什么是托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作的話(huà)題拆分法

為了讓大家更好的準(zhǔn)備托福考試，小編給大家整理一些托福寫(xiě)作小技巧，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。

什么是托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作的話(huà)題拆分法

我們來(lái)看下面的例子：

The Internet provides people with a lot of valuable information.

這道題目中有三個(gè)名詞。第一個(gè)名詞是the Internet，我們可以將它拆分為局域網(wǎng)(Local Area Network, LAN)、廣域網(wǎng)(Wide Area Network, WAN)和城域網(wǎng)(Metropolitan Area Network, MAN)，那么文章的三段分別強(qiáng)調(diào)局域網(wǎng)、廣域網(wǎng)和城域網(wǎng)給人們提供大量有價(jià)值的信息。

第二個(gè)名詞是people，我們可以將它拆分為學(xué)生、商人、老人;因此，文章可以具體寫(xiě)網(wǎng)絡(luò)為這三類(lèi)人群提供大量有價(jià)值的信息。

第三個(gè)名詞是information，我們可以將它拆分為不同種類(lèi)的信息，如新聞、教育信息、生活信息和娛樂(lè)信息等;因此文章可以針對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)為人們提供上述任意三方面有價(jià)值的信息而展開(kāi)。

我們?cè)賮?lái)看一個(gè)例子：

The movies and television programs made in your own country are more interesting than those made in foreign countries.

我們需要思考的問(wèn)題是：哪些國(guó)外的電影和電視節(jié)目(movies and television programs)可以引起我們的興趣呢?這些電影和電視節(jié)目可能涉及歷史和自然景點(diǎn)(historical and scenic spots)、傳統(tǒng)和風(fēng)俗(tradition and customs)、奇聞和傳說(shuō)(anecdotes and legends)或者是宗教信仰(religious beliefs)等——因此，全文可以從上述任意三個(gè)方面展開(kāi)。

有些考生會(huì)嘗試著拆分foreign countries. 他們將foreign counties拆分為美國(guó)、英國(guó)和印度：美國(guó)的電影和電視節(jié)目更多彰顯美國(guó)文化大熔爐的特征(cultural melting pot);英國(guó)的電影和電視節(jié)目更多表現(xiàn)了“日不落帝國(guó)”(the empire on which the Sun never sets)的“光輝歲月”(splendid moment);印度的電影和電視節(jié)目更多體現(xiàn)了千年的歷史積淀(historical sediments)——這也是一種可行的拆分方法。

托福寫(xiě)作備考高分技巧揭秘

作為一種語(yǔ)言測(cè)試方式， 托福考試的重點(diǎn)是檢測(cè)考生的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言水平，如何寫(xiě)出正確流暢的語(yǔ)言是得到托福寫(xiě)作單項(xiàng)高分的必備條件。那么如何才能得到閱讀高分呢?下面新東方在線(xiàn)李盛老師給大家揭秘托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作的高分技巧。

托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作部分對(duì)于我們寫(xiě)作的總體要求是consistent facility in the use of language(語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用的和諧流暢)，給我們的具體建議是a variety of sentence structures(句子結(jié)構(gòu)多樣)和word choice should be appropriate(措辭貼切得體)，評(píng)分者的審查角度是lexical or grammar errors(詞匯和語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤)以及the complexity of sentence structures(句子結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜程度)和the quality and complexity of your vocabulary(考生所使用的詞匯的質(zhì)量和復(fù)雜程度)。接下來(lái)李盛老師分別先從語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤、措辭和句子結(jié)構(gòu)三個(gè)方面來(lái)探討備考過(guò)程中應(yīng)該注意的事項(xiàng)：

接上期，本期從the quality and complexity of your vocabulary開(kāi)始：

既然OG中要求我們word choice should be appropriate(措辭貼切得體)，如何才能做到呢?這里大多數(shù)同學(xué)都有一個(gè)誤解，認(rèn)為quality and complexity of your vocabulary指的就是大量使用TOEFL甚至GRE的詞匯，當(dāng)然，這些詞匯如果使用的正確固然是好的，但對(duì)于大多數(shù)同學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)，很多TOEFL/GRE詞匯大家僅僅是認(rèn)識(shí)，對(duì)于它們的搭配和感情色彩并不是很清楚，往往會(huì)鬧出"今天我含笑九泉"、"我們的班長(zhǎng)凡事都首當(dāng)其沖"之類(lèi)的笑話(huà)。

在托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作中什么樣的詞匯才是appropriate或者說(shuō)能到的一定的quality and complexity呢?在托福的評(píng)卷中，raters一方面會(huì)考慮同學(xué)們所使用的詞匯的長(zhǎng)度和復(fù)雜度，一方面會(huì)把考試文章中所使用的詞匯表達(dá)與語(yǔ)料庫(kù)中不同等級(jí)的文章進(jìn)行比較，從而大致判定我們的文字語(yǔ)言水平。因此，平時(shí)多去積累高分范文中的表達(dá)對(duì)于我們提升自己的語(yǔ)言很大的幫助。

后是the complexity of sentence structures：

OG中要求做到句子結(jié)構(gòu)多樣，那么在保證句子表達(dá)正確性的基礎(chǔ)上適當(dāng)去變換句型就可以了。在這里很多同學(xué)又有誤解，認(rèn)為句子結(jié)構(gòu)多樣指的就是寫(xiě)長(zhǎng)難句，但是濫用從句往往會(huì)使得語(yǔ)言變得啰嗦。我們通過(guò)對(duì)于獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作高分范文的文本進(jìn)行分析，可以總結(jié)出在高分范文中常見(jiàn)的句式有：

(1)并列句(包括平行結(jié)構(gòu)，neither...nor...，not only...but also...等句式)

Junk food may cause a person to develop diabetes, to have heart disease, and to gain weight.

The mass media neither gives us the necessary information, nor does it tell us the truth.

(2)從句(包括名詞性從句、形容詞性從句、副詞性從句)

What kind of person you wish to become is more important than what kind of job you will have.

No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.

(3)插入語(yǔ)

After-hours study, if properly managed, holds the key to success in the 21st century.

College students, lacking social experience, are easily cheated.

(4)句子強(qiáng)調(diào)(包括強(qiáng)調(diào)句式、倒裝句式、否定句式等)

Only when the heavy and frequent exposure to television is restricted or regulated will the adolescents' life, both bodily and spiritually, be guaranteed.

(5)修飾性問(wèn)句

If there were no Internet, how could people get various information immediately?

(6)分詞

Tourism, which is a rising industry, has become the major source of economy, playing crucial role in many Asian countries.

在寫(xiě)作中，短句能夠給人留下比較深刻的印象，比較適合用來(lái)表達(dá)觀點(diǎn);而長(zhǎng)句善于表達(dá)非常復(fù)雜的邏輯關(guān)系，比較適合用來(lái)解釋不同現(xiàn)象間的關(guān)系。由于長(zhǎng)句和短句的不同功能，在托福寫(xiě)作中，我們常用短句來(lái)表達(dá)關(guān)鍵信息，尤其是引言段中的thesis statement和正文段的topic sentence，用長(zhǎng)句來(lái)描述引言段中的背景信息和對(duì)正文段的topic sentence進(jìn)行拓展。如果我們能做到這一點(diǎn)，文章中就會(huì)有長(zhǎng)短句交替出現(xiàn)，避免枯燥乏味的問(wèn)題。比如下面這個(gè)段落中，作者就用一個(gè)短句表達(dá)主題思想，然后用了幾個(gè)長(zhǎng)句來(lái)解釋這個(gè)思想。

Children in modern society become more difficult to understand than 50 years ago. Children acquire a lot more new information and ideas from various resources, such as mass media and the Internet, while their parents always cannot accept those ideas, because they always have a stereotyped mind and are reluctant to take novel concepts. Therefore, generation gap becomes huger between parents and children in modern society, which impedes the communication between parents and the children.

后，我們要注意語(yǔ)言的銜接。高質(zhì)量的文章要求行文流暢，各部分的起承轉(zhuǎn)合不能有生澀之感，而銜接的主要目的是把文章里的各種內(nèi)容有機(jī)地連接起來(lái)，使其成為一個(gè)整體，幫助讀者更加清楚、準(zhǔn)確地判斷各部分之間的關(guān)系，更好地把握全文。這就像蓋房子時(shí)在擺放整齊的磚塊之間加上水泥，使之更為牢固。這一點(diǎn)在托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作評(píng)分維度中的Organization中也有強(qiáng)調(diào)。簡(jiǎn)單的方法就是使用過(guò)渡詞來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)上下文的銜接。學(xué)生可以使用英語(yǔ)中一些常見(jiàn)的過(guò)渡詞來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言上的銜接：

(1)增補(bǔ)(Addition)

in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what`s more, similarly, next, finally.

(2)比較(Comparison)

in the same way, likewise, similarly, equally, just as, in comparison, Compared with…, …, comparing with,

(3)對(duì)照(Contrast)

whereas, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless, unlike, even though, while

(4)因果(Cause and effect)

because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), accordingly, hence, so, thus, given that

(5)強(qiáng)調(diào)(Emphasis)

certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely

(6)讓步(Concession)

although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true....

(7)例證(Exemplification)

for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illustration. One apt illustration of this point involves…

(8)總結(jié)(Conclusion)

to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in summary

(9)當(dāng)說(shuō)到…時(shí)：

as of, when it comes to, concerning, when talking about, as far as,

時(shí)間和空間(Time and space)

afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyond, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of

當(dāng)然，英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的使用更多的來(lái)自于同學(xué)們?nèi)粘５姆e累。背誦單詞并多讀范文對(duì)于托福寫(xiě)作語(yǔ)言的準(zhǔn)確使用有著很大的意思。

托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作為什么容易被扣分

托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作防止論述邏輯問(wèn)題方法介紹

首先要說(shuō)的是托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作的論述邏輯問(wèn)題。大家都知道獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作從文章要求上來(lái)看其實(shí)是比較標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的立論文，也就是給出一個(gè)題目，考生自己選擇一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行展開(kāi)論述的寫(xiě)作要求。而作為論述文章邏輯自然是非常重要的。無(wú)論是文章整體的邏輯，還是各個(gè)展開(kāi)段落的邏輯以及段落之間的邏輯，考生都需要把握好才能避免在邏輯論述的環(huán)節(jié)扣分。中國(guó)考生在寫(xiě)議論文時(shí)候的思路一般都是按照順序first, second這樣的方式來(lái)展開(kāi)。但開(kāi)頭之后具體內(nèi)容其實(shí)跟這個(gè)順序都扯不上關(guān)系。不僅每個(gè)段落自己之間無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)邏輯自洽，段落之間更是沒(méi)有合理的邏輯聯(lián)系，這樣的論述被扣分一點(diǎn)都不奇怪。

想要避免論述邏輯出錯(cuò)，最好的方法就是進(jìn)行列提綱的訓(xùn)練。無(wú)論是實(shí)際動(dòng)筆還是只看作文題目進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練，考生都可以嘗試先列出自己的思路提綱，然后再進(jìn)行后續(xù)展開(kāi)。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，每看到一個(gè)話(huà)題想出自己的觀點(diǎn)，接下來(lái)大家要做的就是展開(kāi)這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，提出幾個(gè)分論點(diǎn)，確保分論點(diǎn)能夠支持自己的觀點(diǎn)，同時(shí)分論點(diǎn)之間也需要有相互聯(lián)系，可以是遞進(jìn)的順序，也可以是讓步或者并列等順序?？傊３忠粋€(gè)整體和個(gè)體之間的合理邏輯鏈，這樣通過(guò)這種提綱寫(xiě)出來(lái)的文章自然就會(huì)具備較好的邏輯，因?yàn)檎撌鲞壿嫸a(chǎn)生的作文扣分現(xiàn)象也可以得到有效避免。

托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作減少文章細(xì)節(jié)扣分心得分享

文章內(nèi)容扣分其實(shí)是一個(gè)比較籠統(tǒng)的說(shuō)法，具體來(lái)說(shuō)詞匯、語(yǔ)法、句式、舉例等等從小到大的扣分都可以屬于內(nèi)容方面的扣分。比如最基本的拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤和語(yǔ)法問(wèn)題，按照ETS給出的獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)看，少量的出錯(cuò)都不會(huì)造成扣分，但如果數(shù)量較多且集中出現(xiàn)在開(kāi)頭結(jié)尾段這樣明顯的地方，那毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)就會(huì)被扣掉一些分?jǐn)?shù)。另外句式和論據(jù)素材的錯(cuò)誤使用也會(huì)造成扣分。

為了避免各類(lèi)文章內(nèi)容的扣分，考生需要掌握不同問(wèn)題的應(yīng)對(duì)方法。比如詞匯拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤，考生可以通過(guò)寫(xiě)完文章后檢查的方式來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤及時(shí)改正，而語(yǔ)法問(wèn)題也可以通過(guò)及時(shí)檢查來(lái)避免。另外句式和素材方面的問(wèn)題其實(shí)考生都可以在備考過(guò)程中就發(fā)現(xiàn)和避免。大家可以提前背出一些比較優(yōu)質(zhì)的精選句式和論據(jù)素材作為儲(chǔ)備，結(jié)合具體作文題目使用，這樣就能避免臨時(shí)用一些自己沒(méi)把握不熟悉的句式論據(jù)所造成的錯(cuò)誤扣分問(wèn)題了。

兩個(gè)示范文稿帶你入門(mén)托福綜合寫(xiě)作

寫(xiě)作范文

開(kāi)頭段落：

The reading argues that Americans need to switch from their private automobiles to public transportation. Rebutting the reading, ←動(dòng)詞分詞引導(dǎo)的(原因、條件、方式)前置的狀語(yǔ)，陳述聽(tīng)力材料和閱讀材料之間的關(guān)系： the lecturer contends that changing the long-formed habit would be impractical and ineffective.

沖突一：

According the reading, in some cities around the globe, public transportation is so developed that a traveler can reach any part of a city without driving. This situation is, according to the lecture, however only possible in a city, where all destinations are within short distances, and impossible in the US, which has a vast land 【接下來(lái)的轉(zhuǎn)述是重要難點(diǎn)：】that cannot be fully covered by any public transportation.←措辭關(guān)鍵：this situation為主語(yǔ)，后面兩個(gè)表語(yǔ)并列，精簡(jiǎn)了句子，以及后面的兩次定語(yǔ)從句。

沖突二：

Second, the reading is concerned about automobile transportation’s carbon emissions and the consequent global warming effect, and shows favor to public transportation for its less carbon emissions per passenger. In response,←陳述聽(tīng)力材料和閱讀材料之間的關(guān)系： the lecture states that car manufacturers are making electric cars, which have no environmental hazard / are friendly to the environment, as the replacement of the fossil-fuel-driven cars.

沖突三：

略

基于《金牌教程》Page 112/114的綜合寫(xiě)作材料的綜合寫(xiě)作技法講解

寫(xiě)作范文

開(kāi)頭段落：

Reading的開(kāi)頭段落中的信息重點(diǎn)很不明顯，需要依靠全文和聽(tīng)力材料判斷：The reading and lecture argue over whether Empress Cixi has been fairly judged, and the lecturerefutes the multiple points of criticism in the reading.

沖突一：

According to the reading passage, Cixi was upset by Emperor Guangxu’s dismissal of many Chinese administrators during his reforms, and put Guangxu under house arrest, and was the most probable suspect of Guangxu’s death. This opinion is opposed by the lecturer. The lecture indicates that Cixi protected China from foreign rule, 通過(guò)狀語(yǔ)從句形式把聽(tīng)力原文中并列的信息整合組織到一個(gè)句子里：as she intervened, using troops, with Guangxu’s handing over Chinese sovereignty to the Japanese.

沖突二：

The reading also points out that Cixi’s aggressive act, permitting the Boxers to attach European diplomats and missionaries, to break away from European powers and their political and religious influence was counterproductive. The lecturer counter-argues that Cixi’s act had a good intent, which is to liberate China from foreign control, and 精選動(dòng)詞很重要：defends Cixi by stating that the express accepted the responsibility and showed acceptance to foreigners.