托福閱讀背景知識材料補充
托福閱讀背景知識材料補充, 站著辦公的風(fēng)險你知道嗎?今天小編給大家?guī)砹送懈ｉ喿x背景知識材料補充，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
托福閱讀背景知識材料補充 站著辦公的風(fēng)險你知道嗎?
托福閱讀背景知識文章：站著辦公的風(fēng)險
A new study says that standing up at your desk doesn’t actually decrease your risk of death-by-office, unless you’re physically active otherwise.
新研究表明：除非經(jīng)常鍛煉，否則站著工作也不會降低猝死風(fēng)險。
After several studies asserted that sitting at work all day is slowly killing us, researchers at the University of Exeter and University College London took another look at the claims. The Washington Post reports:
此前，已有多項研究表明，久坐會慢慢地致人死亡。但?？巳卮髮W(xué)和倫敦大學(xué)學(xué)院的幾位研究員卻從另一角度進行了研究。華盛頓郵報報道：
Researchers tracked 16 years’ worth of health data from 5,132 people in the Whitehall II study cohort. Participants reported their total time sitting and how long they sat during four different situations: at work, watching television, leisure time and non-television leisure time. Researchers also tracked time spent walking daily and on physical activity.
此次研究的調(diào)查對象來自白廳二級定群研究，共5132人。研究人員對他們長達16年的健康數(shù)據(jù)進行了跟蹤。調(diào)查對象需匯報他們坐下的總時長，以及在四種不同場合——工作、看電視、業(yè)余活動，以及不看電視的業(yè)余活動——分別坐下的時長。研究人員還跟蹤調(diào)查了他們每日步行和運動的時長。
After controlling for a number of factors, including diet and general health, researchers found the overall mortality risk for these participants wasn’t influenced by how long they sat or by the kind of sitting. And the researchers cautioned that too much emphasis on not sitting shouldn’t take the place of promoting physical activity.
研究人員在控制了包括飲食、整體健康在內(nèi)的許多變量后，發(fā)現(xiàn)：調(diào)查對象的總死亡率不受久坐時間和坐姿的影響。研究人員告誡稱，人們不應(yīng)過份強調(diào)久坐的風(fēng)險，而忽視強調(diào)運動的重要。
What’s particularly interesting about the study, published in the International Journal of Epidemiology, is that researchers didn’t just focus on sitting during the workday, but factored in all kinds of sitting-specific data as well as rates of physical activity. Their conclusion was that “sitting time was not associated with all-cause mortality risk.” Basically, more elements are in play than just whether you’re sitting down at work, and your levels of physical activity are the greatest health indicator.
這項研究發(fā)表在《國際流行病學(xué)雜志》上。其中特別有趣的是，研究員沒有只研究人們在工作時的久坐情況，還考慮到了各種相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)和運動頻率。其結(jié)論是“久坐與全因死亡率無關(guān)”?？偠灾?，影響健康的元素很多，不僅僅在于是否在工作時久坐。最能體現(xiàn)健康狀況的是鍛煉情況。
So what does this all mean? It appears that the act of working while standing up—which has become a trendy thing to do, especially in tech offices—doesn’t help your health, if you’re not actually exercising otherwise. If you never make it to the gym, you might as well just sit down. This is good news for the makers of treadmill desks, however.
所以這到底意味著什么?現(xiàn)在流行站著辦公，科技公司尤為突出。但是如果不鍛煉，站著工作也似乎沒什么用;如果永遠都不去健身，還不如就坐著呢。這對跑步機辦公桌的生產(chǎn)商來說，可是個好消息。
The last office where I worked jumped on the standing desk trend hard, installing desks that could be raised for all workers. They also had a treadmill desk, and a bike desk. While the option to stand is certainly nice as a change in the middle of a monotonous workday, this research suggests it’s not the cure-all that adherents would like to claim.
我之前工作的地方勉強跟上了站立式辦公桌的潮流，裝上了可隨意調(diào)節(jié)高度的桌子。此外，還有一張跑步機辦公桌和一張自行車辦公桌。當(dāng)然，在乏味的工作之余能站著工作也是個不錯的選擇，但研究表明，站著工作并不是所謂的萬靈丹。
“Our study overturns current thinking on the health risks of sitting and indicates that the problem lies in the absence of movement rather than the time spent sitting itself,” study author Melvyn Hillsdon of the University of Exeter said in a statement. “Any stationary posture where energy expenditure is low may be detrimental to health, be it sitting or standing.”
“我們的研究推翻了當(dāng)下人們對久坐危害的認(rèn)知，并指出危害健康的原因在于缺乏鍛煉，而不是久坐，”來自?？巳卮髮W(xué)的研究作者梅爾文·希爾斯頓在一份聲明中說道?！吧眢w靜止不動，能量消耗就低，從而危害健康，不管是坐著還是站著都一樣。”
The takeaway here is companies that truly want to assist worker health should invest money in options like free exercise classes and gym reimbursements. They should encourage employees to go outside and actually walk around, not simply stand up at their computers. And maybe it means that everyone who insists that standing up is the only way to work can climb down off their high desk.
這表明，真正關(guān)心員工健康的公司應(yīng)該把錢花在購買免費運動課程和報銷健身費用上。公司應(yīng)鼓勵員工走出辦公室，四處走走，而不是只在電腦前站著工作。或許這意味著那些堅信“站著是唯一解決辦法”的人終于能從高高的桌子上爬下來了。
托福閱讀素材：如何幫助一個應(yīng)屆生找到工作
You probably know someone who's graduating from college this year. And what would Amazon or Pinterest suggest you give this brave soul who's walking over coals to the hellish world of job searching? A pen. (A nice pen, but a pen.) Or a mug with an inspirational quote printed on it. Or a business card holder.
You know what would be more helpful than those gifts? A job. Preferably a job with a desk, where this graduate can use her pen, drink from her mug and store her business cards.
Luckily, you – yes, you – can help give that greatest gift of all. Here's how to help a newbie job seeker land a job:
1. Start by looking within your company. Don't see any entry-level jobs listed for your company? That may be because those positions often go unlisted and are filled by internal referrals, says Brian Krueger, founder and CEO of CollegeGrad.com, an entry-level job search site, and author of "The College Grad Job Hunter." That's where you come in, passing the job seeker's résumé to your human resources department. "If they're a good person for your company, go ahead and refer them internally," he says. "And you may make a nice little employee referral bonus for making that connection."
Even if there isn't an open and relevant position available for your contact right now, this referral may help both the recent grad and HR department in the future. Keep in mind that entry-level positions often have high turnover, Krueger says. And consider how larger companies sometimes hire numerous entry-level employees at once, and how usually a few of them will back out of the program just before it begins, he adds. Where do you think the HR team will turn in those situations, when they've got to do some speedy hiring? "If you've got an employee referral sitting there, waiting, that person may be given first consideration and very little competition for that entry-level position if and when it comes up," Krueger says.
2. Reach out to your network. Share the job seeker's résumé with folks outside your company, too. If there's not much crossover between what you do and what the new grad wants to do, remember: "You may have other connections outside of your job type and industry," Krueger says. Is there anyone in your book club or yoga class who could help? What about neighbors or family members? Shoot them the résumé, and encourage them to pass it along to whomever may be interested.
In fact, that's where things get interesting. "It's not necessarily who you know, it's who they know," Krueger says. Maybe there's not much cooking among your connections or even your connections' connections. But the more folks forward the referral, the more eyes (and potential employers) will see it. "Networking is a numbers game," Krueger says, and it's in those third-level contacts and beyond "where the numbers explode."
Even as the number of professionals who see the résumé grows exponentially, the fact that the process began as a firsthand referral keeps it personal – unlike if the new grad blindly applied to a job online. Krueger says this method is particularly helpful for finding roles in small companies that have few, unadvertised openings. When companies want to fill those positions, "they're looking at that internal pipeline of people they already know," he says.
3. Invite the grad to shadow you. "Shadowing is a very classic way of mentoring and helping people," says Dan Schawbel, career and millennial expert and author of "Promote Yourself: The New Rules for Career Success." After getting permission from your company, "get this student or recent graduate to come in, and show them firsthand what it’s like to work in an office environment in your profession or industry."
Schawbel points out that shadowing may help the grad determine what he or she wants – or doesn't want – to do. (Those 9 a.m. conference calls aren't very fun, are they?)
To assure the day goes smoothly for both the shadower and the shadowee, check out these four tipsoutlined by Monster.
4. Help with mock interviews. "We train [students] to read things, know things and take the test," Krueger says. "You can't read interview questions, know the answer and go to the interview. You actually have to practice." Here's where you, a list of common interview questions and your phone's video feature come in. And you don't have to be a career expert to be helpful.
"All you're doing is asking them the questions and giving them the opportunity to respond," he says. "The best part of the mock interview is not necessarily your feedback, but the opportunity to see themselves answering interview questions [and] getting that practice to actually do it."
5. Be a coach. Again, no expertise necessary. "Sometimes the hardest part of job searching is getting started and making that your full-time job until you get a full-time job," he says. And you can help keep the grad motivated.
Krueger suggests simply listening to the job seeker's plans and goals for the week – say, reaching out to 30 companies and securing three interviews –and then checking in on how they played out. If applicable, talk about how you can help tweak the strategy. For example, if the job seeker contacted those 30 companies and got no bites, brainstorm more effective ways to communicate with potential employers.
"That's different than Mom and Dad saying, 'Do you have a job yet?,'" Krueger says, because you're holding the grad accountable for her own goals. You're just giving a nudge – which is more useful than a pen.
托福閱讀素材之“慢藝術(shù)”
Slow art is art created or presented in a way that encourages unhurried viewing and deep contemplation; a work of art that unfolds over a long time.
“慢藝術(shù)”是為了鼓勵人們從容觀看和深思而創(chuàng)造或展示的藝術(shù)，是讓你花長時間去欣賞的一件藝術(shù)品。
Famous art critic Robert Hughes wrote that “We have had a gutful of fast art and fast food. What we need more of is slow art: art that holds time as a vase holds water; art that grows out of modes of perception and whose skill and doggedness make you think and feel; art that isn’t merely sensational, that doesn’t get its message across in 10 seconds, that isn’t falsely iconic, that hooks onto something deep-running in our natures.”
著名藝術(shù)評論家羅伯特?休斯曾寫道：“我們已經(jīng)受夠了快藝術(shù)和快餐。我們更需要的是慢藝術(shù)：那些能承載時間的藝術(shù)，就像花瓶能承載水一樣;那些領(lǐng)會了各種感知方式，靈活又固執(zhí)地讓你去思考和感受的藝術(shù);那些不只帶來一時震撼，也不會在10秒內(nèi)迅速傳遞信息的藝術(shù)，這種藝術(shù)不是虛假的偶像文化，而是直抵人性深處的真實?！?/p>
A number of museums now offer “slow art” tours or days that encourage visitors to take their time. Rather than check master works off a list as if on a scavenger hunt, you can make a sprawling museum digestible and personal by seeking out only those works that dovetail with your interests.
不少博物館現(xiàn)在都提供“慢藝術(shù)”游覽項目或鼓勵游客從容觀賞的“慢藝術(shù)日”。你不必像食腐動物狩獵一般把大師杰作飛速地一覽而盡，而是可以找出那些對你口味的作品，然后慢慢地去消化吸收，讓你的博物館之旅變得個性化
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