坊，在那里，圓木在夏天被砍成圓木。如果大自然不合作，如果冬天證明干燥和溫暖，如果春季解凍推遲生產(chǎn)將受到影響。為了應(yīng)對(duì)氣候?qū)δ静纳a(chǎn)的影響，伐木工人試驗(yàn)了多種將樹木運(yùn)出森林的技術(shù)。在19世紀(jì)70年代，大湖州的伐木工人開始在雪橇道路上灑水，給他們一層人造冰層，以方便他們滑行。[■]冰減少了摩擦，允許工人移動(dòng)更大和更重的負(fù)載。[

But all the sprinkling in the world would not save a logger from the threat of a warm winter. Without snow the sleigh roads turned to mud. In the 1870s, a set of snowless winters left lumber companies to ponderways of liberating themselves from the seasons. Railroads were one possibility.At first, the 【remoteness】 of the pine forests discouraged common carriers from laying track.But increasing lumber prices in the late 1870s combined with periodic warm, dry winters compelled loggers to turn to iron rails. By 1887, 89 logging railroads crisscrossed Michigan, transforming logging from a winter activity into a year-round one.

但是，世界上所有的零花落雨都無(wú)法拯救一個(gè)伐木工人免受溫暖冬天的威脅。沒(méi)有雪，雪橇路變成了泥地。在19世紀(jì)70年代，一系列無(wú)雪的冬天讓木材公司思考如何從季節(jié)中解放自己。鐵路是一種可能。起初，松林的[偏遠(yuǎn)]阻礙了普通運(yùn)輸公司鋪設(shè)鐵軌。但19世紀(jì)70年代后期木材價(jià)格的上漲，加上周期性的溫暖干燥的冬季，迫使伐木工人轉(zhuǎn)向鐵路。到1887年，89條伐木鐵路橫貫密歇根州，將伐木從冬季活動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槿昊顒?dòng)。

Once the logs arrived at a river, the trip downstream to a mill could be a long and tortuous one.Logjams (buildups of logs that prevent logs from moving downstream) were common—at times stretching for 10 miles—and became even more frequent as pressure on the northern Midwest pinelands increased in the 1860s. To help keep the logs moving efficiently, barriers called booms (essentially a chain of floating logs) were constructed to control the direction of the timber. By the 1870s, lumbercompanies existed in all the major logging areas of the northern Midwest.

一旦原木到達(dá)河流，下游到工廠的旅程可能是漫長(zhǎng)而曲折的。原木堵塞(阻止原木向下游移動(dòng)的原木堆積)在長(zhǎng)達(dá)10英里的時(shí)間里很常見，而且隨著1860年代中西部北部松蘭地區(qū)的壓力的增加，這種堵塞變得更加頻繁。為了幫助保持原木的移動(dòng)效率此外，還建造了柵欄，稱為柵欄(基本上是一條漂浮的原木鏈)，以控制木材的方向。到19世紀(jì)70年代，伐木公司已經(jīng)遍布中西部北部的所有主要伐木區(qū)。

1.The word "durable" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. readily available

B. long lasting

C. dense

D. flexible

2.According to paragraph 1, all of the following characteristics of pine made it a desirable material for building in nineteenth-century America EXCEPT:

A. It was long lasting.

B. It was relatively easy to transport.

C. Its softness made it easy to work with.

D. It produced buildings that were especially attractive.

3.The word "commodity" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. product

B. problem

C. opportunity

D. advantage

4.What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about timber in America before the year 1860?

A. Farmers of the American West earned most of their income by selling timber to newly arrived settlers.

B. Timber came primarily from farmers who wished to supplement their income.

C. Timber was much more expensive before the year 1860 because it was less readily available.

D. Timber came primarily from large manufacturing companies in the East.

5.Why does the author discuss the "British-invented band saw"?

A. To give an example of how steam power led to technological advancements

B. To help explain how the thickness of a saw blade determines how much wood is wasted

C. To explain how competition with other countries benefited the American lumber industry

D. To illustrate the impact of new technology on the lumber industry

6.The phrase "allowing for" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. encouraging

B. introducing

C. making possible

D. emphasizing

7.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as resulting from the use of steam in the lumber industry EXCEPT:

A. Work became centralized, and many tasks were automated.

B. Lumber could be produced more efficiently and on a larger scale.

C. Waste materials could be re-used as fuel to power the lumber mills.

D. Lumber production could continue throughout the cold winter months.

8.The word "facilitate" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. expand

B. ease

C. transform

D. permit

9.According to paragraph 4, how could a warm, dry winter interfere with lumber production?

A. Certain trees would become dry and yield low-quality lumber.

B. There would not be enough water in streams and lakes to raft the logs to mills.

C. It would be more difficult to transport logs to streams and lakes.

D. Rivers would not be full enough in the spring to power mills.

10.The word "remoteness" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. decline

B. density

C. size

D. isolation

11.In paragraph 5, why does the author include the information that 89 logging railroads crisscrossed Michigan by 1887?

A. To argue that Michigan had replaced other Great Lakes states as the center of the lumbering industry

B. To provide evidence of the growing importance of logging railroads to the lumbering industry

C. To support the claim that Michigan winters had become more severe in the late 1800s than they had been earlier

D. To challenge the idea that climate discouraged the laying of track

12.According to paragraph 6, the construction of booms benefited the logging industry by

A. reducing the pressures placed on the northern Midwest pinelands in the 1860s

B. reducing the length of the downstream trip to a mill by as much as 10 miles

C. increasing the number of logs that could be floated down a river at a single time

D. allowing logs to move downstream more quickly and easily

13.Look at the four squares[■]to add the sentence to the passage.Some sleighs were capable of carrying over 100 tons worth of timber..

14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click VIEW TEXT.Increasing demands for timber in nineteenth-century America transformed lumbering in the Great Lakes region.

A.During the nineteenth century, lumbering became a large-scale industry controlled by manufacturing companies rather than a local enterprise controlled by farmers.

B.Technological advances, including the use of steam power, led to increased productivity, efficiency, and commercialization of the lumbering industry.

C.Seasonal changes and severe winters made the development and laying of track for logging railroads slow and difficult.

D.After 1860 farmers continued to be the main suppliers of new timber, but lumbering companies took over its transport and manufacture into wood products.

E.The invention of new technology, such as band saws, allowed American lumbering companies to make a profit by exporting surplus lumber to Britain and other countries.

F.New methods for transporting logs to mills helped transform lumbering from a seasonal activity to a year-round activity.