托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)類文章解題技巧
托福考試中，托福閱讀的文章需要同學(xué)們根據(jù)不同類型的托福文章題材，掌握一定的解題技巧。下面小編就和大家分享托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)類文章解題技巧，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。
托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)類文章解題技巧
1.托福閱讀文章之學(xué)術(shù)篇的結(jié)構(gòu)
在托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)性文章中，一般需要具備三個(gè)組成部分：
(1)Topic 話題：即文章的主角是什么。比如講解某個(gè)科學(xué)理論、研究某種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象，探討某個(gè)歷史事件;
在托福文章中，這種導(dǎo)入性信息往往出現(xiàn)在篇首位置?？忌梢愿鶕?jù)篇首段信息對(duì)整篇文章所要討論的核心內(nèi)容有所了解;
(2)Aspects 方面：即將篇首的話題延伸拓展為若干個(gè)方面進(jìn)行闡述說(shuō)明。若話題為某個(gè)科學(xué)論點(diǎn)，則方面可能分為若干個(gè)支持論據(jù);若話題為某種自然現(xiàn)象，則方面可能分為若干個(gè)內(nèi)外成因;若話題為某個(gè)歷史事件，則方面為幾段發(fā)展時(shí)期;
在這種托福閱讀題材中，往往依照各個(gè)方面之間的層次關(guān)系，將各個(gè)方面拆分為若干個(gè)獨(dú)立的自然段落，共同組成行文主體;
(3)Attitude態(tài)度：即文章的作者對(duì)于所討論話題持怎樣的態(tài)度?；蚴欠e極肯定，或是消極否定，或是保持中立。
在托福文章中，態(tài)度往往是被較多的淡化甚至有可能省略不提。Topic話題 + Aspects方面 + Attitude態(tài)度，這三要素加起來(lái)就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)術(shù)論文體的"T+A+A篇章結(jié)構(gòu)"。托福文章大都遵循這種結(jié)構(gòu)，考生通過(guò)篇首段落信息來(lái)把控整個(gè)文章話題及大致討論方向，再抓住文章的各個(gè)段落主旨，便可洞悉整個(gè)文章脈絡(luò)和邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。
2.托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)性文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu)
托福閱讀學(xué)術(shù)性文章的自然段落，一般需要具備兩個(gè)組成部分：(1) Topic Sentence
主旨句：表達(dá)段落的主旨，即本段想要表達(dá)的核心內(nèi)容是什么;
(2) Detail 細(xì)節(jié)：為了詳細(xì)說(shuō)明段落中心含義，所羅列的相關(guān)支持內(nèi)容，即本段通過(guò)哪些例證來(lái)闡明主旨句。
Topic Sentence主旨句 + Detail細(xì)節(jié)，這兩個(gè)要素加起來(lái)就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)術(shù)論文體的"TS+D段落結(jié)構(gòu)"。托福文章段落大都遵循這種結(jié)構(gòu)，考生通過(guò)段落主旨句就可以把握該段的中心含義。
總結(jié)：當(dāng)考生們了解了這種TAA篇章結(jié)構(gòu)和TS+D段落結(jié)構(gòu)的行文規(guī)律后，對(duì)文章框架的把握就會(huì)做到心里有數(shù)，更有利于提高托福閱讀速度和定位有效信息的準(zhǔn)確度。
托福閱讀背景知識(shí)：工業(yè)革命
正是因?yàn)楣I(yè)革命的重要性，托?？荚嚪浅Ｇ嗖A它--工業(yè)革命的發(fā)展特點(diǎn)、歷史甚至與之相關(guān)的蒸汽機(jī)、能源問(wèn)題都是在閱讀和聽(tīng)力中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的話題。
官方真題Official26中就曾出現(xiàn)蒸汽機(jī)以及蒸汽機(jī)改良相關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)描述：
In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a variety of
industrial uses as it became cheaper to use....A rotary(轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的，旋轉(zhuǎn)的)engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts (轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸)to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton.
同一篇中，談到工業(yè)革命中鋼鐵行業(yè)的發(fā)展，也具體到很多細(xì)節(jié)：
The availability of steam power and the demands for new machines facilitated the transformation of the iron industry. Charcoal(木炭),made from wood and
thus in limited supply, was replaced with coal-derived coke(焦炭)(substance left after coal is heated)
as steam-driven bellows(風(fēng)箱)came into use for producing of raw iron. Impurities were burnt away with the use of coke, producing a high-quality refined iron(精鐵).Reduced cost was
also instrumental in developing steam-powered rolling mills capable
of producing finished iron(高純度的鐵)of various shapes and sizes.
這里幫大家整理一下工業(yè)革命主要產(chǎn)業(yè)及背景大家要記得記筆記哦。
紡織產(chǎn)業(yè)(textile industry)：
紡織機(jī)的演化：飛梭(Flying shuttle)→杼箱→珍妮紡紗機(jī)(Spinning Jenny)→騾機(jī)(Spinning Mule)→水力織布機(jī)→蒸汽動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)運(yùn)輸行業(yè)革新：
1776年煤礦(colliery)中使用鐵軌;
1814年運(yùn)煤的蒸汽機(jī)車問(wèn)世;1825年世界上第一條鐵路;
1844年，英國(guó)鐵路長(zhǎng)達(dá)2235英里;
鋼鐵行業(yè)革新：
1709年，焦炭(coke)取代木炭(charcoal)煉鐵;
1750年，坩堝煉鋼工藝(steelmaking process)，歐洲歷史上鋼首次被熔化冶煉(smelt)。
托福閱讀真題原題+題目
The first flying vertebrates were true reptiles in which one of the fingers of the front limbs became very elongated, providing support for a flap of stretched skin that served as a wing. These were the pterosaurs, literally the winged lizards. The earliest pterosaurs arose near the end of the Triassic period of the Mesozoic Era, some 70 million years before the first known fossils of true birds occur, and they presumably dominated the skies until they were eventually displaced by birds. Like the dinosaurs, some the pterosaurs became gigantic; the largest fossil discovered is of an individual that had a wingspan of 50 feet or more, larger than many airplanes. These flying reptiles had large, tooth-filled jaws, but their bodies were small and probably without the necessary powerful muscles for sustained wing movement. They must have been expert gliders, not skillful fliers, relying on wind power for their locomotion.
Birds, despite sharing common reptilian ancestors with pterosaurs, evolved quite separately and have been much more successful in their dominance of the air. They are an example of a common theme in evolution, the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason — in this case, for flight. Although the fossil record, as always, is not complete enough to determine definitively the evolutionary lineage of the birds or in as much detail as one would like, it is better in this case than for many other animal groups. That is because of the unusual preservation in a limestone quarry in southern Germany of Archaeopteryx, a fossil that many have called the link between dinosaurs and birds. Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs. They have the skull and teeth of a reptile as well as a bony tail, but in the line-grained limestone in which these fossils occur there are delicate impressions of feathers and fine details of bone structure that make it clear that Archaeopteryx was a bird. All birds living today, from the great condors of the Andes to the tiniest wrens, trace their origin back to the Mesozoic dinosaurs.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Characteristics of pterosaur wings
(B) The discovery of fossil remains of Archaeopteryx
(C) Reasons for the extinction of early flying vertebrates
(D) The development of flight in reptiles and birds
2. Which of the following is true of early reptile wings?
(A) They evolved from strong limb muscles.
(B) They consisted of an extension of skin.
(C) They connected the front and back limbs.
(D) They required fingers of equal length.
3. The word literally in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) creating
(B) meaning
(C) related to
(D) simplified
4. It can be inferred from the passage that birds were probably dominant in the skies
(A) in the early Triassic period
(B) before the appearance of pterosaurs
(C) after the decline of pterosaurs
(D) before dinosaurs could be found on land.
5. The author mentions airplanes in line 8 in order to
(A) illustrate the size of wingspans in some pterosaurs
(B) compare the energy needs of dinosaurs with those of modern machines
(C) demonstrate the differences between mechanized flight and animal flight
(D) establish the practical applications of the study of fossils
6. The word They in line 10 refers to
(A) powerful muscles
(B) bodies
(C) jaws
(D) flying reptiles
7. According to the passage , pterosaurs were probably not skillful fliers (lines 10-11) because
(A) of their limited wingspan
(B) of their disproportionately large bodies
(C) they lacked muscles needed for extended flight
(D) climate conditions of the time provided insufficient wind power
8. In paragraph 2, the author discusses the development of flight in birds as resulting from
(A) a similarity in body structure to pterosaurs
(B) an evolution from pterosaurs
(C) the dominance of birds and pterosaurs over land animals
(D) a separate but parallel development process to that of pterosaurs
9. The word classified in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) perfected
(B) replaced
(C) categorized
(D) protected
10. Which of the following helped researchers determine that Archaeopteryx was not a dinosaur?
(A) Its tail
(B) Its teeth
(C) The shape of its skull
(D) Details of its bone structure
11. What is the significance of the discovery that was made in southern Germany?
(A) It is thought to demonstrate that birds evolved from dinosaurs.
(B) It is proof that the climate and soils of Europe have changed over time.
(C) It suggests that dinosaurs were dominant in areas rich in limestone.
(D) It supports the theory that Archaeopteryx was a powerful dinosaur.
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