GRE閱讀猜生詞4個(gè)技巧實(shí)例講解

GRE閱讀猜生詞4個(gè)技巧實(shí)例講解 ,看不懂閱讀詞匯還能搶救我們一起來(lái)看看吧，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。

GRE閱讀猜生詞4個(gè)技巧實(shí)例講解 看不懂閱讀詞匯還能搶救

先看懂體現(xiàn)論證意義的詞匯

GRE文章是論證性文字，不是說(shuō)明性文字，也不是敘述性文字。這種以論證為特點(diǎn)的文字，存在于GRE閱讀文章的各個(gè)層面：“篇章—段落—句子—單詞”。篇章由多個(gè)論點(diǎn)組成，論點(diǎn)由作為論據(jù)的句子構(gòu)成，句子本身的典型構(gòu)成是前后句由表示論證關(guān)系的詞匯連接，而體現(xiàn)論證的意義的單詞最重要。因此，要真懂得文章，就必須把所有那些表現(xiàn)論證的字、詞、句抓出。

對(duì)不影響整體理解的詞匯不用理會(huì)

首先要說(shuō)的是，在閱讀教學(xué)的研究當(dāng)中，語(yǔ)言學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，一篇文章中不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞占全文詞匯總量的比例只要控制在8%以內(nèi)，是絕對(duì)不會(huì)影響到我們對(duì)全文任何觀點(diǎn)的理解的。基于這一點(diǎn)，我們大家大可不必因?yàn)橛龅搅藥讉€(gè)我們完全沒見過(guò)的奇形怪狀的單詞而感到頭痛和掙扎。因?yàn)樗鼈儾蛔阋詫?duì)我們理解文章產(chǎn)生影響。

結(jié)合文中定義解釋理解特定生詞

但同時(shí)，我們?cè)陂喿x文章的過(guò)程中也常常會(huì)碰到這樣的一種單詞，那就是專有名詞，尤其是涉及全文主題的專有名詞，難道我們就必須一一認(rèn)識(shí)它?答案顯然是否定的。什么叫做認(rèn)識(shí)專有名詞?從英到漢的翻譯叫做認(rèn)識(shí)?還是知道專有名詞的特征叫做認(rèn)識(shí)?讀者請(qǐng)想想看，我們?cè)陂喿x理解中有沒有遇到過(guò)這樣的問題提法：What is sedge root? 我想沒有，因?yàn)檫@種問法是在問專有名詞的翻譯。我們遇到的更多是這樣的一些問法：According to the passage, which of the following statements about sedge root is true? What can be inferred from the passage about sedge root? 這些問題的提法卻是在問專有名詞的文中闡述特征。我們?cè)購(gòu)奈恼卤旧韺?duì)這個(gè)問題做出進(jìn)一步的分析。

假設(shè)原文有這樣一句話：Sedge root, a woody fiber that can be easily separated into strands, is essential to basketry production. 請(qǐng)問sedge root的中文翻譯“莎草的根” 能夠幫助我們解決閱讀理解題目嗎?我想很難!真正能夠幫助我們解決閱讀理解題目的應(yīng)該是這樣的文字a woody fiber (木制纖維)和定語(yǔ)從句中的文字部分can be easily separated into strands (能夠輕易地被分割成線)。通過(guò)以上的分析，想必大家已經(jīng)非常清楚地認(rèn)識(shí)到，過(guò)去我們拼命去死記硬背專有名詞的中文釋義是多么愚蠢的行為。因?yàn)檎嬲恼J(rèn)識(shí)應(yīng)該是對(duì)特征的認(rèn)識(shí)，所以一個(gè)專有名詞和他的中文釋義對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)是沒有任何意義的，畢竟我們對(duì)它們都沒有任何的概念。

只看上下文猜不出生詞意思

最后很多人都說(shuō)我們可以從上下文中猜出單詞的釋義，難道真的是這樣么? 筆者認(rèn)為從上下文中猜出單詞的釋義是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的。例如有這樣一句話“Supernova is a massive star which undergoes gravitational collapse.” 我們是不可能從上下文中猜出supernova的釋義“超新星”的。而我們真正能夠做到的只是從上下文中猜出單詞的特征：supernova是巨大的恒星(massive star)，它在進(jìn)行引力收縮(undergoes gravitational collapse)。于是以后當(dāng)我們遇到不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞，我們可以再也不用停下來(lái)思考單詞的釋義，也不用費(fèi)盡思量地去猜所謂的單詞的釋義，我們需要做的只是靜下心來(lái)在后面找到單詞在文章當(dāng)中傳達(dá)的特征就可以。

以上的介紹希望對(duì)同學(xué)們的GRE考試有所幫助。同學(xué)們?cè)趃re備考時(shí)多積累練習(xí)，才可以在gre考試中運(yùn)用的得心應(yīng)手。小編預(yù)祝同學(xué)們?cè)趃re考試中取得好的成績(jī)。

新GRE閱讀長(zhǎng)難句中譯英練習(xí)

1. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.

2. Towns like Bournemouth and East bourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.

3. The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.

4. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.

5. Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, "spatial" thinking about things technological.

[參考譯文]

1. [參考譯文]這樣巨大而非個(gè)人的對(duì)資金和產(chǎn)業(yè)的操縱極大地增加了股東的數(shù)量和他們作為一個(gè)階級(jí)的重要性，這是國(guó)家生活中代表不負(fù)責(zé)任的財(cái)富的一個(gè)因素，這種財(cái)富不但遠(yuǎn)離了土地和土地?fù)碛姓叩呢?zé)任，而且?guī)缀跬瑯优c公司的負(fù)責(zé)任的管理毫無(wú)關(guān)系。

2.[參考譯文]像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本這樣的城鎮(zhèn)的涌現(xiàn)是為了給那些數(shù)量很多的"舒適"階級(jí)提供居住場(chǎng)所。這些人依賴于其豐厚收入而不工作，他們除了分紅和偶爾參加一下股東大會(huì)，向管理層口授一下自己的命令之外，跟社會(huì)的其他階層毫無(wú)瓜葛。

3.[參考譯文]這樣的"股東"對(duì)他擁有股份的公司所雇用的工人們的生活、思想和需求一無(wú)所知，而且他們對(duì)勞資雙方的關(guān)系都不會(huì)產(chǎn)生積極的影響。

4.[參考譯文]代表公司的花錢雇來(lái)的經(jīng)理與工人及其需求的關(guān)系更加直接，但是就連他對(duì)工人們也沒有那種熟識(shí)的私人之間的了解。而在現(xiàn)在正在消失的古老家族公司的那種更加家長(zhǎng)式的制度下的雇主們卻常常對(duì)他們的工人有這樣的私人關(guān)系。

5.[參考譯文]在許多形成因素當(dāng)中，我將挑選出這些：這個(gè)國(guó)家優(yōu)秀的小學(xué)教育：歡迎新技術(shù)的勞動(dòng)者們：獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)發(fā)明者的做法;而且最重要的是美國(guó)人在對(duì)那些技術(shù)性事物的非言語(yǔ)的、"空間性的"思考方面的天賦。

GRE閱讀練習(xí)每日一篇

The dark regions in the starry night sky are not pockets in the universe that are devoid of stars as had long been thought. Rather, they are dark because of interstellar dust that hides the stars behind it. Although its visual effect is so pronounced, dust is only a minor constituent of the material, extremely low in density, that lies between the stars. Dust accounts for about one percent of the total mass of interstellar matter. The rest is hydrogen and helium gas, with small amounts of other elements. The interstellar material, rather like terrestrial clouds, comes in all shapes and sizes. The average density of interstellar material in the vicinity of our Sun is 1,000 to 10,000 times less than the best terrestrial laboratory vacuum. It is only because of the enormous interstellar distances that so little material per unit of volume becomes so significant. Optical astronomy is most directly affected, for although interstellar gas is perfectly transparent, the dust is not.

17. According to the passage, which of the following is a direct perceptual consequence of interstellar dust?

(A) Some stars are rendered invisible to observers on Earth.

(B) Many visible stars are made to seem brighter than they really are.

(C) The presence of hydrogen and helium gas is revealed.

(D) The night sky appears dusty at all times to observers on Earth.

(E) The dust is conspicuously visible against a background of bright stars.

18. It can be inferred from the passage that the density of interstellar material is

(A) higher where distances between the stars are shorter

(B) equal to that of interstellar dust

(C) unusually low in the vicinity of our Sun

(D) independent of the incidence of gaseous components

(E) not homogeneous throughout interstellar space

19. It can be inferred from the passage that it is because space is so vast that

(A) little of the interstellar material in it seems substantial

(B) normal units of volume seem futile for measurements of density

(C) stars can be far enough from Earth to be obscured even by very sparsely distributed matter

(D) interstellar gases can, for all practical purposes, be regarded as transparent

(E) optical astronomy would be of little use even if no interstellar dust existed

In his 1976 study of slavery in the United States, Herbert Gutman, like Fogel, Engerman, and Genovese, has rightly stressed the slaves’ achievements. But unlike these historians, Gutman gives plantation owners little credit for these achievements. Rather, Gutman argues that one must look to the Black family and the slaves’ extended kinship system to understand how crucial achievements, such as the maintenance of a cultural heritage and the development of a communal consciousness, were possible. His findings compel attention.

Gutman recreates the family and extended kinship structure mainly through an ingenious use of what any historian should draw upon (draw upon: 利用), quantifiable data, derived in this case mostly from plantation birth registers. He also uses accounts of ex-slaves to probe the human reality behind his statistics. These sources indicate that the two-parent household predominated in slave quarters just as it did among freed slaves after emancipation. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves’ preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy. In less conclusive fashion Fogel, Engerman, and Genovese had already indicated the predominance of two-parent households; however, only Gutman emphasizes the preference for stable monogamy and points out what stable monogamy meant for the slaves’ cultural heritage. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of—and so was crucial in sustaining—the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.

Gutman’s examination of other facets of kinship also produces important findings. Gutman discovers that cousins rarely married, an exogamous tendency that contrasted sharply with the endogamy practiced by the plantation owners. This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rules governing marriage, which, though they differed from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. This taboo against cousins’ marrying is important, argues Gutman, because it is one of many indications of a strong awareness among slaves of an extended kinship network. The fact that distantly related kin would care for children separated from their families also suggests this awareness. When blood relationships were few, as in newly created plantations in the Southwest, “fictive” kinship arrangements took their place until a new pattern of consanguinity developed. Gutman presents convincing evidence that this extended kinship structure—which he believes developed by the mid-to-late eighteenth century—provided the foundations for the strong communal consciousness that existed among slaves.

In sum, Gutman’s study is significant because it offers a closely reasoned and original explanation of some of the slaves’ achievements, one that correctly emphasizes the resources that slaves themselves possessed.

20. According to the passage, Fogel, Engerman, Genovese, and Gutman have all done which of the following?

I. Discounted the influence of plantation owners on slaves’ achievements.

II. Emphasized the achievements of slaves.

III. Pointed out the prevalence of the two-parent household among slaves.

IV. Showed the connection between stable monogamy and slaves’ cultural heritage.

(A) I and II only

(B) I and IV only

(C) II and III only

(D) I, III, and IV only

(E) II, III, and IV only

21. With which of the following statements regarding the resources that historians ought to use would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?

(A) Historians ought to make use of written rather than oral accounts.

(B) Historians should rely primarily on birth registers.

(C) Historians should rely exclusively on data that can be quantified.

(D) Historians ought to make use of data that can be quantified.

(E) Historians ought to draw on earlier historical research but they should do so in order to refute it.

22. Which of the following statements about the formation of the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression is best supported by the information presented in the passage?

(A) The heritage was formed primarily out of the experiences of those slaves who attempted to preserve the stability of their families.

(B) The heritage was not formed out of the experiences of those slaves who married their cousins.

(C) The heritage was formed more out of the African than out of the American experiences of slaves.

(D) The heritage was not formed out of the experiences of only a single generation of slaves.

(E) The heritage was formed primarily out of slaves’ experiences of interdependence on newly created plantations in the Southwest.

23. It can be inferred from the passage that, of the following, the most probable reason why a historian of slavery might be interested in studying the type of plantations mentioned in line 25 is that this type would

(A) give the historian access to the most complete plantation birth registers

(B) permit the historian to observe the kinship patterns that had been most popular among West African tribes

(C) provide the historian with evidence concerning the preference of freed slaves for stable monogamy

(D) furnish the historian with the opportunity to discover the kind of marital commitment that slaves themselves chose to have

(E) allow the historian to examine the influence of slaves’ preferences on the actions of plantation owners

24. According to the passage, all of the following are true of the West African rules governing marriage mentioned in lines 46-50 EXCEPT:

(A) The rules were derived from rules governing fictive kinship arrangements.

(B) The rules forbade marriages between close kin.

(C) The rules are mentioned in Herbert Gutman’s study.

(D) The rules were not uniform in all respects from one West African tribe to another.

(E) The rules have been considered to be a possible source of slaves’ marriage preferences.

25. Which of the following statements concerning the marriage practices of plantation owners during the period of Black slavery in the United States can most logically be inferred from the information in the passage?

(A) These practices began to alter sometime around the mid-eighteenth century.

(B) These practices varied markedly from one region of the country to another.

(C) Plantation owners usually based their choice of marriage partners on economic considerations.

(D) Plantation owners often married earlier than slaves.

(E) Plantation owners often married their cousins.

26. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

(A) The author compares and contrasts the work of several historians and then discusses areas for possible new research.

(B) The author presents his thesis, draws on the work of several historians for evidence to support his thesis, and concludes by reiterating his thesis.

(C) The author describes some features of a historical study and then uses those features to put forth his own argument.

(D) The author summarizes a historical study, examines two main arguments from the study, and then shows how the arguments are potentially in conflict with one another.

(E) The author presents the general argument of a historical study, describes the study in more detail, and concludes with a brief judgments of the study’s value.

27. Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage, based on its content?

(A) The Influence of Herbert Gutman on Historians of Slavery in the United States

(B) Gutman’s Explanation of How Slaves Could Maintain a Cultural Heritage and Develop a Communal Consciousness

(C) Slavery in the United States: New Controversy About an Old Subject

(D) The Black Heritage of Folklore, Music, and Religious Expression: Its Growing Influence

(E) The Black Family and Extended Kinship Structure: How They Were Important for the Freed Slave

答案：17-27：AECCDDDAEEB