托福閱讀雞肋題型否定事實(shí)信息題解題方法實(shí)例講解

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托福閱讀10大題型中的否定事實(shí)信息題Negative Factual Information Question一直被認(rèn)為是比較雞肋的題型,今天小編給大家來托福閱讀雞肋題型否定事實(shí)信息題解題方法實(shí)例講解,希望能夠幫助到大家,下面小編就和大家分享,來欣賞一下吧。

托福閱讀雞肋題型否定事實(shí)信息題解題方法實(shí)例講解

托福閱讀否定事實(shí)信息題基本題型特點(diǎn)介紹

首先來看一下到底什么是否定事實(shí)信息題Negative Factual Information Question,這一題型在小編看來其實(shí)類似事實(shí)信息題,只不過其提問方式是反過來的,別人問的哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)在文章中有提到,而否定事實(shí)信息題則是問以下哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)文章里沒有提到或是不正確,下面給出兩個(gè)此題型的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)提問方式:

1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of X?

2. The author's description of X mentions all of the following EXCEPT.

大家可以看到,這兩種提問方式,都是和事實(shí)信息題反其道而行的提問方式,如果說事實(shí)信息題考生無需看完全部選項(xiàng),只要依次看選項(xiàng),看到哪一個(gè)文章里有提到就能直接選的話,那么否定事實(shí)信息題就要求考生必須把所有的選項(xiàng)都仔細(xì)過一遍才能比較容易的發(fā)現(xiàn)正確選項(xiàng)。

為什么說否定事實(shí)信息題是雞肋題型?

之所以把否定事實(shí)信息題成為雞肋題型,主要原因還是在于解答這類題型投入的時(shí)間精力和回報(bào)并不成比了,簡單來說,如果不掌握正確方法,做這類題型基本上都是在做虧本買賣。而會招致這種雞肋評價(jià)的原因主要有兩點(diǎn):

1. 正常流程解題耗時(shí)多

如上文所說,考生按照正常流程解答否定事實(shí)信息題的耗時(shí)是比較多的,因?yàn)槊康李}目4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,有3個(gè)選項(xiàng)是文章中提到過或是符合文章內(nèi)容的選項(xiàng),為了確認(rèn)這些選項(xiàng)的正確性考生往往會逐一到文章里去尋找各個(gè)選項(xiàng)的對應(yīng)內(nèi)容,之后才能找到哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)沒有提到或是存在錯(cuò)誤。這個(gè)解題流程的耗時(shí)可能是解答其它題型的好幾倍,但題目的基本分值卻是相同的,由此其性價(jià)比也就變得很低了。

2. 自帶審題陷阱針對粗心考生

另外,細(xì)心看過上面題目提問方式的同學(xué)可能已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了,無論是NOT還是EXCEPT,雖然都特意進(jìn)行了大寫處理,但因?yàn)槠渌谖恢锰幱陬}目的末尾處,因此對于一些看題不仔細(xì),沒看完全部題目就開始做題的粗心考生來說,這種提問方式本身也是自帶陷阱的,常會有考生一不小心就看成了相反的題目要求做錯(cuò)題目。明明難度并不算高,做起來卻那么費(fèi)時(shí)間又容易出錯(cuò),也難怪這一題型會不受大家待見了。

否定事實(shí)信息題實(shí)用解題思路實(shí)例分析

那么,面對這樣雞肋的否定事實(shí)信息題,考生是否有較為快捷高效率的解題方法思路呢,答案當(dāng)然是有的,下面小編就通過實(shí)例來為大家做具體分析:

例題:

Darwin's theory is that 'selective breeding' occurs in nature as 'natural selection' is the engine behind evolution. Thus, the theory provides an excellent basis for understanding how organisms change over time. Nevertheless, it is just a theory and elusively difficult to prove. One of the major holes in Darwin's theory revolves around “irreducibly complex systems.” An irreducibly complex system is known as a system where many different parts must all operate together. As a result, in the absence of one, the system as a whole collapses. Consequently, as modern technology improves, science can identify these “irreducibly complex systems” even at microscopic levels. These complex systems, if so inter-reliant, would be resistant to Darwin's supposition of how evolution occurs. As Darwin himself admitted, “To suppose that the eye with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus for different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I free confess, absurd in the highest degree.

Question: All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as a viewpoint to state the natural selection is difficult to prove EXCEPT

A. The belief that the complexity of the human eye could have been formed by natural selection seems highly unlikely

B. The presence of irreducibly complex system contradicts how evolution occurs

C. Modern microbiology proves that irreducibly complex systems exist

D. Selective breeding is the major hole in the theory of natural selection

上面這道題就是一道較為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的否定事實(shí)信息題,想要較為快速的解答這類題型,小編的建議有如下幾點(diǎn):

1. 先看題目再看文章

現(xiàn)在大部分考生采取的托福閱讀的解題流程都是邊看文章邊做題,這么做效率會比較高一些,這種做法小編也是比較支持的,但在具體操作上,小編的建議是考生可以先看一下題目所屬的段落,然后再根據(jù)題目來逐段閱讀,也就是說,大家在開始看每段文章前,先把根據(jù)這段文章提出的幾道題目都簡單審一下題,之后再看文章邊看邊找答案。這種做法對于提升否定事實(shí)信息題的解題效率會很有幫助,先圈定了對應(yīng)段落,考生需要查看核對選項(xiàng)是否提及或是正確與否的范圍自然也會縮小很多,核對起信息來效率就能得到提升了。

以上面這一題為例,題目中直接告訴了大家這道題就是圍繞著paragraph4來出的,因此考生只需要關(guān)注這個(gè)段落就可以找到答案。如果考生先看過了題目,了解了4個(gè)選項(xiàng)的大概意思,之后再仔細(xì)閱讀一遍第四段,那么想要找出正確答案想必會省力很多。

2. 歸納段落大意和核心信息

確定好題目的對應(yīng)段落,接下來大家就需要在閱讀文章的同時(shí)歸納段落大意和核心信息了,因?yàn)榉穸ㄊ聦?shí)信息題涉及到的都是文章里的事實(shí)信息,所以考生只要對段落里包含的各類事實(shí)信息進(jìn)行整理歸納,再逐一對應(yīng)到選項(xiàng)上進(jìn)行排除就能迅速找到答案。

比如上面這道題,選項(xiàng)A對應(yīng)的是文章最后一句 “As Darwin himself admitted, “To suppose that the eye with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus for different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection”.

選項(xiàng)B對應(yīng)的是“One of the major holes in Darwin's theory revolves around “irreducibly complex systems.” An irreducibly complex system is known as a system where many different parts must all operate together. As a result, in the absence of one, the system as a whole collapses.”和“These complex systems, if so inter-reliant, would be resistant to Darwin's supposition of how evolution occurs”

選項(xiàng)C對應(yīng)的是“Consequently, as modern technology improves, science can identify these “irreducibly complex systems” even at microscopic levels.”

唯獨(dú)選項(xiàng)D沒有對應(yīng)內(nèi)容,文中提到的major hole是irreducibly complex systems而并非selective breeding,因此這個(gè)選項(xiàng)才是本題要選的選項(xiàng)。

托福閱讀考試需要留檢查時(shí)間嗎

托福閱讀考試的時(shí)間是按篇來給的,也就是每篇托福閱讀文章只給你20分鐘的時(shí)間完成,提早完成了第一篇,并不會給你下一篇留有更充足的時(shí)間。所以,即使你能提前做完一篇也只能檢查剛剛做完的這一篇,而一般情況下,這樣短的時(shí)間是檢查不出來什么錯(cuò)誤的,因?yàn)槟愕乃季S還是停留在寫答案的時(shí)候。

所以在托福閱讀考試中,我們應(yīng)該盡量爭取一次做對,閱讀時(shí)候速度可以比平時(shí)放慢一些,耐心讀取題目的中心句。另外可以在考試過程中對一些提問關(guān)鍵信息作下筆記,幫助你更迅速定位題目,因?yàn)槲恼卤旧硎菚吡翗?biāo)明一些問題中涉及的句子和要求解釋的單詞,所以有的時(shí)候連筆記都可以省掉。

另外大家要注意的就是時(shí)間來不及的情況。這就要求大家平時(shí)訓(xùn)練時(shí)候,還是堅(jiān)持一次性原則為好,盡量把答完一篇文章的時(shí)間控制在16分鐘內(nèi),這是一個(gè)參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn),如果達(dá)不到這個(gè)閱讀速度,面臨真題時(shí)候就會遭遇很大的難度,根本來不及檢查。

托福閱讀需要留檢查時(shí)間嗎?通過上面的內(nèi)容我們可以看出,在托福閱讀備考中,不提倡大家留托福閱讀檢查時(shí)間。這樣也可以促使大家在做題的時(shí)候比以前更加集中注意力,托福閱讀考試的正確率也就會有所增加。

托福閱讀:10秒搞定閱讀長難句的方法

閱讀中的長難句一直是讓大家頭疼的問題,且不說長難句中那些數(shù)不勝數(shù)的冗長單詞,就單單是那句子長度,動輒跨度好幾行,也足夠讓人心涼半截,究竟從何看起呢?下面新東方在線柳湘君老師就來教大家一種可以快速掌握的方法。

在托??荚嚨臅r(shí)候不可能也沒有時(shí)間把句子中的每個(gè)信息點(diǎn)都讀完,當(dāng)然句子這么長,也不可能所有的信息都是major idea。而我們要做的第一步當(dāng)然就是提取major idea,也就是所謂的主干。這個(gè)主干如何提取呢?

有人說,看句子的第一步當(dāng)然是劃出謂語動詞。但是柳湘君老師建議從介詞著手,介詞對于學(xué)生來說簡單并且容易識記,這樣他們就會很快地找出來。而介賓結(jié)構(gòu)一般是起修飾作用的,那絕不可能成為句子主干,學(xué)生們需要做的就是把它們找出并剔除掉就好了。我們來看下面一個(gè)例子:

Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by "crow's feet" wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.

此句話中的紅體字都是比較容易找出的介賓結(jié)構(gòu),當(dāng)我們把它們剔除掉之后,這個(gè)句子就變成:

Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by "crow's feet" wrinkles and a subtle drop so that the skin moves down slightly, can lead to pleasant feelings.

這一步做完之后可以發(fā)現(xiàn),句子已經(jīng)減少了不少內(nèi)容。接下來可以把起修飾作用的形容詞與副詞劃去。對于一個(gè)冗長的句子,做減法可以激發(fā)學(xué)生們把句子讀下去的欲望,何樂而不為呢?

做完減法之后,頭疼的問題來了,一個(gè)句子套一個(gè)句子,都是些什么從句?如何判斷?建議把這個(gè)句子作為一個(gè)整體框起來,然后暫且不當(dāng)它是句子,就當(dāng)成一個(gè)單詞,那么這個(gè)單詞在文中充當(dāng)?shù)氖鞘裁闯煞菟褪鞘裁磸木淞?。我們接著用上面那個(gè)例子。

首先在劃從句之前,可以把連接詞找出來,這對學(xué)生來說不是難事,比如說例句中的3個(gè)連接詞分別是that, which及so that。因?yàn)閣hich之前有一個(gè)逗點(diǎn),很容易判斷這是一個(gè)斷點(diǎn),那我們就先暫且不管that所在的部分,這樣就可以劃出兩個(gè)句子。

Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by "crow's feet" wrinkles and a subtle drop so that the skin moves down slightly, can lead to pleasant feelings.

于是,這個(gè)句子就變成

Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, A B, can lead to pleasant feelings.

我們把A B作為一個(gè)整體,就很容易看出其是修飾名詞smile的,充當(dāng)?shù)氖嵌ㄕZ的作用。而至于A與B的關(guān)系,我們只需要知道兩者是由so that引導(dǎo)的表示結(jié)果的關(guān)系就好。這個(gè)時(shí)候,我們再去看that引導(dǎo)的句子就容易多了。

Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, A B, can lead to pleasant feelings.

簡單說,這個(gè)句子就變成了Ekman has found C. 很容易判斷C在本句中是充當(dāng)賓語成份的,即賓語從句。

大家都知道,在英語語法中,定狀補(bǔ)都是作補(bǔ)充說明成分的,也是需要我們做減法剔除掉的信息,而賓語是作為主干存在的,是我們需要保留的信息。那么這個(gè)例句的主干最后就成了:

Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile can lead to pleasant feelings.

這樣一個(gè)句子相信大家理解起來就毫不費(fèi)勁了。由此可知,分析長難句其實(shí)就是通過做減法去修飾留主干的過程。

托福閱讀備考之長難句分析:管弦樂音響

The principal elements in behavioral thermoregulation are basking (heliothermy),heat exchange with substrates such as rock or earth (thigmothermy),and diurnal and annual avoidance behaviors,which include moving to shelter during the day for cooling and hibernating or estivating (reducing activity during cold or hot weather, respectively).( TPO40,48)

A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound,from a liquid,singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.

(介詞結(jié)構(gòu)from…to…作定語)

持續(xù)到19世紀(jì)的一系列機(jī)械上的改進(jìn),包括引入踏板以維持音調(diào)或使其柔和,改善金屬框架,以及使用最佳牲能的鋼絲,最終產(chǎn)生了一種具備無數(shù)音調(diào)效果的樂器——這些效果涵蓋了從最精致的和聲到幾乎全部的管弦樂音響,從明快流暢的吟唱音調(diào)到尖銳的打擊樂器的恢弘氣氛。

分句1:A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century;

分句2:including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it;

分句3:the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality;

分句4:finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects;

分句5:from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound;

分句6:from a liquid,singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance。

本句的真正的主句結(jié)構(gòu)其實(shí)是由分句1和分句4構(gòu)成,即A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects. 分句2和分句3并列修飾說明分句1中的A series of mechanical improvements,而分句5和分句6并列,修飾說明了分句4中的an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects.



托福閱讀雞肋題型否定事實(shí)信息題解題方法實(shí)例講解

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