GRE閱讀提速提分2個(gè)重要技巧指點(diǎn)解讀

陳鈴1147由分享時(shí)間：2020-08-31 05:19:14

GRE閱讀提速提分2個(gè)重要技巧指點(diǎn)解讀,我們來看看吧，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

GRE閱讀提速提分2個(gè)重要技巧指點(diǎn)解讀

說到GRE閱讀提速，不同的考生可能都有自己的獨(dú)門技巧和方法。但無論如何，有兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)其實(shí)都是繞不開的，那就是泛讀技巧和關(guān)聯(lián)詞的作用?？忌胍嬲龑?shí)現(xiàn)閱讀提速而不降低解題的正確率，就必須重視這兩點(diǎn)。

具體介紹

GRE閱讀提分技巧：代入閱讀原文

新GRE閱讀，了解它的題型和特點(diǎn)，將題目代入閱讀中，是解決問題的很好方向。以前上學(xué)的時(shí)候經(jīng)常就是老師將問題留下，才考試進(jìn)行閱讀訓(xùn)練。題目可以對文章起到一個(gè)線索作用，這些都是使GRE閱讀快速完成的秘訣，所以“快”將是解決新GRE閱讀的關(guān)鍵所在。

GRE閱讀提分技巧：掌握泛讀方法

泛讀就是大致看看，但GRE考試題目有時(shí)候會考到段落或文章整體結(jié)構(gòu)，這哪里是隨便瀏覽就可以掌握的?人們也總結(jié)了很多閱讀技巧。它們固然可以幫助讀者有效的縮小閱讀量，甚至是鼓勵(lì)大家完全忽視掉那些專業(yè)的細(xì)節(jié)，但這些技巧存在有共同的問題：只對講解員所講到的有限的文章適用。改進(jìn)的辦法是發(fā)明不同的技巧去應(yīng)對所有的文章。

這些做法GRE閱讀理解的手法理論上是可行的，但在實(shí)踐上給考生留下了問題：他們不容易知道何時(shí)該使用哪些技巧。技巧越多，就越具特殊性，雜多技巧的組合，會讓人感到混亂。

另一方面，做題的技巧倒是非常實(shí)用，不過，運(yùn)用做題技巧的基本條件是知道題目考察的是文章的哪個(gè)位置;位置的確定也許不能只靠單純的閱讀技巧來碰運(yùn)氣。GRE文章是論證性文字，而不是說明性文字，如電視機(jī)的說明書和校園簡介，也不是敘述性文字，如長篇小說和短篇小說。GRE考試題目也總是以考論證結(jié)構(gòu)為主。

美征老師介紹，考主題和態(tài)度(包括寫法型EXCEPT，考負(fù)評價(jià)的取非，從否定角度考核心內(nèi)容的一般的EXCEPT);考特殊論證內(nèi)容，如讓步、對比;考句子在段落中的作用(in order to);考有哪些論據(jù)(論據(jù)列舉);考論據(jù)中的特殊形式(泛指化)。

由此，新GRE閱讀讀文章最重要的是分析結(jié)構(gòu)。分析結(jié)構(gòu)是一種研究式的學(xué)習(xí)，在其要求下，我們的閱讀方法是結(jié)構(gòu)化閱讀。論證性文字一定是以論證為特點(diǎn)，這特點(diǎn)分布于文章的各個(gè)層面：篇章——段落——句子——單詞。

篇章由多個(gè)論點(diǎn)組成，論點(diǎn)由作為論據(jù)的句子構(gòu)成，句子本身的典型構(gòu)成是前后場由表示論證關(guān)系的詞匯連接，體現(xiàn)論證的意義的單詞最重要。要想真正讀懂文章，必須把所有那些表現(xiàn)論證的字詞句抓出，而這卻恰好是過去所有閱讀方法都忽略的。

GRE閱讀提分技巧：了解關(guān)聯(lián)詞作用

關(guān)聯(lián)詞和廣義的關(guān)聯(lián)成分，經(jīng)過GRE考試的反復(fù)宣傳，已經(jīng)獲得眾所周知的重要性，在此不論。但是，單純的關(guān)聯(lián)詞也可能組成沒有新鮮內(nèi)容的堆砌文章，于是內(nèi)容上的關(guān)聯(lián)成為必要，這需要靠論證形式，也就是，我們要看一個(gè)論點(diǎn)是如何展開的，或說文章是如何結(jié)構(gòu)或論證的。

對一個(gè)論點(diǎn)而言，論證的方式是分角度;但不是所有論點(diǎn)都可以分角度，那些不容易分角度的，論點(diǎn)按照其自身潛在包含的內(nèi)容展開，由此有差異、正、反三類關(guān)系，每種關(guān)系的論證都相對模式化。這樣就可以懂得GRE閱讀理解文章每句話在論證上的作用，無須完全依賴對文章各句所涉專業(yè)知識的了解。

希望從本文開始的抽象論述到文章分析的具體論述中，讀者們可以大致了解，結(jié)構(gòu)化閱讀分析的本質(zhì)和它的運(yùn)用的益處：我們沒有精讀，沒有泛讀，也沒有訴諸技巧，而只是問，這個(gè)文章各句以及每句各部分是怎么組織起來進(jìn)行論證論點(diǎn)的，由此就拆解了該文的結(jié)構(gòu)，并順帶分析了所考的四道題目。

評價(jià)這些閱讀理論的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，首先應(yīng)該來自新GRE閱讀考試的要求。這要求再簡單不過，要求15分鐘左右讀完和答完一長一短兩篇文章的內(nèi)容和題目。在這個(gè)要求下，精讀顯然是不行的，雖然如果時(shí)間足夠長，可以保證做對細(xì)節(jié)題。

以上就是我們對GRE考試中閱讀技巧的分析和總結(jié)?？忌趥鋺?zhàn)新GRE閱讀中對技巧的掌握也是要到位的。閱讀中的方法技巧能夠幫助考生快速瀏覽文章并找出有用的信息，屏蔽無用和干擾的信息，迅速鎖定答案。這就是GRE閱讀技巧的作用。

GRE考試閱讀理解模擬題及答案解析

Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following reading passage.

Immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females.

In these species, fertilized eggs develop into females and unfertilized eggs into males.

A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized.

By Fisher‘s genetic argument that the sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted, it should pay a female to produce equal numbers of sons and daughters.

Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their host—the larva of another insect—and that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis.

Since only one female usually lays eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one male could fertilize all his sisters on emergence.

Like Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking for a strategy.

1. The author suggests that the work of Fisher and Hamilton was similar in that both scientists

(A) conducted their research at approximately the same time

(B) sought to manipulate the sex ratios of some of the animals they studied

(D) studied game theory, thereby providing important groundwork for the later development of strategy theory

(E) studied reproduction in the same animal species

(For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply)

2. The passage contains information that would answer which of the following questions about wasps?

□A How many eggs does the female wasp usually lay in a single host larva?

□B Can some species of wasp determine sex ratios among their offspring?

□C What is the approximate sex ratio among the offspring of parasitic wasps?

3. Which of the following is NOT true of the species of parasitic wasps discussed in the passage?

A) Adult female wasps are capable of storing sperm.

B) Female wasps lay their eggs in the larvae of other insects.

C) The adult female wasp can be fertilized by a male that was hatched in the same larva as herself.

D) So few male wasps are produced that extinction is almost certain.

E) Male wasps do not emerge from their hosts until they reach sexual maturity.

Questions 4 to 5 are based on the following reading passage.

Tocqueville, apparently, was wrong. Jacksonian America was not a fluid, egalitarian society where individual wealth and poverty were ephemeral conditions.

At least so argues E. Pessen in his iconoclastic study of the very rich in the United States between 1825 and 1850.

Pessen does present a quantity of examples, together with some refreshingly intelligible statistics, to establish the existence of an inordinately wealthy class.

Though active in commerce or the professions, most of the wealthy were not self-made, but had inherited family fortunes.

In no sense mercurial, these great fortunes survived the financial panics that destroyed lesser ones.

Indeed, in several cities the wealthiest one percent constantly increased its share until by 1850 it owned half of the community‘s wealth.

Although these observations are true, Pessen overestimates their importance by concluding from them that the undoubted progress toward inequality in the late eighteenth century continued in the Jacksonian period and that the United States was a class-ridden, plutocratic society even before industrialization. (162 words)

4. According to the passage, Pessen indicates that all of the following were true of the very wealthy in the United States between 1825 and 1850 EXCEPT:

(A) They formed a distinct upper class.

(B) Many of them were able to increase their holdings.

(C)Some of them worked as professionals or in business.

(D) Most of them accumulated their own fortunes.

(E) Many of them retained their wealth in spite of financial upheavals.

5. Which of the following best states the author‘s main point?

(A) Pessen‘s study has overturned the previously established view of the social and economic structure of early nineteenth-century America.

(B) Tocqueville‘s analysis of the United States in the Jacksonian era remains the definitive account of this period.

(C) Pessen‘s study is valuable primarily because it shows the continuity of the social system in the United States throughout the nineteenth century.

(D) The social patterns and political power of the extremely wealthy in the United States between 1825 and 1850 are well documented.

(E) Pessen challenges a view of the social and economic system in the United States from 1825 to 1850, but he draws conclusions that are incorrect.

Question 6 is based on the following passage.

Anaerobic glycolysis is a process in which energy is produced, without oxygen, through the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactic acid and adenosine tri- phosphate (ATP), the energy provider.

The amount of energy that can be produced anaerobically is a function of the amount of glycogen present—in all vertebrates about 0.5 percent of their muscles‘ wet weight.

Thus the anaerobic energy reserves of a verte-brate are proportional to the size of the animal.

If, for example, some predators had attacked a 100-ton dinosaur, normally torpid, the dinosaur would have been able to generate almost instantaneously, via anaerobic glycolysis, the energy of 3,000 humans at maximum oxidative metabolic energy production.

6. The passage‘s suggestion that the total anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the vertebrate‘s size is based on which of the following assumption?

(A) larger vertebrates conserve more energy than smaller vertebrates

(B) larger vertebrates use less oxygen per unit weight than smaller vertebrates

(D) the amount of muscle tissue in a vertebrate is directly related to its size

(E) the size of a vertebrate is proportional to the quantity of energy it can utilize

Questions 7-10 are based on the following passage.

Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted.

According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization.

However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences.

Difference between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals.

For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways.

Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory.

The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act.

Shakespeare‘s Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power; nor is Picasso‘s painting Guernica primarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism.

What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular.

Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.

This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field; the composer Monteverdi, who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind.

More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth.

Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music.

On the other hand, Mozart‘s The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means.

It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention.

But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules.

Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits—the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach—in strikingly original ways.

(For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply)

7. The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?

(A) Has unusual creative activity been characterized as revolutionary?

(B) Did Beethoven work within a musical tradition that also included Handel and Bach?

(C) Who besides Monteverdi wrote music that the author would consider to embody new principles of organization and to be of high aesthetic value?

8. The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activity transcends limits with

(A) deep skepticism

(B) strong indignation

(D) moderate amusement

(E) sharp derision

9. The author implies that an innovative scientific contribution is one that

(A) is cited with high frequency in the publications of other scientists

(B) is accepted immediately by the scientific community

(D) presents the discovery of a new scientific fact

(E) introduces a new valid generalization

10. Which of the following statements would most logically concluded the last paragraph of the passage?

(A) Unlike Beethoven, however, even the greatest of modern composers, such as Stravinsky, did not transcend existing musical forms.

(B) In similar fashion, existing musical forms were even further exploited by the next generation of great European composers.

(D) By contrast, the view that creativity in the arts exploits but does not transcend limits is supported in the field of literature.

(E) Actually, Beethoven‘s most original works were largely unappreciated at the time that they were first performed.

Immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females.

某些寄生性胡蜂種群內(nèi)雌性的數(shù)量遠(yuǎn)超雄性，這種性別比與博弈論緊密相關(guān)。

倒裝句，正常的語序是 the sex ratios(一堆修飾成分) are immediately relevant to game theory.

game theory：博弈論

In these species, fertilized eggs develop into females and unfertilized eggs into males.

在這些種群內(nèi)，受精卵發(fā)育為雌蜂，而未受精卵發(fā)育為雄蜂。

A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized.

雌蜂攜帶精子，它可以通過選擇是否讓其受精來決定每一枚它產(chǎn)的卵的性別。

F的遺傳學(xué)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，讓每一個(gè)體產(chǎn)生最多后代并因此傳播自身基因的性別比最具競爭優(yōu)勢，生育數(shù)量相當(dāng)?shù)膬煞N性別的后代對雌蜂是最有利的。

(F哥的觀點(diǎn)，前邊都沒問題，使勁生盡量讓自己的基因被表達(dá)和傳播，但結(jié)論很怪，他說要生兒女一邊多的最好，莫非蜂是一夫一妻制，怪了點(diǎn)。)

Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their host—the larva of another insect—and that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis.

H，注意到卵都是在宿主內(nèi)發(fā)育——另一種昆蟲的幼蟲——而且新生的蜂成熟后立刻交配并離開，提出了一種相當(dāng)有說服力的分析。

Since only one female usually lays eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one male could fertilize all his sisters on emergence.

既然每只幼蟲只有一只雌蜂產(chǎn)卵，只生產(chǎn)一只雄蜂才最有利，因?yàn)檫@只雄蜂已經(jīng)足夠?yàn)樗械慕忝锰峁┚印?/p>

(H哥的觀點(diǎn)更合理，一只雄蜂已經(jīng)足夠用了，在保證有精子的情況下，雌蜂越多越能保證產(chǎn)生更多后代。)

Like Fisher,Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking for a strategy.

H和F都尋找一種進(jìn)化論意義上的穩(wěn)定策略，但H更進(jìn)一步，他意識到自己是在尋找這樣一種策略。

1. The author suggests that the work of Fisher and Hamilton was similar in that both scientists

(A) conducted their research at approximately the same time

(B) sought to manipulate the sex ratios of some of the animals they studied

(D) studied game theory, thereby providing important groundwork for the late development of strategy theory

(E) studied reproduction in the same animal species

選C。

他們都嘗試解釋為什么這些寄生蜂種群內(nèi)有特定的性別比，且能保持這個(gè)比例穩(wěn)定。

(For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply)

2. The passage contains information that would answer which of the following questions about wasps?

□A How many eggs does the female wasp usually lay in a single host larva?

□B Can some species of wasp determine sex ratios among their offspring?

□C What is the approximate sex ratio among the offspring of parasitic wasps?

不定項(xiàng)選擇，有時(shí)候真的會選3個(gè)。

選B。

A在瞎聊顯然沒有。

關(guān)于C，其實(shí)我們知道C問題的相關(guān)信息，一個(gè)寄主內(nèi)一只雄蜂，但因?yàn)椴恢兰闹鲀?nèi)卵的總數(shù)，所以不能確定性別比。不能answer，所以不選C。

3. Which of the following is NOT true of the species of parasitic wasps discussed in the passage?

(A) Adult female wasps are capable of storing sperm.

(B) Female wasps lay their eggs in the larva of other insects.

(D) So few male wasps are produced that extinction is almost certain.

(E) Male wasps do not emerge from their hosts until they reach sexual maturity.

選D。

其實(shí)我個(gè)人對E是不確定的，但由于D實(shí)在錯(cuò)的明顯且單選。

Questions 4 to 5 are based on the following reading passage.

Tocqueville, apparently, was wrong. Jacksonian America was not a fluid, egalitarian society where individual wealth and poverty were ephemeral conditions.

托克維爾認(rèn)為杰克森時(shí)代的美國是平等的，窮人有機(jī)會使自己躋身富裕階層，似乎(有人認(rèn)為)他錯(cuò)了。

(apparently，這個(gè)詞有兩種解釋，都是源于apparent。一種是“顯而易見地，明顯地”;一種是“似乎是這樣地(其實(shí)未必如此)，表面上地”。下文可以看出作者拿出的證據(jù)都是間接的(P的研究結(jié)果)，且最終作者否定了P的結(jié)論，所以 apparently 應(yīng)該做“似乎”講，取第二種解釋。此處 Ch'en Meng 老師的文檔把 apparently 譯成“顯然”我認(rèn)為是錯(cuò)誤的。

Jachsonian，杰克遜的，這里的杰克遜是美國第七任總統(tǒng)(任期1828-1836)安德魯·杰克遜，一直被認(rèn)為是美國最杰出的十位總統(tǒng)之一，民主黨創(chuàng)建者之一。與本題無關(guān)。)

At least so argues E. Pessen in his iconoclastic study of the very rich in the United States between 1825 and 1850.

至少E·Pessen的顛覆傳統(tǒng)的研究這樣認(rèn)為，ta的研究對象是1825-1850年的美國超富階層。

(倒裝句，正常語序是 At least E·Pessen argues so in his iconoclastic study of …… )

Pessen does present a quantity of examples, together with some refreshingly intelligible statistics, to establish the existence of an inordinately wealthy class.

P的確列舉了若干例子，結(jié)合一些明顯的數(shù)據(jù)，以勾勒出這個(gè)超越常人理解的富裕階層，使人耳目一新。

Though active in commerce or the professions, most of the wealthy were not self-made, but had inherited family fortunes.

(然而)盡管大部分富人在各自的職業(yè)領(lǐng)域相當(dāng)活躍，其巨額財(cái)富卻是來自家族傳承，而非個(gè)人奮斗。

In no sense mercurial, these great fortunes survived the financial panics that destroyed lesser ones.

經(jīng)濟(jì)恐慌時(shí)期，這些巨富毫無意外得以全身而退，小規(guī)模的資本卻悉數(shù)傾覆。

(in no sense 絕不(adv.);mercurial 反復(fù)無常的，難以預(yù)測的。

in no sense mercurial 是說這些巨富能夠從經(jīng)濟(jì)恐慌時(shí)期存活下來，不是偶然的，是毫不令人意外的。)

Indeed, in several cities the wealthiest one percent constantly increased its share until by 1850 it owned half of the community‘s wealth.

實(shí)際上在某些城市，前1%的富人的財(cái)富持續(xù)增加，直到1850年，已占他們所在區(qū)域總財(cái)富的半數(shù)。

即便這些觀察是真實(shí)的，P也高估了它們的重要性，并誤以為這個(gè)無疑是不平等的進(jìn)程在杰克遜時(shí)代得以繼續(xù)，甚至使美國在完成工業(yè)化以前，就成為一個(gè)等級森嚴(yán)的，由財(cái)閥統(tǒng)治的社會。

4. According to the passage, Pessen indicates that all of the following were true of the very wealthy in the United States between 1825 and 1850 EXCEPT:

(A) They formed a distinct upper class.

(B) Many of them were able to increase their holdings.

(C)Some of them worked as professionals or in business.

(D) Most of them accumulated their own fortunes.

(E) Many of them retained their wealth in spite of financial upheavals.

選D。

見第四句。

5. Which of the following best states the author‘s main point?

(A) Pessen‘s study has overturned the previously established view of the social and economic structure of early nineteenth-century America.

(B) Tocqueville‘s analysis of the United States in the Jacksonian era remains the definitive account of this period.

(C) Pessen‘s study is valuable primarily because it shows the continuity of the social system in the United States throughout the nineteenth century.

(D) The social patterns and political power of the extremely wealthy in the United States between 1825 and 1850 are well documented.

(E) Pessen challenges a view of the social and economic system in the United States from 1825 to 1850, but he draws conclusions that are incorrect.

選E。

有點(diǎn)兒重要，多說幾句。

P的研究雖然是反傳統(tǒng)的，但是他overturn學(xué)界對這個(gè)時(shí)期的社會經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)觀點(diǎn)嗎?顯然沒有，第7句可見他的結(jié)論是有問題的。

托克維爾對于杰克森時(shí)代的美國的分析仍然是權(quán)威(definitive)的嗎?

最大干擾項(xiàng)。

托克維爾是著名的法國歷史學(xué)家，政治家，貴族出身的他曾游歷美國，寫下著名的《美國的民主》(還有《美國游記》及大量書信)，一直被認(rèn)為是美國社會的旁觀者之眼。如果你跟我一樣有這種半吊子背景知識，怎么看都覺得這個(gè)選項(xiàng)對?？上Ъ幢恪巴锌司S爾觀點(diǎn)”真的有這種地位，文中也看不出來，作者明確表態(tài)的內(nèi)容，僅限于P質(zhì)疑托克維爾，P的結(jié)論有問題，并不能證明托克維爾的觀點(diǎn)就是權(quán)威的。所以，重申我們在填空題講解中就一次次叮囑各位的那種觀點(diǎn)，

“GRE文字推理部分，如果你沒有背景知識——是一種幸運(yùn)，倘若不幸具備一些背景知識——切記要非常謹(jǐn)慎地使用，一切從文本和常識出發(fā)?！?/p>

不一定是valuable的，也不一定有continuity。

documented 用文件證實(shí)或證明的，明確記錄的。

顯然不夠明確(not well)，否則也不會產(chǎn)生這么多分歧，學(xué)者們各說各話。

Question 6 is based on the following passage.

Anaerobic glycolysis is a process in which energy is produced, without oxygen, through the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactic acid and adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) , the energy provider.

無氧糖酵解是一個(gè)無氧情況下生產(chǎn)能量的過程，分解的雞糖原轉(zhuǎn)化為乳酸，和三磷酸腺苷也就是能量提供者。

(讀這句話我也快瘋了，兩個(gè)辦法，查字典，或者用縮寫代號。我還寫了一個(gè)代號版本：

AG是一個(gè)無氧情況下生產(chǎn)能量的過程，分解的肌肉GLYCG轉(zhuǎn)化成乳酸和ATP也就是能量的提供者。

還是用填空題的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，“不認(rèn)識的詞猜測它的語法角色，然后用代號代表”。)

The amount of energy that can be produced anaerobically is a function of the amount of glycogen present—in all vertebrates about 0.5 percent of their muscles‘ wet weight.

無氧(代謝)能夠產(chǎn)生的能量值是一個(gè)關(guān)于體內(nèi)糖原的函數(shù)——在所有脊椎動(dòng)物中，這個(gè)值與他們肌肉濕重的0.5%相關(guān)。

(A是B的函數(shù)，就是用含B的式子能夠表示或推算A的值。這里的function再翻譯成功能就不通順了。)

Thus the anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the size of the animal.

所以，一只脊椎動(dòng)物所蘊(yùn)含的無氧能量(最大)儲備與它們的體型有關(guān)。

如果，比如說，有什么掠食者攻擊了一頭100噸重的恐龍，一般都是趁龍先生睡覺的時(shí)候，一瞬間恐龍先生通過無氧糖酵解產(chǎn)生的能量，大概相當(dāng)于3000個(gè)人類有氧代謝能產(chǎn)生的能量最大值的總和。

6. The passage‘s suggestion that the total anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the vertebrate‘s size is based on which of the following assumption?

(A) larger vertebrates conserve more energy than smaller vertebrates

(B) larger vertebrates use less oxygen per unit weight than smaller vertebrates

(D) the amount of muscle tissue in a vertebrate is directly related to its size

(E) the size of a vertebrate is proportional to the quantity of energy it can utilize

選D

很好的一道邏輯題。

請?jiān)诳匆槐?，3兩句話。

然后整理一下它們的邏輯鏈條。

1)無氧糖解產(chǎn)生的能量;

2)體內(nèi)蘊(yùn)含的糖原，也就是肌肉濕重的05%;

3)動(dòng)物的體型大小。

第2句告訴我們，1)和2)相關(guān);

第3句接著告訴我們，因此1)和3)也相關(guān)。

現(xiàn)在題目問我們第3句是基于什么樣的一個(gè)假設(shè)。

希望你能敏銳地察覺到，這個(gè)假設(shè)就是 “2)和3)相關(guān)”。

再說個(gè)類似的描述，“我跟你同班”，“我跟他同班”，隱含著一個(gè)“你跟他也同班”的假設(shè)。

多說幾句。像這種短文章，只有一道題，有些老師會告訴你，讀完問題去文中找答案，我個(gè)人表示保留。如果你閱讀能力足夠強(qiáng)，看懂第四句話用不了多長時(shí)間;如果你讀不懂，你也未必能迅速判斷它跟題目無關(guān)。所以說到底，提高你的閱讀速度和理解力，不要想那些抄近路的小花招。在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試中，真正能幫你的是實(shí)力，不是竅門和好運(yùn)氣，又不是買彩票，你同意嗎。

最無辜的還是恐龍先生，你繼續(xù)睡吧。

Questions 7-10 are based on the following passage.

Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted.

非凡的創(chuàng)造性活動(dòng)是一種革命，它與現(xiàn)有的規(guī)則格格不入，創(chuàng)造不是為了討好，而是為了改變。

According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization.

根據(jù)這個(gè)定義，高創(chuàng)造性活動(dòng)超越現(xiàn)有形式的限制，建立一種新的規(guī)范。

However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences.

然而，“卓越創(chuàng)造超越成規(guī)”的觀點(diǎn)在藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域是不成立的，盡管它可能適用于科學(xué)界。

Difference between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals.

高創(chuàng)造性藝術(shù)品與創(chuàng)造性科學(xué)研究的區(qū)別，緣于他們迥異的初衷。

對科學(xué)來說，新的理論是創(chuàng)造活動(dòng)的目標(biāo)和最終結(jié)果。新的科學(xué)制造新的命題，用以更條理分明地解釋相關(guān)聯(lián)的不同現(xiàn)象。

Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory.

比如，一顆奪目的鉆石或者一只筑巢的鳥都會被記錄成某種數(shù)據(jù)，用以歸納或測試一種新理論。

The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act.

高創(chuàng)造性藝術(shù)的目標(biāo)則完全不同：現(xiàn)象本身就是創(chuàng)造性活動(dòng)的直接產(chǎn)物。

莎士比亞的哈姆雷特并非只為描述一個(gè)優(yōu)柔寡斷的王子或者或政治權(quán)謀;畢加索的格爾尼卡的主題也并非主要關(guān)于西班牙內(nèi)戰(zhàn)或法西斯主義。

What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular.

高創(chuàng)造性藝術(shù)活動(dòng)要完成的并非一種超越成規(guī)的新概括，而是一個(gè)具體的美學(xué)對象。

Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.

高創(chuàng)造性藝術(shù)家創(chuàng)造的具體的美學(xué)對象，以新的方式拓展或利用了舊有的藝術(shù)形式，而不是超越它們。

不能否認(rèn)，某領(lǐng)域的藝術(shù)史上確有高創(chuàng)造性藝術(shù)家建立過新的組織原則;作品藝術(shù)價(jià)值達(dá)到巔峰的作曲家蒙特威爾第就屬于這種情況。

(Monteverdi，意大利作曲家(1567-1643)，被認(rèn)為是歌劇這種形式的創(chuàng)始人)

More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth.

然而，更多普遍的情況是，一件作品是否在音樂史上建立了一種新的原則跟它的藝術(shù)價(jià)值無關(guān)。

一些音樂作品，比如 Florentine Camerata 的一些歌劇，體現(xiàn)了新的組織原則，在音樂史上具有一定的重要性，但沒什么聽眾或音樂評家認(rèn)為它們屬于最偉大的音樂作品。

On the other hand, Mozart‘s The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means.

另一方面，盡管莫扎特的費(fèi)加羅的婚禮只是稍微擴(kuò)展了前人的手法，卻足以被稱為杰作。

It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention.

有人說貝多芬顛覆了規(guī)則，把音樂從使人窒息的傳統(tǒng)限制中解放出來。

But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules.

但如果你詳細(xì)地研究它的作品就會發(fā)現(xiàn)，貝多芬沒有顛覆任何規(guī)則。

相反，他是無人企及的利用各種限制的大師，他從海頓、莫扎特、韓德爾、巴赫等前輩音樂家那里繼承了很多規(guī)則、形式和傳統(tǒng)，并極具創(chuàng)造性地加以利用。

( For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply )

7. The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?

(A) Has unusual creative activity been characterized as revolutionary?

(B) Did Beethoven work within a musical tradition that also included Handel and Bach?

(C) Who besides Monteverdi wrote music that the author would consider to embody new principles of organization and to be of high aesthetic value?

選AB。

A 第1句。

B 第17句。

C 既創(chuàng)立新規(guī)則又受到聽眾好評的只舉了Monteverdi，F(xiàn)lorentine Camerata 時(shí)期的作品聽眾就不是很愛。

8. The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activity transcends limits with

(A) deep skepticism

(B) strong indignation

(D) moderate amusement

(E) sharp derision

選A。

A 深深懷疑; B 強(qiáng)烈憤怒; C 明顯地漠不關(guān)心; D 覺得有點(diǎn)好玩; E 尖銳的嘲笑

你看看!不背單詞行么!

9. The author implies that an innovative scientific contribution is one that

(A) is cited with high frequency in the publications of other scientists

(B) is accepted immediately by the scientific community

(D) presents the discovery of a new scientific fact

(E) introduces a new valid generalization

選E。

第5、6句。

10. Which of the following statements would most logically concluded the last paragraph of the passage?

(A) Unlike Beethoven, however, even the greatest of modern composers, such as Stravinsky, did not transcend existing musical forms.

(B) In similar fashion, existing musical forms were even further exploited by the next generation of great European composers.

(D) By contrast, the view that creativity in the arts exploits but does not transcend limits is supported in the field of literature.

(E) Actually, Beethoven‘s most original works were largely unappreciated at the time that they were first performed.

選B。

A項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)的Stravinsky、D的literture，文中都沒出現(xiàn)過，無法判斷，一定不選;

E貝多芬的作品初演，當(dāng)時(shí)的聽眾喜歡不喜歡我們不知道，也不選;

C，很多作曲家都展示出了Monteverdi那樣的多方面的才華(既創(chuàng)造新形式，又具有音樂性被人喜歡)，文中再看不到這種例子，不選;

B 偉大的歐洲作曲家創(chuàng)立的那些音樂形式在(貝多芬)以后仍然被后輩音樂家利用。從作者否定“貝多芬是顛覆性的”的態(tài)度，可以推測出這種傾向(大概有種“貝多芬都不顛覆你顛覆個(gè)鬼”的意味，醬)。

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