如何修煉GRE閱讀文章的邏輯思想

如何修煉GRE閱讀文章的邏輯思想，快來(lái)一起學(xué)習(xí)吧，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。

如何修煉GRE閱讀文章的邏輯思想

修煉必備：“心靜”，“萬(wàn)事皆空”，無(wú)所欲，無(wú)所求。什么兒女私情，恩怨情仇都統(tǒng)統(tǒng)放下，只有GRE閱讀文章的邏輯思想在你腦中流淌，筆者每逢心亂如麻時(shí)，都會(huì)塞一張KARUNESH的〈ZEN BREAKFAST>或SECRET GARDEN的專(zhuān)集來(lái)聽(tīng)，這時(shí)什么煩惱都沒(méi)了。好，告別了你的愛(ài)人，朋友，兄弟，現(xiàn)在找一個(gè)沒(méi)人打擾的地方，面對(duì)GRE閱讀，開(kāi)始解剖它。為了達(dá)到高速度，高效率原則，我在下面切實(shí)讓每個(gè)字都讓大家感到有用!

1.文章套路：

(1)新老觀點(diǎn)：首段先提出老觀點(diǎn)，多以traditionally, some什么學(xué)者，most什么學(xué)家，或者時(shí)間上的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)(與recent, contemporary相對(duì)立)來(lái)引出，然后來(lái)一個(gè)However, nevertheless, yet, unfortunately, regretful, pity等引出新觀點(diǎn)。注意這里我們立刻在3秒內(nèi)判斷出是該類(lèi)型后，迅速反映TOPIC在However之處，主題題的答案就是新老對(duì)比，辭舊迎新，定位關(guān)鍵詞：對(duì)比的對(duì)象(文章的主體事物)，新舊的交鋒(comparison, contrast等)。但是注意若是問(wèn)作者態(tài)度題，那么我們現(xiàn)在應(yīng)持保守態(tài)度，千萬(wàn)注意，在后半部分作者可能會(huì)給出削弱證據(jù)，甚至否定!!所以，我們不要make a hasty generalization!另外，我們立刻反應(yīng)兩種觀點(diǎn)“強(qiáng)對(duì)比，互取非”!有時(shí)作者會(huì)列出幾個(gè)老觀點(diǎn)，幾個(gè)新觀點(diǎn)，但最終記住：永遠(yuǎn)只同意一個(gè)新觀點(diǎn)，比如經(jīng)典N(xiāo)O題范文phytoplankton與zooplankton,所以要抓住最后作者同意的那個(gè)，要作到“不見(jiàn)真佛不磕頭”!注意：不要去刻意去背誦所有出現(xiàn)過(guò)的判斷類(lèi)型標(biāo)志，或是轉(zhuǎn)折詞，看的多了也就熟了，我們是去識(shí)別而已，就象我們都可以在路上很容易識(shí)別出一個(gè)dazzling girl，盡管我們中很少有人能夠合理說(shuō)出“美女”的standard是什么，但我們一看到，就大呼：“美女!”說(shuō)是遲，那是快，立刻反應(yīng)她與周?chē)目铸埵恰皬?qiáng)對(duì)比，互取非”的關(guān)系，然后毫不猶豫朝她奔去!

(2)現(xiàn)象解釋型：這種題型考邏輯organization最簡(jiǎn)單，永遠(yuǎn)是a phenomenon is presented, following several opinions/explanations，所以這類(lèi)題往往難在細(xì)節(jié)題上。那么，解決方法就是分層!這種文章條理很清楚的，即使在復(fù)雜冗長(zhǎng)的LSAT閱讀中也不例外，如第二套的Passage3關(guān)于adaptive responses的經(jīng)典解釋型文章，一旦分了層，定位方便很多。首先現(xiàn)象提出句單獨(dú)一大層，以下各理由各是一小層，如果這些理由是并列的，那么它們之間是無(wú)交集的，于是就某個(gè)理由考細(xì)節(jié)時(shí)，選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)其他理由中事物的必錯(cuò)無(wú)疑。作者的態(tài)度，如果沒(méi)有明確的“情態(tài)形容詞或副詞”，那么考態(tài)度永遠(yuǎn)是“objective”!

(3)結(jié)論解釋型：首先提出一個(gè)assertion,后面沒(méi)有However等轉(zhuǎn)折詞，即為該類(lèi)型。這類(lèi)題注重作者對(duì)各觀點(diǎn)的態(tài)度評(píng)價(jià)，而自己的意見(jiàn)觀點(diǎn)永遠(yuǎn)在最后!這里由于是解釋性的觀點(diǎn)，各門(mén)各派都會(huì)玩盡花樣，拿出舉例，正反之辯，分類(lèi)等段來(lái)引你相信，那么太好了，舉例處——考EXCEPT，羅馬題;正反之辯——考取非，分類(lèi)——細(xì)節(jié)推斷，此時(shí)拿出自己在集中突破中的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式與直覺(jué)作好準(zhǔn)備，ETS的傻瓜們要上鉤了!

(4)問(wèn)題解決型：出現(xiàn)problem, puzzle, difficulty等，或是一個(gè)設(shè)問(wèn)形式，那么問(wèn)題解決型來(lái)了。比如國(guó)內(nèi)題中的環(huán)保文章，開(kāi)始列出許多方案，最終能有的推翻了，少有的保留了下來(lái)，記?。赫胬碛肋h(yuǎn)掌握在少數(shù)人手里，大多數(shù)人贊同采用的方法最終一定是玩完了的那種，而似乎不可思議的方案最終獲勝。注意為什么獲勝的細(xì)節(jié)，其他方案玩完的失敗原因是什么，至少對(duì)是哪個(gè)方向上的失敗有印象，這樣這點(diǎn)印象足以讓你免去定位就將答案選出，這種題一般為細(xì)節(jié)題和取非題?？朔嗽撌?，就是成功的，實(shí)現(xiàn)取非答案功能。

2.固定思想(cynicism):這是ETS的弱點(diǎn)，但是我一向覺(jué)得在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)去想這些無(wú)多大價(jià)值，如果你實(shí)力達(dá)到突破后的境界，那么這點(diǎn)無(wú)用。但是許多人視之為救命稻草，我認(rèn)為太不值得。我說(shuō)一下為什么：

(1)文學(xué)評(píng)論：作者一貫堅(jiān)持從純文學(xué)角度去判斷，不要用宗教及政治來(lái)?yè)饺搿?/p>

(2)社會(huì)現(xiàn)象：反對(duì)激進(jìn)革命思想及馬列主義及從人性(mentality, ideology)的角度去判斷

(3)生命科學(xué)：反對(duì)進(jìn)化論(Darwin),主要是自然選擇，反映在取非題上。

(4)新材料，新技術(shù)：褒揚(yáng)態(tài)度，偶有缺陷不影響總體正評(píng)價(jià)

(5)環(huán)保問(wèn)題：焦慮，關(guān)心，現(xiàn)在還在努力，一切都是可能發(fā)生的。

(6)女權(quán)主義：一定值得研究，不會(huì)完全解決，給予尊重關(guān)注。作者喜新厭舊，傳統(tǒng)意見(jiàn)不會(huì)持正評(píng)價(jià)。這些東西是ETS的思維定勢(shì)，但是對(duì)我們解題幫助不大，ETS出題的公平性原則讓我們永遠(yuǎn)從文章本身出發(fā)，而不從任何文化背景入手，那么難道我們知道了這些，在看到女權(quán)文章立刻就能大膽的跳過(guò)主題首段去讀下面的細(xì)節(jié)嗎?不可能!因?yàn)槲覀儾粫?huì)相信我們的這些單薄模糊的概念去放棄最關(guān)鍵的部位，而一旦讀了，我們就有了嶄新清晰的概念體系，原來(lái)的這些也就被覆蓋了，所以起不到任何作用，只是一種placebo而已!所以大家不要對(duì)這些抱什么多大的希望，想不看文章搞定閱讀!我們切實(shí)要求掌握的東西少的可憐，但是工夫一定要下透，火候要足，除了上面的文章套路，要掌握的就是下面的題型解題技巧。

如何修煉GRE閱讀文章的邏輯思想

3.解題技巧：

(1)主題題：一般在第一題，也會(huì)在中間2，3題，出現(xiàn)在末題的幾率很少，解題方法就是從中心詞(論述對(duì)象)，配合TS(往往在首段出現(xiàn)，記住“從前不從后”，以前的主旨為準(zhǔn))，有時(shí)還要將下面的細(xì)節(jié)段落的層次關(guān)系概括考慮入內(nèi)，得出答案。如果大家在突破時(shí)邊讀邊想的話，該題花不了15秒就能看出，然后用以前積累的錯(cuò)誤項(xiàng)的標(biāo)志來(lái)“審核”(注意永遠(yuǎn)不要用“排除法”來(lái)解這種題，否則浪費(fèi)的時(shí)間是無(wú)法彌補(bǔ)的!)，哪些標(biāo)志呢?主要記住細(xì)節(jié)段中的舉例事物，唯一性，絕對(duì)性詞匯就行了!

(2) Insgroupsto題型：注意直接出現(xiàn)insgroupsto字樣及可能出現(xiàn)的“變體”，判斷方式為該題問(wèn)的是一種“因果聯(lián)系”，及作者提到A是為了什么，這個(gè)A可以是例子，或是一個(gè)論證細(xì)節(jié)等等，那事不疑遲，立刻從題干的事物出發(fā)回原文定位，然后迅速判斷此層面的邏輯關(guān)系，然后決定是向上還是向下找?guī)仔?，找到那個(gè)原因，提取“中心詞”(有顯著特征的詞)然后在5個(gè)選項(xiàng)中識(shí)別出來(lái)，填上答案，不出30秒。

(3)作者態(tài)度題：回憶問(wèn)及的事物是否給過(guò)“情態(tài)形容詞或副詞”修飾過(guò)，注意是“回憶”，對(duì)于這類(lèi)詞前面我已說(shuō)過(guò)要特別注意留心，諸如unfortunately, regretful,等自己在突破中應(yīng)該已經(jīng)有所發(fā)現(xiàn)，很多書(shū)上還舉出動(dòng)詞，諸如misrepresent, misidentify等，這種詞一出現(xiàn)大家比較看得清，誰(shuí)都知道是否定，但是我這里舉的就比較隱蔽，單獨(dú)指出似乎誰(shuí)都知道，但是在長(zhǎng)達(dá)幾十行的段落中你能注意到這個(gè)一帶而過(guò)不經(jīng)意的一個(gè)小修飾嗎，ETS當(dāng)然不會(huì)蠢得讓你直接將其放在所問(wèn)事物前讓你看見(jiàn)，所以你一定要多長(zhǎng)個(gè)心眼。沒(méi)有修飾，沒(méi)有明顯的觀點(diǎn)傾向，那么大膽的選中性詞——objective之類(lèi)!

(4)細(xì)節(jié)題：這類(lèi)題是大家最頭疼的，筆者的經(jīng)驗(yàn)是永遠(yuǎn)不要從“排除法”上下手，除非是讓你直接判斷下面哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)對(duì)或不對(duì)，那么沒(méi)有辦法，除了一個(gè)一個(gè)看，還能干什么呢?但是也不是一個(gè)個(gè)字看，我們要從“中心詞”入手去看，先把五個(gè)選項(xiàng)的中心詞挑出，即明確了對(duì)象，然后認(rèn)清問(wèn)及方向，有把握印象的可以大膽排除，沒(méi)有的一并回原文定位，定位的地點(diǎn)就是那個(gè)中心詞出現(xiàn)在該問(wèn)及方向之處，這一步最花時(shí)間，而且很可能有的方向是文中未提到的，所以這就是技巧的局限性，神仙姐姐也救不了你，現(xiàn)在作對(duì)與否的差距就在前面實(shí)力提高的集中突破上，如果你見(jiàn)多識(shí)廣，早有意識(shí)，一切思想都爛熟于胸，那么你就贏了，但即使你現(xiàn)在重新定位，只要你前面把握的好，解其他題飛快，剩下時(shí)間來(lái)解決這里的題，也還是有勝算的，一般這樣子最快順利的話也要用1.5分鐘到2分鐘，這多余的時(shí)間就來(lái)自前面主題題及insgroupsto剩下的時(shí)間。好，如果是普通細(xì)節(jié)，一般題干會(huì)告訴你第幾行，那么回那兒定位，找到最明顯的心中答案的“中心詞”，回選項(xiàng)中找出來(lái)，不要用“排除法”來(lái)，記住用“中心詞”攻其一點(diǎn)，不計(jì)其余。這是快速解題的關(guān)鍵，不要在未想好“中心詞”的基礎(chǔ)上去看細(xì)節(jié)題選項(xiàng)，否則你會(huì)很容易受ETS的誘導(dǎo)，其中有太多似是而非的選項(xiàng)，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)你沒(méi)有我先師那樣久經(jīng)沙場(chǎng)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)與魄力，你必定死得很難看!

(5)推斷題：以infer為主要標(biāo)志，有時(shí)是細(xì)節(jié)推斷題，那么記住從問(wèn)及事物的地方找到原文定位，這種題大都要定位，是免不了的，然后從問(wèn)及事物所在的“單一邏輯層面”做“一步”有理有據(jù)的推理，記住一定是“單一層面”，不要將其余無(wú)關(guān)的層面引入，推導(dǎo)永遠(yuǎn)從原文論據(jù)出發(fā)，不要用“常識(shí)”，往往推導(dǎo)的論據(jù)就在所在段落，在定位的上下幾行間，要敏銳識(shí)別，另外推斷時(shí)要從所在段的主題討論去觀察，記住該段的TOPIC永遠(yuǎn)是合法的第一論據(jù)或結(jié)論。

(6)取非題：原文出現(xiàn)強(qiáng)對(duì)比，或是出現(xiàn)unless, rather than等處就是取非處，那么讀文章時(shí)已經(jīng)守侯多時(shí)，此時(shí)正中下懷，15秒搞不定你就無(wú)臉見(jiàn)江東父老了!

(7)邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)題：organization題，由“邊讀——邊記——邊想”原則的打底，你沒(méi)有理由找不對(duì)答案，我心目中的答案往往與之接近到驚人的地步，我有時(shí)懷疑這份閱讀題是不是我出的，我的兩眼看到的只有正確答案，錯(cuò)誤的我總看不見(jiàn)，你說(shuō)怪不怪!

(8)類(lèi)比題：往往又臭又長(zhǎng)的5個(gè)選項(xiàng)將你嚇的在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)足以尿褲子，LSAT中更是將它常常當(dāng)“小菜”考，比如第六套的Passage1就將她放在第一題，你不尿褲子才怪!那么怎么解決呢?我肯定不主張放棄，其實(shí)這類(lèi)題考一種“相似直覺(jué)”，我以前從來(lái)都是按照正統(tǒng)的“兩點(diǎn)類(lèi)似法“——即找到兩個(gè)類(lèi)似特點(diǎn)來(lái)一一判斷，但是時(shí)間的殘酷性讓我不可能在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)靜心來(lái)找出這些類(lèi)似點(diǎn)來(lái)一一篩選，我就是靠這種“感官上的形象類(lèi)似直覺(jué)”來(lái)解題，這種直覺(jué)直接在答案中反映為主體特征詞在答案中的重現(xiàn)，比如上面LAST例子中的題，5個(gè)選項(xiàng)都長(zhǎng)達(dá)5行左右，而且句式復(fù)雜，對(duì)象多樣，很難讀懂，但我就是根據(jù)原文中所問(wèn)對(duì)象后的not significantly輕松將其在15秒內(nèi)選出，所以大家要在集中突破時(shí)找到這種感覺(jué)。

(9) EXCEPT及羅馬題：若是考列舉，不用說(shuō)了，前面強(qiáng)調(diào)的太多了，早知你要出這題，你可以指著ETS的鼻子說(shuō)!若是細(xì)節(jié)題，那么就跟前面我們遇到的細(xì)節(jié)難題一樣困難，這時(shí)前面剩下的時(shí)間給你的定位提供時(shí)間支持，但是羅馬題還是友善的，往往只要排到2個(gè)就能找到答案，第三個(gè)可以忽略，注意排除技巧!記住，一旦決定要定位，一定要定到位，不要模糊地去判斷，很可能一上來(lái)的判斷就是錯(cuò)誤的，結(jié)果你就算將下面的判斷都弄對(duì)了，正確答案早已被你第一步的hasty assertion給排掉了，一定要有充分的理由再做決定!

(10)補(bǔ)充題型：往往讓你補(bǔ)出末段的末句，那么記住從所給文章末句的邏輯層面出發(fā)，結(jié)合該段的主旨，去順接。很多人認(rèn)為應(yīng)該從首段去出發(fā)，但是我認(rèn)為這是不必要的，如果前面邊想的原則貫徹的好的話，那么末句的邏輯層面是否與前聯(lián)系，怎樣聯(lián)系應(yīng)該是很容易看到的，很多文章的末句往往是背離主旨的，或是對(duì)原來(lái)肯定的結(jié)論做“驚人的修補(bǔ)”，根據(jù)“從前不從后”原則，我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)從這里入手才是最穩(wěn)妥的，沿著所論述的對(duì)象繼續(xù)下去，我做題時(shí)會(huì)有一種直覺(jué)，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)到了文末作者沒(méi)提出一個(gè)自己的觀點(diǎn)，我就知道可能要出這題了，這時(shí)我會(huì)在末段讀后的“邊想”中對(duì)其作出預(yù)測(cè)，這種猜想很簡(jiǎn)單，比以前的邏輯題簡(jiǎn)單不知多少倍，ETS的出題者做不出什么“驚世駭俗”的定論，所以記住原則是“順著它的敘述思路下來(lái)必然得出什么”，不要去牽扯更多的東西。

(11)泛指化題型：注意題干的問(wèn)法，定冠詞a, an,及普遍性詞匯，答案在文章出現(xiàn)普遍性詞匯，諸如any, every等地方尋找定位，大多在插入語(yǔ)(兩個(gè)——中的成分)，以及()中的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明中，比較簡(jiǎn)單。

新GRE考試閱讀邏輯題練習(xí)

1. Patel: Although enrollment in the region's high school has been decreasing for several years, enrollment at the elementary school has grown considerably. Therefore, the regional school board proposes building a new elementary school.

Quintero: Another solution would be to convert some high school classrooms temporarily into classrooms for elementary school students.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to support Quintero's alternative proposal?

(A) Some rooms at the high school cannot be con-verted into rooms suitable for the use of ele-mentary school students.

(B) The cost of building a high school is higher than the cost of building an elementary school.

(C) Although the birth rate has not increased, the number of families sending their children to the region's high school has increased markedly.

(D) A high school atmosphere could jeopardize the safety and self-confidence of elementary school students.

(E) Even before the region's high school population began to decrease, several high school class-rooms rarely needed to be used.

2. Peter: More than ever before in Risland, college graduates with science degrees are accepting permanent jobs in other fields. That just goes to show that scientists in Risland are not being paid enough.

Lila: No, it does not. These graduates are not working in science for the simple reason that there are not enough jobs in science in Risland to employ all of these graduates.

Which of the following, if true in Risland, would most undermine the reasoning in Peter's argument?

(A) The college graduates with science degrees who are not working in science are currently earning lower salaries than they would earn as scientists.

(B) Fewer college students than ever before are receiving degrees in science.

(C) The number of jobs in science has steadily risen in the last decade.

(D) A significant number of college graduates with science degrees worked at low-paying jobs while they were in college.

(E) Every year some recent college graduates with science degrees accept permanent jobs in nonscientific fields.

3.Counselor: Every year a popular newsmagazine pub-lishes a list of United States colleges, ranking them according to an overall numerical score that is a composite of ratings according to sev-eral criteria. However, the overall scores gen-erally should not be used by students as the basis for deciding to which colleges to apply.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to justify the counselor's recommendation?

(A) The vast majority of people who purchase the magazine in which the list appears are not college-bound students.

(B) Colleges that are ranked highest in the magazine's list use this fact in advertisements aimed at attracting students.

(C) The rankings seldom change from one year to the next.

(D) The significance that particular criteria have for any two students is likely to differ according to the students' differing needs.

(E) Some college students who are pleased with their schools considered the magazine's rankings before deciding which college to attend.

4. A thorough search of Edgar Allan Poe's correspon-dence has turned up not a single letter in which he mentions his reputed morphine addiction. On the basis of this evidence it is safe to say that Poe's reputation for having been a morphine addict is undeserved and that reports of his supposed addiction are untrue.

Which of the following is assumed by the argument above?

(A) Reports claiming that Poe was addicted to mor-phine did not begin to circulate until after his death.

(B) None of the reports of Poe's supposed morphine addiction can be traced to individuals who actu-ally knew Poe.

(C) Poe's income from writing would not have been sufficient to support a morphine addiction.

(D) Poe would have been unable to carry on an extensive correspondence while under the influence of morphine.

(E) Fear of the consequences would not have pre-vented Poe from indicating in his correspon-dence that he was addicted to morphine.

5. Adelle: The government's program to reduce the unemployment rate in the province of Carthena by encouraging job creation has failed, since the rate there has not changed appreciably since the program began a year ago.

Fran: But the unemployment rate in Carthena had been rising for three years before the program began, so the program is helping.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly counters Fran's objection to Adelle's argument?

(A) The government is advised by expert economists, some of whom specialize in employment issues.

(B) The unemployment rate in the province of Carthena has historically been higher than that of the country as a whole.

(C) The current government was elected by a wide margin, because of its promises to reduce the unemployment rate in Carthena.

(D) Around the time the government program began, large numbers of unemployed Carthena residents began leaving the province to look for work elsewhere.

(E) The unemployment rate in Carthena had been relatively stable until shortly before the current government took office.

6. Soft Drink Manufacturer：Our new children's soft drink, RipeCal, is fortified with calcium.Since calcium is essential for developing healthy bones, drinking RipeCal regularly will help make children healthy.Consumer Advocate：But RipeCal also contains large amounts of sugar, and regularly consuming large amounts of sugar is unhealthful, especially for children.

In responding to the soft drink manufacturer, the consumer advocate does which of the following?

(A)Challenges the manufacturer's claim about the nutritional value of calcium in children's diets

(B)Argues that the evidence cited by the manufac-turer, when properly considered, leads to a conclusion opposite to that reached by the manufacturer.

(C)Implies that the manufacturer of a product is typically unconcerned with the nutritional value of that product.

(D)Questions whether a substance that is healthful when eaten in moderation can be unhealthful when eaten in excessive amounts.

(E)Presents additional facts that call into question the conclusion drawn by the manufacturer.

7.Over a period of several months, researchers attached small lights to the backs of wetas—flightless insects native to New Zealand—enabling researchers for the first time to make comprehensive observations of the insects' nighttime activities.Thus, since wetas forage only at night, the researchers' observations will significantly improve knowledge of the normal foraging habits of wetas.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

(A) Researchers were interested only in observing the wetas' foraging habits and so did not keep track of other types of behavior.

(B) No pattern of behavior that is exhibited by wetas during the nighttime is also exhibited by wetas during the daytime.

(C)Attaching the small lights to the wetas' backs did not greatly alter the wetas' normal night-time foraging habits.

(D)Wetas typically forage more frequently during the months in which the researchers studied them than they do at other times.

(E)The researchers did not use other observational techniques to supplement their method of using small lights to track the nighttime behavior of wetas.

8.People whose bodies cannot produce the substance cytochrome P450 are three times as likely to develop Parkinson's disease, a disease that affects the brain,as are people whose bodies do produce this substance.Since cytochrome P450 protects the brain from toxic chemicals, toxic chemicals probably play a role in the development of Parkinson's disease.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument?

(A)It will soon be possible for cytochrome P450 to be synthesized for the treatment of people whose bodies cannot produce this substance.

(B)Many people whose bodies are unable to produce cytochrome P450 lack the ability to produce certain other substances as well.

(C)Cytochrome P450 has no effect on the brain other than to protect it from toxic chemicals.

(D)People with Parkinson's disease often exhibit a marked lessening in the severity of their symp-toms when they are treated with dopamine, a chemical produced naturally in the brain.

(E)Many people with Parkinson's disease have the ability to produce cytochrome P450 naturally.

9.The early universe contained only the lightest elements, hydrogen and helium. Heavier elements,such as carbon, form only in nuclear reactions in stars and are dispersed when the stars explode. A recently discovered gas cloud contained carbon several billion years ago, when the universe was no more than two billion years old.

If the statements above are true, which of the following must, on the basis of them, also be true?

(A)The earliest stars contained only hydrogen.

(B)Some stars were formed before the universe was two billion years old.

(C)The carbon in the gas cloud later formed part of some stars.

(D)No stars identified to date are as old as the gas cloud.

(E)The gas cloud also contained hydrogen and helium.

10.Sleep deprivation is a known cause of workplace error, and many physicians frequently go without sleep for periods of 24 hours or more. However, few of these physicians have, in the course of a routine examination by a peer, been diagnosed with sleep deprivation.So there is little cause for concern that habitual sleep deprivation will cause widespread physician error.

The answer to which of the following questions would be most helpful in evaluating the argument?

(A)Do physicians who have been diagnosed with sleep disorders also show signs of other ills not related to sleep deprivation?

(B)Is the ability to recognize the symptoms of sleep deprivation in others significantly impaired by habitual sleep deprivation?

(C)Do factors other than habitual sleep deprivation ever lead to errors in the workplace on the part of physicians?

(D)Of people who have recently been treated by physicians, what percentage believe that many physicians have occasionally suffered from sleep

deprivation?

(E)Is the incidence of sleep deprivation higher among physicians than it is among other health care workers?

11.A list of the fifteen operas most frequently performed in recent times includes no works by the nineteenth-century German composer Richard Wagner. Although music producers tend to produce what audiences want,relative infrequency of performance probably does not indicate lack of popularity in Wagner's case, since Wagner's operas are notoriously expensive to perform on stage.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the conclusion of the argument above?

(A)The list of most frequently performed operas does not include operas produced by small amateur groups.

(B)Some opera companies are backed by patrons who are willing to commit large sums of money in order to enjoy lavish productions.

(C)All of the fifteen most frequently performed operas of recent times are works that have been popular for at least 75 years.

(D)More recordings have been produced recently of the works of Wagner than of the works of any other composer of opera.

(E)Operatic works of all kinds have been increasing in popularity in recent years.

12.The bodies of dwarf individuals of mammalian species are generally smaller in relation to those of nondwarf individuals than are the teeth of the dwarf individuals in relation to those of the nondwarf indi- viduals. Fragmentary skeletal remains of an adult dwarf woolly mammoth were recently found. The teeth are three-fourths the size of the teeth of an average adult nondwarf woolly mammoth.

The statements above, if true, most strongly support which of the following?

(A)The body of the dwarf woolly mammoth was less than three-fourths the size of the body of an average adult nondwarf woolly mammoth.

(B)None of the teeth of the dwarf woolly mammoth that were recently discovered was as large as any of the teeth of nondwarf woolly mammoths that have been discovered.

(C)The teeth of most adult dwarf individuals of mammalian species are three- fourths the size of the teeth of the adult nondwarf individuals of the same species.

(D)Dwarf woolly mammoths had the same number of teeth as did nondwarf woolly mammoths.

(E)Dwarf individuals of most mammalian species are generally no more than three-fourths the size of the adult nondwarf individuals of those species.

13.Excluding purchases by businesses, the average amount spent on a factory-new car has risen 30 per-cent in the last five years. In the average household budget, the proportion spent on car purchases has remained unchanged in that period. Therefore the average household budget must have increased by 30 percent over the last five years.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?

(A)The average number of factory-new cars pur-chased per household has remained unchanged over the last five years.

(B)The average amount spent per car by businesses buying factory-new cars has risen 30 percent in the last five years.

(C)The proportion of the average household budget spent on all car-related expenses has remained unchanged over the last five years.

(D)The proportion of the average household budget spent on food and housing has remained unchanged over the last five years.

(E)The total amount spent nationwide on factory-new cars has increased by 30 percent over the last five years.

參考答案： EADEDECCBBDAA