托福閱讀陷阱類偷換概念題解題思路實(shí)例講解
托福閱讀中常有考生遇到這種情況，一道題目明明看懂了對(duì)應(yīng)的文章內(nèi)容，選擇時(shí)卻還是出現(xiàn)了錯(cuò)誤，今天小編給大家來(lái)托福閱讀陷阱類偷換概念題解題思路實(shí)例講解，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。
托福閱讀陷阱類偷換概念題解題思路實(shí)例講解
托福閱讀偷換概念陷阱題實(shí)例講解
托福閱讀想要取得高分，我們一定要警惕其中的陷阱題型，比如偷換概念題。下面我們一起來(lái)看一道題：
例題：
Paragraph 5: Even the kind ofstability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated withmaximum diversity. At least in temperate zones, maximum diversity is oftenfound in mid-successional stages, not in the climax community. Once a redwoodforest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individualsgrowing on the forest floor are reduced. In general, diversity, by itself, doesnot ensure stability. Mathematical models of ecosystems likewise suggest thatdiversity does not guarantee ecosystem stability—just the opposite, in fact. Amore complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system tobreak down. A fifteen-speed racing bicycle is more likely to break down than achild’s tricycle.
Which of the following can be inferredfrom paragraph 5 about redwood forests?
A. They become less stable as theymature.
B. They support many species when theyreach climax.
C. They are found in temperate zones.
D. They have reduced diversity duringmid-successional stages.
思路解析：
推斷題(inference question)和事實(shí)信息題、否定信息題一樣，以“找關(guān)鍵詞+定位”為切入點(diǎn)。本題的關(guān)鍵詞是redwood forest, 回到原文定位到第三句：Once a redwoodforest matures, for example, the kinds of species and the number of individualsgrowing on the forest floor are reduced. 這句話的意思是：例如，紅杉樹林一旦成熟，其中的物種數(shù)量以及單個(gè)物種的數(shù)量都會(huì)減少。
看懂了這句話的我們立即迫不及待的去搜索選項(xiàng)，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)這句話的內(nèi)容是無(wú)法與任何選項(xiàng)匹配的。于是，我們意識(shí)到，只閱讀這句話的信息量是不夠的，我們需要關(guān)注推斷題定位范圍的放大現(xiàn)象。關(guān)注到本句中有個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞：for example, 意味著本句是例子，一定和前句的內(nèi)容相關(guān)。所以我們來(lái)看前句： At least intemperate zones, maximum diversity is often found in mid-successional stages,not in the climax community. 至少在溫帶地區(qū)，會(huì)經(jīng)常在演替過(guò)程中發(fā)現(xiàn)最多物種，而不是在頂極群落中。發(fā)現(xiàn)三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中關(guān)鍵詞climax,temperate, mid-successional stages在原文中都可以找到對(duì)應(yīng)，并且B，D選項(xiàng)都與這句話所敘述內(nèi)容相反可以很容易排除。
接下來(lái)我們來(lái)看C選項(xiàng)：They are foundin temperate zones. 有很多同學(xué)就卡在這里了，他們認(rèn)為原文說(shuō)在溫帶地區(qū)，最多物種是在演替過(guò)程中，而不是在頂級(jí)群落，說(shuō)明物種多樣性和溫帶地區(qū)相關(guān)，沒有證據(jù)表明redwood forest和溫帶地區(qū)相關(guān)，于是很多同學(xué)在糾結(jié)之后選到了A選項(xiàng)： They become lessstable as they mature. 當(dāng)它們成熟的時(shí)候它們變得更不穩(wěn)定了。這類同學(xué)認(rèn)為Once a redwood forest matures, forexample, the kinds of species and the number of individuals growing on theforest floor are reduced.紅杉樹林一旦成熟，其中的物種數(shù)量以及單個(gè)物種的數(shù)量都會(huì)減少，然后想當(dāng)然的認(rèn)為物種減少就代表穩(wěn)定性降低，但是我們仔細(xì)讀第一句：Even the kindof stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated withmaximum diversity. 即使是這種被定義為簡(jiǎn)單地缺乏變化的穩(wěn)定性并非總是與最多樣的物種聯(lián)系起來(lái)。簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō)，本句表達(dá)的含義是：穩(wěn)定性和最大多樣性是沒有關(guān)聯(lián)的，所以不能選A。
實(shí)際上這道題是典型的主題+例證類推理題，例子是來(lái)說(shuō)明主題的，所以例子的特征應(yīng)該是與主題中所描述的特征一致的，即redwoodforests are found in temperate zones.
所以，同學(xué)們一定要警惕片面的追求選項(xiàng)和原文間信息的匹配，忽略了“選項(xiàng)首先對(duì)問(wèn)題負(fù)責(zé)”這一基本的答題態(tài)度，最終導(dǎo)致學(xué)生根本無(wú)法識(shí)別ETS命題組精心編織的偷換概念類的選項(xiàng)特征。
托福閱讀材料：十大熱門求婚地點(diǎn)
Traditional marriage proposals could soon be consigned to the history books – with almost half of them now happening at home in front of the TV.
傳統(tǒng)的求婚方式可能很快就只在歷史書里出現(xiàn)了，現(xiàn)在幾乎有一半的求婚是在家里看電視的時(shí)候完成的。
A study of newlyweds has found modern men are ditching age-old traditional proposal custom in favour of a more lacklustre approach.
一項(xiàng)針對(duì)新婚夫婦的調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，現(xiàn)代人漸漸地不再遵循傳統(tǒng)的求婚習(xí)俗，而更傾向于沒有驚喜的平凡求婚方式。
The study found only a third of men now go down on one knee to pop the question as their fathers and grandfathers’ generations would have done.
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，只有三分之一的男性現(xiàn)在還會(huì)像他們的父輩和祖輩那樣單膝下跪求婚。
And the age-old tradition of asking the bride’s father for her hand in marriage is also on the verge of dying out with 63% of recently married males claiming they “didn’t bother”.
而另一項(xiàng)古老的傳統(tǒng)——就結(jié)婚事宜請(qǐng)求新娘父親的首肯——也在慢慢消失，有63%的新婚男性說(shuō)他們不再“這么費(fèi)事了”。
Even the idea of picking a romantic location to propose has fallen by the wayside, with the typical ‘Will you marry me?’ now most likely to take place at home.
連選一個(gè)浪漫求婚地點(diǎn)的想法也乏人問(wèn)津了。那句經(jīng)典的“你愿意嫁給我么?”大多是在家里說(shuō)出來(lái)的。
十大熱門求婚地點(diǎn) 猜猜第一名是哪里?
Only six percent bothered to take their partner abroad on holiday – but the same number of men proposed in the local pub – and 5.5% popped the question in the car.
只有6%的人會(huì)花心思把他們的伴侶帶到國(guó)外度假然后求婚，但是也有6%的男性在當(dāng)?shù)鼐瓢删颓罅嘶?，還有5.5%在汽車上求婚。
The study also found the average amount of time in a relationship before a proposal is now three years – so British women are taking matters into their own hands in a bid to get a proposal.
研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)求婚前平均戀愛時(shí)間是三年，所以英國(guó)女性們都會(huì)自己想辦法讓他們的伴侶向他們求婚。
Almost a third of women 29% now end up choosing their own ring, rather than letting their partner decide.
約有三分之一(29%)的女性現(xiàn)在連戒指都是自己選，而不是讓他們的伴侶選。
The typical bride-to-be will also enlist the help of at least one friend to help speed up a proposal – as well as dropping two major engagement hints to encourage their partner to pop the question.
一般準(zhǔn)新娘也會(huì)至少讓一個(gè)朋友幫忙推進(jìn)求婚的進(jìn)程，比如拋出兩個(gè)重要的關(guān)于訂婚的暗示來(lái)鼓動(dòng)伴侶早些求婚。
Casually asking ‘Who would you want as your best man?’, commenting on celebrities' engagement rings - and jokingly suggesting you apply for the TV show ‘Don't Tell the Bride’ are the most common tactics.
不經(jīng)意間問(wèn)他們“你想找誰(shuí)當(dāng)伴郎?”，評(píng)論一下名人的訂婚戒指，還會(huì)開玩笑建議你去參加電視節(jié)目《新娘不得知》，這些都是最常用的技巧。
十大熱門求婚地點(diǎn) 猜猜第一名是哪里?
Lorna Haddon, diamond ring and jewellery buyer at Beaverbrooks who commissioned the study of 1,500 newlyweds, commented: "The stresses and strains of modern life mean we don’t always have the time to be as romantic as we would perhaps like to be.
比弗布魯克公司的鉆戒及珠寶買手洛娜?哈頓負(fù)責(zé)此次針對(duì)1500位新婚夫婦的調(diào)查。她表示：“現(xiàn)代生活的壓力和負(fù)擔(dān)意味著我們不是總有時(shí)間像期望中的那么浪漫?！?/p>
"Busy lives and hectic schedules mean we have fewer hours in the day for romance – however our study shows women do still want the ‘picture perfect proposal’ – and it's not only picking the perfect engagement ring that counts.
“忙碌的生活和緊張日程表意味著我們一天中沒有那么多時(shí)間來(lái)浪漫，然而我們的研究顯示女性仍然希望有一場(chǎng)‘十全十美的求婚’。挑選完美的訂婚戒指并不只是唯一重要的環(huán)節(jié)?！?/p>
“The location, atmosphere and little details that mean a lot to them really make a proposal personal and truly special, and as it’s a once in a lifetime occasion it’s well worth making the effort."
“地點(diǎn)、環(huán)境和一些小細(xì)節(jié)對(duì)她們來(lái)說(shuō)十分重要，這也能使求婚更具個(gè)人特色，也更特別。求婚是人生一次的大事，值得好好花心思準(zhǔn)備?！?/p>
十大熱門求婚地點(diǎn) 猜猜第一名是哪里?
Top 10 modern proposal destinations
十大現(xiàn)代求婚地點(diǎn)
1. At home – 49%
1. 家中-49%
2. On a day out – 7%
2. 出門約會(huì)-7%
3. On holiday abroad – 6%
3. 出國(guó)度假-6%
4. The local pub – 6%
4. 當(dāng)?shù)鼐瓢?6%
5. On holiday in the UK – 5%
5. 國(guó)內(nèi)度假-6%
6. In the car – 5.5%
6. 車內(nèi)-5.5%
7. At a restaurant – 4.5%
7. 餐廳-4.5%
8. In the garden – 2%
8. 花園-2%
9. On the beach – 2%
9. 沙灘-2%
10. In a Hotel – 1%
10. 酒店-1%
托福閱讀材料：各國(guó)心目中的理想女性身材
From tall and slim to petite and curvy - and everything in between - women across the globe come in all shapes and sizes.
全世界女性的身材各種各樣，從高高瘦瘦到嬌小玲瓏，或在兩者之間，總之各不相同。
But now a new debate has been sparked about the 'ideal female shape' on Q&A site Quora.
但最近在問(wèn)答網(wǎng)站Quora上掀起了一場(chǎng)關(guān)于“理想女性體型”的新討論。
One user asked members to comment on what the perfect body type is - based on which country users were from and what they personally preferred.
有一位用戶要求大家依據(jù)各自國(guó)家的審美觀和個(gè)人喜好來(lái)評(píng)論什么才是完美的體型。
According to the responses, here are the ideal types for each country...
根據(jù)回復(fù)，接下來(lái)將為您介紹每個(gè)國(guó)家的理想體型。
USA 美國(guó)
American Ryan reveals: 'In my country, I think the standard image of beauty is probably the same as in many other places; tall, curvy, blonde and blue eyes (though light brown eyes are also really popular), and either fair skin or tanned.'
來(lái)自美國(guó)的賴安透露：“在我們美國(guó)，美人的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可能和其他很多地方一樣：無(wú)論膚色白皙還是黝黑，個(gè)子要高，身材有曲線，金發(fā)碧眼(雖然淺褐色眼睛也很受歡迎)?！?/p>
CHINA 中國(guó)
Perhaps the most unusual description comes from Nat in China, who says: 'The skinnier the better. A4 challenge is a "thing", iPhone 6 challenge is also a "thing".'
最與眾不同的回答可能來(lái)自中國(guó)的納特。他說(shuō)：“越瘦越好。她必須通過(guò)A4腰挑戰(zhàn)和iPhone6腿挑戰(zhàn)?！?/p>
The A4 challenge is when women aspire to have a torso the width of an A4 sheet of paper and the iPhone6 challenge sees them seeking legs that are as slim as an iPhone 6.
A4腰挑戰(zhàn)中女性希望自己的腰只有一張A4紙(豎著放)那么寬，而在iPhone6腿挑戰(zhàn)中她們追求自己的雙腿并在一起可以被一部iPhone6手機(jī)遮住。
EGYPT 埃及
An Egyptian user named Ahmed notes that historically 'curvy, large breasted women' are deemed to be the most attractive in his country.
一位叫做艾哈邁德的埃及用戶說(shuō)道，在他的國(guó)家，他們向來(lái)認(rèn)為“有曲線美、胸部大的女人”是最有魅力的。
BULGARIA 保加利亞
Stanislav, who describes himself as a 'problem solving maniac', believes that the best female body type for most males in his home country is 'tall, tight body, slim and big boobs.'
斯坦尼斯拉夫號(hào)稱自己是“解決問(wèn)題狂人”。他認(rèn)為他們國(guó)家大多數(shù)男性心中最棒的女性身材應(yīng)該是“高挑，身材緊致，苗條，有豐滿的胸部。”
SWITZERLAND 瑞士
Nadège swoops in for Switzerland and she advises that 'rather thin women, middle-tall, more with brown hair than blonde, fair eyes usually' are deemed the most attractive in her country.
娜德日代表瑞士發(fā)表了意見。她說(shuō)瑞士認(rèn)為最有魅力的女性應(yīng)該是“相當(dāng)苗條，中等高度的。棕色頭發(fā)而非金發(fā)，通常有漂亮的眼睛。”
THE PHILIPPINES 菲律賓
Mona Tauqir, who describes herself as a 'human resource practitioner and psychology enthusiast', says the ideal woman in her neck of the woods has a 'shapely waist and hips' but is 'petite' and has a busty F-cup.
莫娜?陶奇爾稱自己是“人力資源從業(yè)者，心理學(xué)愛好者”。她說(shuō)她的國(guó)家理想的女性身材有以下標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：“細(xì)腰翹臀，身材嬌小，以及F杯的豐滿胸部?！?/p>
UK 英國(guó)
Alec insists that 'petite, not too skinny, large (but not ridiculous) breasts and shapely curves' are the ideal in the UK. He also says that a height of about 5ft 7in is the ideal in Great Britain.
亞力克堅(jiān)稱“嬌小但不過(guò)分消瘦，胸部豐滿(但不要太夸張)，有美好的曲線”是英國(guó)的理想身材。他也說(shuō)身高最好是5英尺7英寸(約1.7米)。
BANGLADESH 孟加拉國(guó)
An anonymous user from Bangladesh says that women must be at least 5ft 2in tall and have dense and black hair, big black eyes and 'non-thin eyebrows'. He also says he rates a sharp nose and a 'moderately curvy physique.'
一位來(lái)自孟加拉國(guó)的匿名用戶說(shuō)，理想女性必須高五英尺二英寸(約1.58米)，擁有濃密的黑發(fā)，大大的黑眼睛，眉毛不能太細(xì)。他還說(shuō)自己喜歡鼻梁挺拔、“身材適當(dāng)有曲線”的女性。
The user also shed some light on what type of personality he thinks men from his country deem attractive, revealing: 'modest and courtly personality and lifestyle is ideal'.
他也描述了孟加拉國(guó)人心目中的魅力性格：“謙遜典雅的性格和生活方式是最理想的?！?/p>
FRANCE 法國(guó)
Another anonymous user said the French ideal is a 'mix of fashion model standard beauty with a girl-next-door kind of vibe', adding that they can 'even be tomboy'.
另一位匿名用戶說(shuō)法國(guó)人的理想型是“帶著鄰家女孩氣質(zhì)同時(shí)又有時(shí)裝模特身材的美人?！彼盅a(bǔ)充說(shuō)她們也可以是“假小子型的”。
The user concluded: 'Big boobs are overrated, small t.s for the win.'
他總結(jié)道：“豐滿的胸部不再那么重要，小胸女反而更受歡迎?！?/p>
Vocabulary
petite: 嬌小的
courtly: 典雅的，文雅的
托福閱讀陷阱類偷換概念題解題思路實(shí)例講解相關(guān)文章：
托福閱讀陷阱類偷換概念題解題思路實(shí)例講解
