2020托福閱讀infer題技巧

任何題型的考察都是圍繞著托福閱讀文章本身來的，我們只要理清了托福閱讀文章的“套路”和邏輯，下面小編就和大家分享托福閱讀infer題 ,希望能夠幫助到大家，快來學習一下吧。

托福閱讀infer題

“infer”意為推斷推理，題干中有出現(xiàn)infer,imply,indicate或suggest這四個單詞，我們就判定這個題目為托福閱讀infer題(推斷題or推理題)。托福閱讀infer題顧名思義就是考察考生對文章沒有明說觀點或想法的推理能力，你可以理解為是考察隱藏的事實信息。如果讓所有考生投票選擇托福閱讀中最難的題型，大概莫過于推斷題和文章摘要題了，而文章摘要題我們尚且可以依賴文章結(jié)構(gòu)框架把握，托福閱讀infer題則是真正讓很多同學感到頭痛。

其實，任何題型的考察都是圍繞著托福閱讀文章本身來的，我們只要理清了托福閱讀文章的“套路”和邏輯，完全可以根據(jù)作者的思路和風格去采取正向和逆向雙重思維解決推斷題。OG上將推斷題定義為檢查考生對文章中強烈建議但絕不明說觀點(strongly implied but not explicitly stated in the text)的理解程度，屬于理解性題目。一般來說，托福閱讀infer題主要有以下三個解題步驟：

1.判斷題型。我們拿到題目，看到上面四個單詞中的任何一個，心中就想著這是推斷題，推斷題的做題宗旨是文章強烈暗示，要通過文章內(nèi)容進行合理推斷。

2.審清題干，原文定位。仔細閱讀題干，弄清題干內(nèi)容，推斷方向，帶著題干核心信息到文章中準確定位。

3.推測+判斷。根據(jù)相關(guān)句進行正向或逆向的推理，最后擇優(yōu)而選，確定答案。

托福文章有很清晰的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，每個自然段往往是按照TS(Topic Sentence)+SD (Supporting details)展開的，而文章多半是按Introduction + Aspects+Attitudes展開的。只有明白了文章的寫作思路才能更好更快的做對題目，作者必定是按照一定的行文順序編排段落的，如果畫一個水平軸作為事件發(fā)展的順序，推斷題是讓你從這個軸上的某一個點去推測，無非就兩個方向，順著軸發(fā)展的方向或者逆著軸發(fā)展的方向。具體來看，正向推斷和事實信息題的做題方法一樣，答案就是定位的句子的同義改寫;逆向推斷稍微復雜一點，大致分為時間和事物對比這兩類。

1)兩類事物對比，往往文中會出現(xiàn)表示對比的關(guān)系詞：by contrast, unlike, while, whereas, on the contrary, in comparison to, distinct from, different from等詞。例如官方真題Official 2中的The Origins of Cetaceans的第2題，讓考生推測關(guān)于early sea otters的，回到原文中定位，會發(fā)現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵句中存在著一個unlike,說不像sea otters,想象一下早期鯨類比較困難(not easy = difficult)，那我們逆推一下，不就是說想象早期sea otters長什么樣比較容易，正確答案中出現(xiàn)了not difficult,所以這道題很簡單。當然ETS不會一直都出這么簡單的推斷題，這里只是給大家一個答題的方向。

Paragraph 4: These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced "beaches" shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as a lake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean. Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the extended mild period required to form lakes and oceans. However, more recent data imply that at least some parts of the planet did in fact experience long periods in the past during which liquid water existed on the surface.

10. According to paragraph 4, what do the 2003 Global Surveyor data suggest about Mars?

○Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.

○The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.

○Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars' surface for long periods of time.

○The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.

解析：根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞我們定位到文段的中間部分：Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate that the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers-layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen-that should have been formed in abundance in an ancient ocean.

這道題可以當做事實信息題去做，但注意不是原文的簡單重復，suggest是原文中indicate的同義轉(zhuǎn)換，我們只要找到what就好了，原文that后面是重點，出現(xiàn)了too few, should have,情感態(tài)度推測一下，持否定態(tài)度，也就說說形成 an ancient ocean不太可能，我們看選項，A中說Ancient oceans on Mars contained only small amounts of carbon.主客體與原文矛盾，排除;B選項The climate of Mars may not have been suitable for the formation of large bodies of water.說不適合形成大量的水，持否定態(tài)度，符合原文，保留;C選項Liquid water may have existed on some parts of Mars' surface for long periods of time.相關(guān)句中未提及，排除;D選項The ancient oceans that formed on Mars dried up during periods of cold, dry weather.說的是ancient oceans沒有，而不是原來有后來干涸了，與原文不符，排除，所以正確答案為B。

2)題干中出現(xiàn)表示時間的信息，比如：after 1932,since early years of the 19th century.例如官方真題Official 20 Passage 1 Western Migration Q1:

Paragraph 1: The story of the westward movement of population in the US is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agriculture of the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815, improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy during periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly.

What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?

○They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco and cotton.

○They were able to sell their produce at high prices

○They had not been successful in raising cattle.

○They did not operate in a national market economy.

題干中出現(xiàn)了兩個信息，一個是western farmers,一個是prior to 1815,帶著兩條信息去文中定位，定位在第一段第四行，但是文章中沒有提到1815年之前，只有1815年之后，答案其實很簡單，只要把1815年之后的內(nèi)容看懂了，并且在這個內(nèi)容前面加not即可。舉個簡單的例子，“從現(xiàn)在起Jessica是個姑娘”，“請問你能推斷出昨天Jessica怎么了么?”可能很多人想到“是不是Jessica做了變性手術(shù)?”，其實這就算過分推斷了，答案就是Jessica昨天不是個姑娘。言歸正題，文中說到，改善的交通使得越來越多的西部農(nóng)民擺脫了自給自足的生活，并且進入了國家性的市場經(jīng)濟，那個時候貨物的價格很多，所以向西遷移的速率也大幅增長。

面對托福閱讀infer題，我們要把握住文章的整體邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)具體情況去綜合利用正向思維和逆向思維進行合理推斷，同時注意千萬不要過度推理。托福閱讀infer題和其他任何托福題型的備考策略相似，不能光看攻略不做題，要通過有針對性的真題練習把這些技巧方法都融入到實際做題中，獲得托福閱讀能力與分數(shù)的同步提高。

托福閱讀：閱讀具體的句型結(jié)構(gòu)

一、英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的原則

1、謂動單一性原則 在一個句子里，有且只有一個謂語動詞。

2、主句單一性原則 在一個句子中，有且只有一個主句。(從句可以有若干個)

二、三大從句

1、名詞性從句 主語從句 賓語從句 同位語從句

引導詞 (what/how/that/why/whether)

結(jié)構(gòu) 主語從句

what+VO=n. for eg.

what+SV=n. What you said is right.

形式賓語 Make it possible for sb.to do

that/how/why/whether+SVO=n.

That the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs is known.It is known that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs.(形式主語居多)

.形式主語和強調(diào)句的區(qū)別

形式主語 It + v + (that +SVO)=n.

n.=it

強調(diào)句 It is/was + A + that + B

SVO=A+B

而且通常情況下 It is/was……是強調(diào)句

同位語從句

同位語的實質(zhì) n1,n2—n1=n2

S,n,VO.=S,引+svo,VO

前面的成分不應當在后面充當成分。

The fact, that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs, is known.

可接同位語的名詞多為抽象名詞，例如：view/idea/suggestion/fact/reason/conclusion……

同位語和定語從句的區(qū)別

同位語的句子中，前面的成分不應當在后面充當成分。

The fact, that the sun is round.

定語從句中，引導詞充當成分。

The book, that you bought for me. “that”充當賓語。

Example

It is generally accepted that the single super continent known as Pangaea indeed existed, that Pangaea subsequently broke apart into two giant pieces, Gondwanaland in the south and Laurasia in the north, and that the continents attached to the various crustal plates separated and drifted in various directions.

人們普遍接受，Pangaea 以一個特別大的陸地形式存在，后來他被分為兩個大塊，在南邊的Gondwanaland 和在北邊的Laurasia，他和那些在不同地殼上的大陸分開了并且向不同方向上漂移。

.如何找出復雜句中的謂語?

先找引導詞，然后去掉隨后的動詞，還有動詞的話，這個動詞就是謂語。

2、形容詞性從句=定語從句

引導詞 (1)that/which/who(whom)(代詞性)

(2)whose/when/where(非代詞性)

結(jié)構(gòu) (1)that/which/who(whom)=S+VO=a.

This is pig that/which is very fat.

(1)that/which/who(whom)=O+SV=a.

因為代詞性的引導詞可以充當主語或賓語

This is the pig that/which I ate.(作賓語可省略引)

This is the pig from which I make fun.

引導詞前的介詞取決于后面的動詞

This is the pig,which is very fast

This is the pig, (which)I ate.

This is the pig, from which I make fun.

(2)whose/when/where(非代詞性)+SVO=a.

The book, whose cover is red, is quite interesting.

This is the place where(=in which 定語從句) I grew up. When 用在后面也可能是狀從,也有可能是定從。

.具體分析舉例

In his hypothesis that he developed based on it……

看上去該句的based 是一個n-ed的形式，但是她又是修飾誰呢?In his hypothesis() he developed that based on it….

因此可以看出，based 修飾that，而在此句中，that指代 hypothesis.

.形容詞性從句的省略

當that/which在定語從句中充當賓語時，可將其省略。

This is the pig that/which I ate.

This is the pig I ate.

當that/which在定語從句中充當主語時，且從句的謂語動詞為be動詞時，可將其同時省略。

The house, which was built in 1919,was destroyed.

The house, built in 1919,was destroyed.

.個別情況下，which/as在引導定語從句時，也指代前面整個一句話。

As the plates drifted, they may have diverged, which(指代前面一句話) was associated with the spread of the seafloor, or they may have converged, which(指代前面一句話) resulted in collision, subduction, and mountain building.

.系表倒裝

主系表結(jié)構(gòu) 變成 表系主 結(jié)構(gòu)成為系表倒裝只限于介詞詞組在句首時

1、My hometown lies in Jilin province.

In Jilin province lies my hometown.

2、A,B,C….are among the species of seabirds.

Among the species of seabird are A,B,C….

3、副詞性從句 =狀語從句

引導詞 when/though/while/although……

結(jié)構(gòu) when+s’+v’+adj/v-ing/v-ed,SVO.

When he was young, Jack was always beaten by his father.

省略的條件 s’=S v’=be

省略 When young, Jack was always beaten by his father.

省略 Other(聯(lián)系同一類的名詞，也就是說前面提到了chemical defenses) possible chemical defenses, while (they are 省略) not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycolproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes the degrade cell walls.

托福閱讀技巧：巧用關(guān)鍵詞

托?？荚囬喿x部分一篇文章一般較長，所以一般是以段落為單位的。有時候可能會有學生說我做題的時候并不會去看整段啊，或者有學生說我看懂了哎，但題目就是沒做對啊!其實我們在閱讀一個段落時要學會使用方法，是什么方法可以幫助我們快速閱讀呢?

要讀懂一個段落我們只需要抓住幾個關(guān)鍵詞而已。那么關(guān)鍵詞怎么抓呢?一是看邏輯信號詞;二是讀句子的時候一定牢記只看主干!下面我們就以托福TPO25中的文章The Decline of Venetian Shipping為例，說說如何巧抓關(guān)鍵詞。

TPO25-2 The Decline of Venetian Shipping：

Paragraph 2 This decline can be seen clearly in the changes that affected Venetian shipping and trade. First， Venic’s intermediary functions in the Adriatic Sea， where it had dominated the business of shipping for other parties， were lost to direct trading. In the fifteenth century there was little problem recruiting sailors to row the galleys (large ships propelled by oars)： guilds (business associations) were required to provide rowers， and through a draft system free citizens served compulsorily when called for. In the early sixteenth century the shortage of rowers was not serious because the demand for galleys was limited by a move to round ships (round-hulled ships with more cargo space)， with required fewer rowers. But the shortage of crews proved to be a greater and greater problem， despite continuous appeal to Venic’s tradition of maritime greatness. Even though sailors’ wages doubled among the northern Italian cities from 1550 to 1590， this did not elicit an increased supply.

以上算得上是托福閱讀中較長的段落了，在快速閱讀這個段落的時候我們要找的關(guān)鍵詞是：邏輯信號詞—如段落中所標示的first， but， this… 我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)這些信號詞所在的句子基本都是解題的信息點。那么在做題定位時不妨多加留意。當然，抓住這些關(guān)鍵詞并不難，難在理解。

接下來我們就來看看理解這些句子時的關(guān)鍵詞。每段話的首句是必定要讀的。This decline can be seen clearly in the changes that affected Venetian shipping and trade。這是包含了一個定語從句的復雜句。先看到核心詞changes，再看到Venetian shipping and trade。這篇文章接下來具體要寫的內(nèi)容就展露無遺，也就是威尼斯船業(yè)和貿(mào)易的變遷。

First，這當然是開始寫shipping的標志了。Venice’s intermediary functions in the Adriatic Sea， where it had dominated the business of shipping for other parties， were lost to direct trading. 我們一直強調(diào)句子要讀主干，那么簡單地看這個句子就是Venice’s functions were lost， 核心詞很顯然是lost，也對應了整篇文章的主題 decline. 接下來兩句寫到了15和16世紀遇到的船員難招的問題?！璽here was little problem recruiting sailors to row the galleys (large ships propelled by oars)： guilds (business associations) were required to provide rowers， and through a draft system free citizens served compulsorily when called for. 這句話中有冒號的出現(xiàn)，閱讀冒號之前的內(nèi)容there was little problem;到下一句：the shortage of rowers was not serious because the demand for galleys was limited by a move to round ships (round-hulled ships with more cargo space)， with required fewer rowers. 這句中要看到的核心是not serious;再往后看到But….to be a greater and greater problem. 到這里意思應該已經(jīng)一目了然了，就是講威尼斯船業(yè)在招聘船員方面所遭遇的變遷：little problem—not serious —greater problem.

剛才我們講了文章閱讀部分要抓關(guān)鍵詞，其實我們在閱讀題目和選項時也是需要尋找關(guān)鍵詞的。有些題目的選項是比較長的，四個選項看上去也差不多一段話了，所以一定要抓住關(guān)鍵詞判斷才行，如否定詞、比較詞和并列詞。這些是快速瀏覽選項的第一步。再次也要看到題干和每個選項中能讓我們快速定位到原文的關(guān)鍵詞。我們還是以托福TPO25為例：

TPO25-1 The Surface of Mars

Paragraph 5 As on the Moon， the extent of large impact cratering (i.e. craters too big to have been filled in by erosion since they were formed) serves as an age indicator for the Martian surface. Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars’s southern highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained in this way。

According to paragraph 5， what have scientists been able to determine from studies of large impact cratering on Mars?

A. Some Martian volcanoes are much older than was once thought。

B. The age of Mars’s surface can vary from area to area。

C. Large impact craters are not reliable indicators of age in areas with high volcanic activity。

D. Some areas of the Martian surface appear to be older than they actually are。

劃出選項中的關(guān)鍵詞后，定位到原文迅速瀏覽發(fā)現(xiàn)原文中并無如A和D選項中的比較，C中的否定詞not和原文是明顯相矛盾的，故而選擇B，而B選項對應的恰好是本段末句：Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars’s southern highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained in this way。

根據(jù)以上分析，我們應該明白在閱讀之時何為關(guān)鍵詞。簡單地講有定位關(guān)鍵詞和判斷關(guān)鍵詞。定位關(guān)鍵詞包括題干及選項中的名詞，還有就是段落中那些一直向你示好的邏輯信號詞了，不要忘記用它們找到你解題需要的信息。判斷關(guān)鍵詞是選項中那些有特色的詞匯，包括否定詞，比較詞或者是句子主干中的動詞等，根據(jù)這些詞和原文進行對應，至少有一半的選項可以迅速被排除。