托福閱讀之科技詞匯

陳鈴1147由分享時(shí)間：2020-10-10 09:32:37

托福閱讀中，經(jīng)常會(huì)涉及到一些學(xué)術(shù)類(lèi)和科技類(lèi)的話(huà)題，其中包含了各種類(lèi)型的科技托福詞匯，下面小編就和大家分享托福閱讀之科技詞匯，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。

托福閱讀之科技詞匯

托福閱讀中：天文.宇宙

heavenly body　(天體)

astrology　(占星術(shù))

astronomy　(天文學(xué))

constellation　(星座)

Galaxy (銀河)

galactic nebula　(銀河星云)

satellite　(衛(wèi)星)

planet　(行星)

asteroid　(小行星)

meteor　(流星)

meteorite　(隕石)

托福閱讀中：化學(xué)

hydurochloric　(鹽酸)

sulfuric acid　(硫酸)

reduction　(還原)

oxygen　(氧)

hydrogen　(氫)

nitrogen　(氮)

carbon　(炭)

neutralize　(中和)

filter　(過(guò)濾)

deposit　(沉淀)

oxidize　(氧化)

acid　(酸)

alkalinity　(堿性)

saturation　(飽和)

evaoration　(蒸發(fā))

chemical symbol　(化學(xué)記號(hào))

chemical action　(化學(xué)作用)

chemical reaction　(化學(xué)反應(yīng))

chemical equation　(化學(xué)方程式)

lead　(鉛)

zinc　(鋅)

aluminum　(鋁)

cadmium　(鎘)

uranium　(鈾)

tin　(錫)

alloy　(合金)

(c)地球.天氣

earth's axis　(地軸)

latitude　(緯度)

longitude　(經(jīng)度)

subtropical　(亞熱帶的)

subfrigid　(亞寒帶的)

archipelago　(群島)

humidity　(溫度)

air current　(氣流)

front　(鋒面)

earthquake　(地震)

epicenter　(震央)

erosion　(侵蝕)

reef　(礦脈)

glacier　(冰河)

iceberg　(冰山)

meander　(曲折)

tributary　(支流)

delta　(三角洲)

(d)電氣

generate　(發(fā)電)

charge　(充電)

ammeter　(電流表)

voltmeter　(電壓表)

electrode　(電極)

cf. cathode(陰極)，anode(陽(yáng)極)

electronics　(電子工學(xué))

semi-conductor　(半導(dǎo)體)

terminal　(接頭)

托福閱讀考試真題練習(xí)之16世紀(jì)的英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)

正文

In the last half of the sixteenth century England emerged as a commercial and manufacturing power in Europe due to a combination of demographic, agricultural and industrial factors. The population of England and Wales grew rapidly from about 2.5 million in the 1520s to more than 3.5 million in 1580, reaching about 4.5 million in 1610. Reduced mortality rates and increased fertility, the latter probably generated by expanding work opportunities in manufacturing and farming (leading to earlier marriage and more children), explained this rapid population. While epidemics rise in plague and occasionally took their toll, the people in England still suffered less than did those in continental Europe. Furthermore, the country had been pulled out of the war that occurred in France and central Europe during the same period.

在十六世紀(jì)的后半期，由于人口因素，農(nóng)業(yè)和工業(yè)因素的綜合作用，英國(guó)成為歐洲的商業(yè)和制造業(yè)強(qiáng)國(guó)。英格蘭和威爾士的人口從1520年的約250萬(wàn)增長(zhǎng)到1580年的350多萬(wàn)，在1610年達(dá)到約450萬(wàn)。降低死亡率和提高生育率，后者可能是通過(guò)擴(kuò)大制造業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)工作機(jī)會(huì)導(dǎo)致早婚和更多的孩子)，解釋了人口的迅速增長(zhǎng)。雖然瘟疫引起疫情上升，偶爾也會(huì)造成傷害，但英國(guó)人民受到的傷害仍然比歐洲大陸人民更少。此外，英國(guó)在同一時(shí)期已經(jīng)從法國(guó)和中歐發(fā)生的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中退出。

England provides the prominent example of the expansion of agricultural production well before the general European agricultural revolution of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. A larger population stimulated the increased woollen through crop civilization. English agriculture became more efficient and market-oriented than almost anywhere else the continent.Between 1450 and 1640 the yield of grain per acre increased by the least thirty percent. In sharp contrast with farming in Spain, English land owners brought more dense marshes and woodlands into cultivation.

英格蘭在十八世紀(jì)和十九世紀(jì)的歐洲農(nóng)業(yè)革命之前就提供了農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)擴(kuò)張的突出例子。更多的人口通過(guò)農(nóng)業(yè)文明促進(jìn)了羊毛的產(chǎn)量。英國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)比大陸其他地區(qū)更加高效和以市場(chǎng)為導(dǎo)向。

1450年至1640年間，每英畝谷物產(chǎn)量增加了至少30%。與西班牙的農(nóng)業(yè)形成鮮明對(duì)比的是，英國(guó)的土地所有者將種植帶到了更密集的沼澤和林地。

The great land estates of the English society largely remained intact and many wealthy land owners aggressively increased the size of their holdings, a precondition for increased productivity. Marriages between the children of landowners also increased the size of land estates. Primogeniture (the full inheritance of land by the eldest son) helped prevent land from being subdivided. Younger sons of independent land owners left the family and went locations. Larger contributed more commercialized farming at the time when an expanding population pushed up demand and prices. Farmland owners turned part of their land into pastureland for sheep in order to adapt to developing woollen trade.

英國(guó)社會(huì)的大型土地資產(chǎn)基本上保持完好，許多富裕的地主積極增加其所持有的土地面積，這是提高生產(chǎn)力的先決條件。土地所有者子女之間的婚姻也增加了土地的規(guī)模。長(zhǎng)子繼承(長(zhǎng)子對(duì)土地的完全繼承)有助于防止土地被細(xì)分。年輕的獨(dú)立土地所有者的兒子離開(kāi)了家庭并遷往了繼承區(qū)。當(dāng)越來(lái)越多的人口推高需求和價(jià)格時(shí)，商品農(nóng)業(yè)貢獻(xiàn)也越來(lái)越大。地主將其部分土地變成羊地牧場(chǎng)，以適應(yīng)發(fā)展羊毛貿(mào)易。

Some of the great land owners as well as Yeomen (farmers whose holdings and and status), organized security of land tenure guaranteed their prosperity their holdings in the interest efficiency. Many farmers selected crops for sales in growing London market. In their quest for greater profits, many land owners put their squeeze on their tenants. Between 1580 and 1620 land lords raised rents and altered conditions of land tenure in their favor, preferring shorter phases and forcing tenants to pay an entry fee before agreeing to rent them land. Landlords evicted those who could not afford annual, more onerous terms. But they also pushed tenants toward more productive farming methods, including crop rotation.

一些大地主和Yeomen(擁有土地和地位的農(nóng)民)組織土地使用權(quán)保障，保證他們的持續(xù)獲利。許多農(nóng)民在倫敦市場(chǎng)上選擇了作物進(jìn)行銷(xiāo)售。為了獲得更多的利潤(rùn)，許多地主對(duì)租戶(hù)進(jìn)行打壓。在1580年至1620年之間，地主提出租金和改變土地使用權(quán)的條件，以減少階段，迫使租戶(hù)同意在租用土地之前支付入場(chǎng)費(fèi)。地主們驅(qū)逐那些無(wú)法承受年度收費(fèi)或更加繁重條款的人。但他們也推動(dòng)租戶(hù)采用包括輪作在內(nèi)的更有效的耕作方式。

England's exceptional economic development also drew the country's natural resources,including iron, timber, and coal, extracted in far greater quantity than elsewhere in the continent. New industrial development expanded the production of iron and pewter in and around the city of Birmingham. But above all textile manufacturing transformed English economy. Woolens, which accounted for eighty percent of the exports, worsteds (sturdy yarn spun from combed wool fibers), and other cloth found eager buyers in England as well as in the continent. Moreover, late in the sixteenth century as English merchants began making forays across the Atlantic these textiles were also sold in the Americas. Cloth manufacturers undercut production by urban craftspeople by "putting out" work to the villages and farms of the countryside. In such domestic industry poor rural women could spin and make cading (combing fibers in preparation for spin) in their homes.

英國(guó)特殊的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展也引起了該國(guó)的自然資源的開(kāi)采，包括鐵，木材和煤炭，這些資源的開(kāi)采量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)歐洲其他地區(qū)。新的工業(yè)發(fā)展擴(kuò)大了伯明翰市內(nèi)和周?chē)蔫F和錫的生產(chǎn)。但最重要的是紡織品制造改變了英國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)。占出口百分之八十的毛紡織品(精梳羊毛纖維紡制的堅(jiān)固紗線(xiàn))以及其他布料在英格蘭和非洲大陸都有發(fā)現(xiàn)。此外，十六世紀(jì)末期，隨著英國(guó)商人開(kāi)始在大西洋上運(yùn)輸這些紡織品，這些紡織品也在美洲銷(xiāo)售。城市手工業(yè)者通過(guò)向農(nóng)村的農(nóng)村和農(nóng)場(chǎng)“推銷(xiāo)”工作，使布廠(chǎng)商減產(chǎn)。在這樣的家庭工業(yè)中，貧窮的農(nóng)村婦女可以在家中紡紗并制作皮毛(梳理纖維以備紡紗)。

The English textile trade was closely tied to Antwerp, in the Spanish Netherlands,where workers dyed English cloth. The entrepreneur Sir Thomas Gresham became England's representative there. He so enhanced the reputation of English business in that region that English merchants could operate on credit---the most prominent achievement for sixteenth century. He also advised the government to explore the economic possibilities of Americas, which led to the first concerted efforts at colonization,undertaken with commercial profits in mind.

英國(guó)紡織品貿(mào)易與荷蘭西班牙的安特衛(wèi)普緊密相連，工人們?cè)谶@里染制英國(guó)布。企業(yè)家托馬斯·格雷沙姆爵士成為英格蘭的代表。他提高了該地區(qū)英國(guó)商業(yè)的聲譽(yù)，使英國(guó)商人能夠以信貸的方式運(yùn)作--這是十六世紀(jì)最顯著的成就。他還在考慮到了商業(yè)利益的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)政府探索美洲的經(jīng)濟(jì)可能性提出建議，這最終促成了殖民化的首次共同努力。

題目

Para.1

1. The word “generated” is closest in meaning to

A. produced

B. strengthened

C. followed

D. dominated

2. The word “Furthermore” is closest in meaning to

A. However

B. In addition

C. Similarly

D. In general

Para.3

3. The phrase "conducive to" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. a result of

B. favorable to

C. able to

D. expanded to

Para.4

4. The word “quest” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. organization

B. exchange

C. search

D. argument

Para.5

5. The word “exceptional” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. predictable

B. initial

C. extraordinary

D. complex

Answer

1. A

2. B

3. B

4. C

5. C

托福閱讀背景知識(shí)匯總之黃金之都舊金山

加利福尼亞州

舊金山，美國(guó)西部最早開(kāi)發(fā)的大都市，它是早期華人集居的地方，因此亦稱(chēng)為“大埠”。整個(gè)城市環(huán)山抱海，充滿(mǎn)了詩(shī)情畫(huà)意。它是美國(guó)太平洋岸的大商港，也是美國(guó)西部的金融中心，舊金山彌漫著浪漫的藝術(shù)氣氛，它是各種稀奇古怪文化滋生的地方，如六十年代的“嬉皮”和近年來(lái)的“同性戀”都是舊金山的產(chǎn)物。

金門(mén)大橋GoldenGateBridge

是橫跨金門(mén)海峽的大橋，全長(zhǎng)2.656公里，在濃霧或夕陽(yáng)掩映下，氣勢(shì)雄偉，為世界名橋之一。

金門(mén)園GoldenGatePark

是全世界最大的植物栽植公園。原為一砂丘，現(xiàn)已成綠色公園。

漁人碼頭Fisherman’s Wharf

該處雖稱(chēng)為漁人碼頭，實(shí)際已成為舊金山主要觀(guān)光地點(diǎn)之一。各國(guó)觀(guān)光客來(lái)到舊金山照例要來(lái)這里享受一頓新鮮美味的海產(chǎn)宴。附近還有海洋公園的Aquatic Park博物館等。

聯(lián)合廣場(chǎng)Union Square

名副其實(shí)是舊金山市的商業(yè)中心，旅社、商店、百貨公司林立。聯(lián)合廣場(chǎng)本身以美西戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)勝利紀(jì)念塔為中心，周?chē)忻利惖幕▔?。附近并有纜車(chē)，通往漁人碼頭。

雙子丘Twin Peaks

舊金山市中心的兩個(gè)山丘，登臨其上可眺望太平洋、舊金山灣、金門(mén)橋、以及對(duì)岸的奧克蘭。當(dāng)然，舊金山市景盡收眼底。

加州大學(xué)(柏克萊)UniversityofCalifornia

校本部位于舊金山灣東岸，是太平洋沿岸最大的大學(xué)。校區(qū)內(nèi)有露天希臘劇場(chǎng)、意大利文藝復(fù)興時(shí)代式的鐘樓。