GRE閱讀題制勝法則

GRE閱讀題制勝法則：邏輯題有哪些規(guī)律可尋?今天小編給大家?guī)砹薌RE閱讀題制勝法則，希望能夠給幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

GRE閱讀題制勝法則：邏輯題有哪些規(guī)律可尋?

邏輯題在每個 Section 都會有1-2道，邏輯題標(biāo)志是文章很短，大概 50-100 字左右，只有一題。但正常閱讀文章中也有針對某些句子的邏輯題。

GRE邏輯題主要分為三個類型：

1.強(qiáng)化論點(diǎn)

2.弱化論點(diǎn)

3.假設(shè)/調(diào)和差異

做邏輯題建議先讀題干，再看文章。最重要的是在文章中找到 Core Argument 。在讀文章時，要特別注意其中出現(xiàn)的 since, because, if 等表示命題之間的因果、條件關(guān)系的詞匯，也要注意句子的謂語部分出現(xiàn)的表示相關(guān)和因果關(guān)系的詞匯，例如 correlate with, coincide with，這些詞匯構(gòu)成了 Core Argument 。

01

強(qiáng)化類

提問方式：

Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

Which of the following, if true, would support the author’s hypothesis?

強(qiáng)化論點(diǎn)的方法有3種：

(1)重述或強(qiáng)調(diào)前提

(2)支持論據(jù)

(3)排除其他因素

總結(jié)成一句話就是：縮小推理過程的差異

例如：

Sparva, unlike Treland’s other provinces, requires automobile insurers to pay for any medical treatment sought by someone who has been involved in an accident; in the other provinces, insurers pay for nonemergency treatment only if they preapprove the treatment. Clearly, Sparva’s less restrictive policy must be the explanation for the fact that altogether insurers there pay for far more treatments after accidents than insurers in other provinces, even though Sparva does not have the largest population.

問題：Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A Car insurance costs more in Sparva than in any other province.

B The cost of medical care in Sparva is higher than the national average.

C Different insurance companies have different standards for determining what constitutes emergency treatment.

D Fewer insurance companies operate in Sparva than in any other province.

E There are fewer traffic accidents annually in Sparva than in any of the provinces of comparable or greater population.

文章的 Core Argument：Sparva 更加寬松的賠付政策導(dǎo)致了 Sparva 在人口很少的情況下承保人要支付更多的事故賠償金，問加強(qiáng)這一論點(diǎn)。

分析：可以這樣考慮，導(dǎo)致高事故賠償金有幾種因素，比如更多交通事故，更多人口等，而如果 Sparva 交通事故少，人口又少的情況下賠償金還這么高，更加說明了 Sparva 寬松的賠付政策導(dǎo)致了 Sparva 的承保人支付更多的事故，這就加強(qiáng)了論點(diǎn)，因此選 E 。A 和 B 是弱化了論點(diǎn)，C 是和論點(diǎn)無關(guān)，D 的話，保險(xiǎn)公司少了，但每家公司攤的多，所以總數(shù)量還是沒變，依然很多。

02

弱化類

提問方式：

Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken/undermine/cast doubt on the author’s assertion?

弱化原文的方法有3種：

(1)直接反對前提

(2)反對證據(jù)

(3)給出其他原因

總結(jié)成一句話就是：加大推理過程的差異

例如：

In 1998 the United States Department of Transportation received nearly 10,000 consumer complaints about airlines; in 1999 it received over 20,000. Moreover, the number of complaints per 100,000 passengers also more than doubled. In both years the vast majority of complaints concerned flight delays, cancellations, mishandled baggage, and customer service. Clearly, therefore, despite the United States airline industry’s serious efforts to improve performance in these areas, passenger dissatisfaction with airline service increased significantly in 1999.

問題：Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

A Although the percentage of flights that arrived on time dropped slightly overall, from 77 percent in 1998 to 76 percent in 1999, some United States airlines’ 1999 on-time rate was actually better than their 1998 on-time rate.

B The number of passengers flying on United States airlines was significantly higher in 1999 than in 1998.

C Fewer bags per 1,000 passengers flying on United States airlines were lost or delayed in 1999 than in 1998.

D The appearance in 1999 of many new Internet sites that relay complaints directly to the Department of Transportation has made filing a complaint about airlines much easier for consumers than ever before.

E Although the number of consumer complaints increased for every major United States airline in 1999, for some airlines the extent of the increase was substantial, whereas for others it was extremely small.

分析：可以這樣考慮，有可能是1999年網(wǎng)站讓人員更加容易投訴了，也就是說，或許1998年投訴人數(shù)比1999年還多，但由于信息渠道不發(fā)達(dá)，所以造成了1999年比1998年投訴更多的假象，其實(shí)是投訴無門。即D選項(xiàng)，而 A 和 E 是加強(qiáng)論點(diǎn)的，B 選項(xiàng)，文章已經(jīng)說了 complaint/100,000 翻倍了，就和總?cè)藬?shù)無關(guān)了，而C只說了 mishandled baggage 這一項(xiàng)改進(jìn)了，其他方面可能做的更差，所以不足以 weaken 。

03

假設(shè)/調(diào)和差異類

提問方式：

assumption/explain the difference/reconcile the discrepancy/resolve the paradox

除了邏輯強(qiáng)化與弱化，邏輯單題也經(jīng)常問到原文論證或理論的假設(shè)(assumption)。假設(shè)，按其定義，指的是如其不成立，則原推理不成立的條件，這時，答案要提供一個橋梁，連接推理的兩端，好比 bridge the gap 。

另一種考法是，原文兩個命題之間存在語言上的矛盾，比如，A 句說某事物增加，B 句說另一個相關(guān)事物減少。題干要求解釋原文兩個說法 A 和 B 之間的差別：explain the difference, 或者，由于 A、B 在這種情況下彼此似乎沖突，題干就問如何調(diào)節(jié)這種差異或沖突：reconcile the discrepancy, 或者解決或消除這種沖突或矛盾：resolve the paradox。這時的答案不能重復(fù) A 或 B ，而是提供中間環(huán)節(jié)X，使得 A→X→B。

例如：

During the day in Lake Constance, the zooplankton D. hyalina departs for the depths where food is scarce and the water cold. D. galeata remains near the warm surface where food is abundant. Even though D. galeata grows and reproduces much faster, its population is often outnumbered by D. hyalina.

問題：Which of the following, if true, would help resolve the apparent paradox presented above?

A The number of species of zooplankton living at the bottom of the lake is twice that of species living at the surface.

B Predators of zooplankton, such as whitefish and perch, live and feed near the surface of the lake during the day.

C In order to make the most of scarce food resources, D. hyalina matures more slowly than D. galeata.

D D. galeata clusters under vegetation during the hottest part of the day to avoid the Sun’s rays.

E D. galeata produces twice as many offspring per individual in any given period of time as does D. hyalina.

分析：Bridge the gap: predators 在湖表面吃掉 g，導(dǎo)致 g 的數(shù)量下降，盡管 g 生存條件好，繁殖能力強(qiáng)，但是面臨眾多捕食者，后代數(shù)量必定下降，反倒不如生存條件差，但沒有天敵的h，完美解決了 paradox，所以選 B 。A 的意思是 h 的數(shù)量是 g 的兩倍， h 本來就多，所以這個是加強(qiáng) paradox 的;C 的意思是 h 比 g 成熟慢，說明 h 的數(shù)量比 g 少，而文章得出結(jié)論 h > g，與文章不符，同理，D 和 E 也是可以得出 g > h，與文章不符。

最后，我們可以總結(jié)一下邏輯題錯誤選項(xiàng)的特征，大家在做題的時候也可以考慮用排除法，把明顯錯誤的選項(xiàng)排除掉。

1. 相反：比如，題干選強(qiáng)化，而選項(xiàng)是弱化等

2. 無關(guān)：與文章的 argument 無關(guān)

3. Out of Scope：擴(kuò)大了 argument 的范圍

GRE分類詞匯記憶：管理員

3.9.3 管理員

custodian n. 管理員，監(jiān)護(hù)人

ranger n. 森林管理員;巡邏騎警

technocrat n. 技術(shù)管理人員

warden n. 管理員，看守人

GRE分類詞匯記憶：各種工匠

3.9.4 各種工匠

architect n. 建筑師 (architecture n. 建筑學(xué))

bricklayer n. 泥瓦匠，砌磚蓋房者

mason n. 泥瓦匠，石匠 (masonry n. 石工技術(shù);石屋)

carpenter n. 木匠

chef n. 廚師

cobbler n. 補(bǔ)鞋匠

forger n. 打鐵匠;偽造者

lapidary n. 寶石工，寶石專家

lumberjack n. 伐木工

plumber n. 管子工，鉛管工

sartorial adj. 裁縫的，縫制的

silversmith n. 銀匠

tinker n. 補(bǔ)鍋工人;v. 拙劣修補(bǔ)

tonsorial adj. 理發(fā)師的，理發(fā)的

GRE分類詞匯記憶：醫(yī)療

3.9.1 醫(yī)療

charlatan n. 江湖郎中，騙子

mountebank n. 江湖郎中，騙子

quack n. 庸醫(yī);冒充內(nèi)行之人

apothecary n. 藥劑師

cardiologist n. 心臟病專家

dermatologist n. 皮膚病學(xué)家

podiatrist n. 足病醫(yī)生

surgeon n. 外科醫(yī)生;軍醫(yī)，船上的醫(yī)生

GRE分類詞匯記憶：審美家

3.12 其它

aesthete n. 審美家 (aesthetically adv. 審美地，悅目地 aesthetics n. 美學(xué))

anthropologist n. 人類學(xué)家

bibliophile n. 藏書家，愛書者

connoisseur n. 鑒賞家，行家

ecologist n. 生態(tài)學(xué)家，生態(tài)學(xué)者

geometrician n. 幾何學(xué)家 (geometry n. 幾何學(xué))

herpetologist n. 爬行動物學(xué)家

numismatist n. 錢幣學(xué)家，錢幣收藏家

ornithologist n. 鳥類學(xué)家，鳥類學(xué)者

philatelist n. 集郵家

taxonomist n. 分類學(xué)家

anarchist n. 無政府主義者

authoritarian n. 獨(dú)裁主義者;極權(quán)主義者

cosmopolitan n. 世界主義者，四海為家的人

cynic n. 犬儒主義者，憤世嫉俗者

defeatist n. 失敗主義者

extremist n. 極端主義者

hedonist n. 享樂主義者

mystic n. 神秘主義者;adj. 神秘的，不可思議的

optimist n. 樂觀主義者

pacifist n. 和平主義者，反戰(zhàn)主義者 (pacifism n. 和平主義)

patriot n. 愛國主義者，愛國者

cineaste n. 影迷，熱衷于電影的人

clientele n. (醫(yī)生、律師的)顧客，(商店的)常客

curator n. (博物館等)館長

inebriate n. 酒鬼，酒徒;v. 使…醉 (inebriety n. 酗酒 inebriant adj. 令人陶醉的)

insider n. 局內(nèi)人，圈內(nèi)人

personnel n. 全體人員，員工

veterinary adj. 獸醫(yī)的 (veterinarian n. 獸醫(yī))