GRE閱讀文章結構分析思路實例逐句解構分析

GRE閱讀文章結構分析思路實例逐句解構分析，我們一起來看看吧，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

GRE閱讀文章結構分析思路實例逐句解構分析

GRE閱讀提分從學會分析文章結構開始

GRE閱讀學會分析文章的結構是很重要的一步。分析結構是一種研究式的學習，在其要求下，我們的閱讀方法是結構化閱讀。 論證性文字一定是以論證為特點，這特點及于文章的各個層面：篇章-段落-句子-單詞。篇章由多個論點組成，論點由作為論據(jù)的句子構成，句子本身的典型構成是前后場由表示論證關系的詞匯連接，體現(xiàn)論證的意義的單詞最重要。要真懂得文章，必須把所有那些表現(xiàn)論證的字詞句抓出，而這卻恰好是過去所有閱讀方法都忽略的。 關聯(lián)詞和廣義的關聯(lián)成分，經(jīng)過GRE的反復宣傳，已經(jīng)獲得眾所周知的重要性，在此不論。但是，單純的關聯(lián)詞也可能組成沒有新鮮內(nèi)容的堆砌文章，于是內(nèi)容上的關聯(lián)成為必要，這靠論證形式，也就是，我們要看一個論點是如何展開的，或說文章是如何結構或論證的。對一個論點而言，論證的方式是分角度;但不是所有論點都可以分角度，那些不容易分角度的，論點按照其自身潛在包含的內(nèi)容展開，由此有差異、正、反三類關系，每種關系的論證都相對模式化。這樣，我們就可以懂得文章每句話在論證上的作用，無須完全依賴對文章各句所涉專業(yè)知識的了解。下面以例為證。

GRE閱讀文章實例逐句解讀

Paule Marshall"s Brown Girl, Brownstones (1959) was a landmark in the depiction of female characters in Black American literature. Marshall avoided the oppressed and tragic heroine in conflict with White society that had been typical of the protest novels of the early twentieth century. Like her immediate predecessors, Zora Neale Hurston and Gwendolyn Brooks, she focused her novel on an ordinary Black woman"s search for identity within the context of a Black community. But Marshall extended the analysis of Black female characters begun by Hurston and Brooks by depicting her heroine"s development in terms of the relationship between her Barbadian American parents, and by exploring how male and female roles were defined by their immigrant culture, which in turn was influenced by the materialism of White America. By placing characters within a wider cultural context, Marshall attacked racial and sexual stereotypes and paved the way for explorations of race, class, and gender in the novels of the 1970"s.該文共5句。

詳細解析

第一句說PM的書是里程碑，這是一個出現(xiàn)在段落前場的正評價，就是文章的主題。下面就是要展開這個主題。為此并不需要知道它是什么方面的里程碑，因為就其是里程碑而言，肯定是與前，也與后比較，才有這個地位，所以單講這本書本身是不夠的。這是它本身在內(nèi)容上所蘊涵的，后面必須把它展開。于是，文章后面內(nèi)容一定先講她之前如何，再講她本身如何，最后講她之后如何。內(nèi)容上看就是，此前文字的模式，她的改變，她的影響。 這個思考過程，開始可以花費時間，但一旦想到，對所有寫里程碑式意義的段落，其論證模式都是如此，我們就可以明白，結構模式，不依賴在這個結構下得到論述的種.種題材，原來是可以幫助我們預測下文的。此外，此句考主題題。

第二句一開始并沒有直接說她之前如何，卻說她避免了什么。而其所避免的內(nèi)容，在上句的語境約束下，不可能是別的，只能是她之前的模式。也許 oppressed and tragic heroine不足以讓人馬上斷定它就是此前小說俗套，但that之后跟出的內(nèi)容，明確的告訴我們，這是典型情況(had been typical of)，也就說是此前的模式，而且時間也交代了，是the early twentieth century。That從句看似補充說明，其實對這個句子至關重要。它作為該句的后場，體現(xiàn)核心的內(nèi)容，這是一個例子，說明單純從語法上來判斷一個成分是否重要的做法是有局限的，而考慮論證的語法即論證性語法分類則重要，其核心是前后場中心詞以及起連接作用的論證性詞匯。

第三句容易把握，這是因為一打頭即講相同(Like her immediate predecessors)。我們不關注里面的具體內(nèi)容，雖然可能考題目，也確實考到這道題，因為它也是特殊語言(比較)，但是，即使現(xiàn)在看得很懂，做題時仍然不能完全憑借印象，因為選項正是在名詞短語上故意設置陷阱(該題正是如此)，因此必須把答案和原文內(nèi)容仔細對照。在讀文章時，只要知道它在講相同，做題時能夠快速定位至此就可以。而且，從這句可以預測后面一定還要講不同點。一個體現(xiàn)里程碑的著作，不可能總是模仿前人，而必須有自己的獨創(chuàng)之處，這從邏輯上規(guī)定下一句應該寫什么。

第四句以But開始，顯然講不同。這不同點在于她進一步有所拓展(extend)。后面以兩個方式狀語從句(by depicting, and by exploring)說明她如何能夠拓展。這兩個by doing是否重要呢?一，它們是并列結構(and);二，它們都是細節(jié)內(nèi)容，處理的方法和對上句到底如何相同一樣，都是先可不用字斟句酌，到考題時才回頭看也不遲，事實上，后來沒有考這里，這說明，有些細節(jié)是不用仔細理解的，我們先且把所有細節(jié)都快速讀過，不加深究，然后在考到細節(jié)時再看，那時看的只是全部細節(jié)中的一小部分，由此可以節(jié)約時間，把更多的精力放在比較選項相對于原文內(nèi)容的差別上。這就要求，必須純熟的掌握結構，才能為做題空出更多時間。所以，結構分析是做題的前提條件。事實上，此句后來考題，問作者提到那些方式(way)是為了做什么，典型的in order to 題型。注意它的考法，不去問by doing 里面的具體內(nèi)容，而問by doing 為什么寫。答案當然是說為了說明Marshall如何擴展。答案是這句的前場中心內(nèi)容，其實也是全文用以具體說明Marshall的一個實質(zhì)性內(nèi)容。

第五句也是最后一句，又以方式狀語開始，那是次要的，中心內(nèi)容在attacked … stereotypes and paved the way。既然鋪墊道路，那當然就是對后世有影響，是對70年代有影響。此句也考題，比較容易處理。 希望從本文開始的抽象論述到文章分析的具體論述中，讀者可以大致了解，結構化閱讀分析的本質(zhì)和它的運用的益處：我們沒有精讀，沒有泛讀，也沒有訴諸技巧，而只是問，這個文章各句以及每句各部分怎么組織起來來論證論點，由此就拆解了該文的結構，并順帶分析了所考的四道題目

新GRE考試前通過大量的訓練，從實踐中總結新GRE閱讀中的突出點，把握這個點，讓你備考新GRE閱讀考試時才能得心應手，這樣才能得到理想的成績。

新GRE閱讀長難句中譯英練習

31. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back.

32. In Australia- where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.

33. There are, of course, exceptions. Small--minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.

34. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.

35. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant with drawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

31.[參考譯文]一些機構終于松了一口氣，但是其他一些機構，包括教堂，倡導生命之權的團體和澳大利亞醫(yī)學協(xié)會，尖銳地抨擊這個法案，指責法案的通過過于匆忙。但是大勢已定，不可逆轉(zhuǎn)。

32.[參考譯文]在澳大利亞--人口老齡化，延長壽命的技術和變化看的社會態(tài)度，這些因素都在發(fā)揮作用一一其他的州也會考慮制定相似的關于安樂死的法律。

33.[參考譯文]當然，例外是存在的。在美國，心胸狹窄的官員，粗魯?shù)膫髡?，和沒有禮貌的出租車司機也并不少見。然而人們常常得出這樣的觀察意見，這使得它值得被討論一下。

34.[參考譯文]我們生活在一種藥品(毒品)的醫(yī)學用途和社會用途都很廣泛的社會里：一片用來止頭痛的阿斯匹林，一些用來社交的葡萄酒，早上自己提提神所喝的咖啡，一支用來定神的香煙。

35.[參考譯文]對藥品的依賴性首先表現(xiàn)為不斷增長的耐藥量，要產(chǎn)生想得到的效果所需要的藥品劑量越來越大，然后表現(xiàn)為當停止用藥后，令人不快的停藥癥狀的出現(xiàn)。

GRE閱讀練習每日一篇

The dark regions in the starry night sky are not pockets in the universe that are devoid of stars as had long been thought. Rather, they are dark because of interstellar dust that hides the stars behind it. Although its visual effect is so pronounced, dust is only a minor constituent of the material, extremely low in density, that lies between the stars. Dust accounts for about one percent of the total mass of interstellar matter. The rest is hydrogen and helium gas, with small amounts of other elements. The interstellar material, rather like terrestrial clouds, comes in all shapes and sizes. The average density of interstellar material in the vicinity of our Sun is 1,000 to 10,000 times less than the best terrestrial laboratory vacuum. It is only because of the enormous interstellar distances that so little material per unit of volume becomes so significant. Optical astronomy is most directly affected, for although interstellar gas is perfectly transparent, the dust is not.

17. According to the passage, which of the following is a direct perceptual consequence of interstellar dust?

(A) Some stars are rendered invisible to observers on Earth.

(B) Many visible stars are made to seem brighter than they really are.

(C) The presence of hydrogen and helium gas is revealed.

(D) The night sky appears dusty at all times to observers on Earth.

(E) The dust is conspicuously visible against a background of bright stars.

18. It can be inferred from the passage that the density of interstellar material is

(A) higher where distances between the stars are shorter

(B) equal to that of interstellar dust

(C) unusually low in the vicinity of our Sun

(D) independent of the incidence of gaseous components

(E) not homogeneous throughout interstellar space

19. It can be inferred from the passage that it is because space is so vast that

(A) little of the interstellar material in it seems substantial

(B) normal units of volume seem futile for measurements of density

(C) stars can be far enough from Earth to be obscured even by very sparsely distributed matter

(D) interstellar gases can, for all practical purposes, be regarded as transparent

(E) optical astronomy would be of little use even if no interstellar dust existed

In his 1976 study of slavery in the United States, Herbert Gutman, like Fogel, Engerman, and Genovese, has rightly stressed the slaves’ achievements. But unlike these historians, Gutman gives plantation owners little credit for these achievements. Rather, Gutman argues that one must look to the Black family and the slaves’ extended kinship system to understand how crucial achievements, such as the maintenance of a cultural heritage and the development of a communal consciousness, were possible. His findings compel attention.

Gutman recreates the family and extended kinship structure mainly through an ingenious use of what any historian should draw upon (draw upon: 利用), quantifiable data, derived in this case mostly from plantation birth registers. He also uses accounts of ex-slaves to probe the human reality behind his statistics. These sources indicate that the two-parent household predominated in slave quarters just as it did among freed slaves after emancipation. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves’ preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy. In less conclusive fashion Fogel, Engerman, and Genovese had already indicated the predominance of two-parent households; however, only Gutman emphasizes the preference for stable monogamy and points out what stable monogamy meant for the slaves’ cultural heritage. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of—and so was crucial in sustaining—the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.

Gutman’s examination of other facets of kinship also produces important findings. Gutman discovers that cousins rarely married, an exogamous tendency that contrasted sharply with the endogamy practiced by the plantation owners. This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rules governing marriage, which, though they differed from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. This taboo against cousins’ marrying is important, argues Gutman, because it is one of many indications of a strong awareness among slaves of an extended kinship network. The fact that distantly related kin would care for children separated from their families also suggests this awareness. When blood relationships were few, as in newly created plantations in the Southwest, “fictive” kinship arrangements took their place until a new pattern of consanguinity developed. Gutman presents convincing evidence that this extended kinship structure—which he believes developed by the mid-to-late eighteenth century—provided the foundations for the strong communal consciousness that existed among slaves.

In sum, Gutman’s study is significant because it offers a closely reasoned and original explanation of some of the slaves’ achievements, one that correctly emphasizes the resources that slaves themselves possessed.

20. According to the passage, Fogel, Engerman, Genovese, and Gutman have all done which of the following?

I. Discounted the influence of plantation owners on slaves’ achievements.

II. Emphasized the achievements of slaves.

III. Pointed out the prevalence of the two-parent household among slaves.

IV. Showed the connection between stable monogamy and slaves’ cultural heritage.

(A) I and II only

(B) I and IV only

(C) II and III only

(D) I, III, and IV only

(E) II, III, and IV only

21. With which of the following statements regarding the resources that historians ought to use would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?

(A) Historians ought to make use of written rather than oral accounts.

(B) Historians should rely primarily on birth registers.

(C) Historians should rely exclusively on data that can be quantified.

(D) Historians ought to make use of data that can be quantified.

(E) Historians ought to draw on earlier historical research but they should do so in order to refute it.

22. Which of the following statements about the formation of the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression is best supported by the information presented in the passage?

(A) The heritage was formed primarily out of the experiences of those slaves who attempted to preserve the stability of their families.

(B) The heritage was not formed out of the experiences of those slaves who married their cousins.

(C) The heritage was formed more out of the African than out of the American experiences of slaves.

(D) The heritage was not formed out of the experiences of only a single generation of slaves.

(E) The heritage was formed primarily out of slaves’ experiences of interdependence on newly created plantations in the Southwest.

23. It can be inferred from the passage that, of the following, the most probable reason why a historian of slavery might be interested in studying the type of plantations mentioned in line 25 is that this type would

(A) give the historian access to the most complete plantation birth registers

(B) permit the historian to observe the kinship patterns that had been most popular among West African tribes

(C) provide the historian with evidence concerning the preference of freed slaves for stable monogamy

(D) furnish the historian with the opportunity to discover the kind of marital commitment that slaves themselves chose to have

(E) allow the historian to examine the influence of slaves’ preferences on the actions of plantation owners

24. According to the passage, all of the following are true of the West African rules governing marriage mentioned in lines 46-50 EXCEPT:

(A) The rules were derived from rules governing fictive kinship arrangements.

(B) The rules forbade marriages between close kin.

(C) The rules are mentioned in Herbert Gutman’s study.

(D) The rules were not uniform in all respects from one West African tribe to another.

(E) The rules have been considered to be a possible source of slaves’ marriage preferences.

25. Which of the following statements concerning the marriage practices of plantation owners during the period of Black slavery in the United States can most logically be inferred from the information in the passage?

(A) These practices began to alter sometime around the mid-eighteenth century.

(B) These practices varied markedly from one region of the country to another.

(C) Plantation owners usually based their choice of marriage partners on economic considerations.

(D) Plantation owners often married earlier than slaves.

(E) Plantation owners often married their cousins.

26. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

(A) The author compares and contrasts the work of several historians and then discusses areas for possible new research.

(B) The author presents his thesis, draws on the work of several historians for evidence to support his thesis, and concludes by reiterating his thesis.

(C) The author describes some features of a historical study and then uses those features to put forth his own argument.

(D) The author summarizes a historical study, examines two main arguments from the study, and then shows how the arguments are potentially in conflict with one another.

(E) The author presents the general argument of a historical study, describes the study in more detail, and concludes with a brief judgments of the study’s value.

27. Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage, based on its content?

(A) The Influence of Herbert Gutman on Historians of Slavery in the United States

(B) Gutman’s Explanation of How Slaves Could Maintain a Cultural Heritage and Develop a Communal Consciousness

(C) Slavery in the United States: New Controversy About an Old Subject

(D) The Black Heritage of Folklore, Music, and Religious Expression: Its Growing Influence

(E) The Black Family and Extended Kinship Structure: How They Were Important for the Freed Slave

答案：17-27：AECCDDDAEEB