如何備考GRE閱讀
GRE長(zhǎng)閱讀對(duì)考生們來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)大難點(diǎn),那該如何備考GRE閱讀呢?我們一起看看吧，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。
如何備考GRE閱讀
眾所周知長(zhǎng)閱讀是GRE閱讀中的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)，文章長(zhǎng)已經(jīng)不是問(wèn)題了，而是在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)不僅要讀完這么長(zhǎng)的一篇文章，還要快速理清文章的脈絡(luò)和邏輯幫助你作答。
要想提高長(zhǎng)閱讀的做題能力，就必須要以提高閱讀速度為首要目標(biāo)，從而，提高重要信息的抓取能力，主要邏輯線的整理能力，以及視角功能詞，邏輯詞等的標(biāo)記能力。
提高單詞的識(shí)別能力
提高單詞的識(shí)別能力并不是說(shuō)需要你認(rèn)識(shí)文章中的所有單詞，比如一些抽象名詞，需要根據(jù)上下文來(lái)推測(cè)，不認(rèn)識(shí)也沒(méi)有關(guān)系。
而需要識(shí)別的是一些重要的具有態(tài)度方向的形容詞，負(fù)向動(dòng)詞，因?yàn)檫@些詞恰恰反映了作者的態(tài)度和文章的轉(zhuǎn)折、遞進(jìn)等邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。
長(zhǎng)難句訓(xùn)練
GRE考試的題目句子大都比較長(zhǎng)，所以長(zhǎng)難句的訓(xùn)練是必要的，每天都看 一點(diǎn)GRE 長(zhǎng)難句圖解與精練，自己盡量分析，畫邏輯圖的方式，差不多每天5-10句花費(fèi)10-20分鐘左右的時(shí)間即可。
GRE 邏輯框架訓(xùn)練
邏輯框架的訓(xùn)練就是要求同學(xué)們?cè)诜治鑫恼聲r(shí)，要注重預(yù)測(cè)下文的行文方向，理清楚文章的框架和主旨，是什么觀點(diǎn)，是怎么論證的，有哪些重要的證據(jù)。
要多去思考及分析，做到主動(dòng)閱讀而非被動(dòng)閱讀。
限時(shí)訓(xùn)練
就如前文所說(shuō)，咱們的核心就是要提高文章的閱讀速度，讀文章的時(shí)候，把握住文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)和主要觀點(diǎn)即可，不需要深究細(xì)節(jié)，把握閱讀及做題的pace，這需要一定時(shí)間的練習(xí)，所以在備考后期要逐漸開(kāi)始進(jìn)行限時(shí)訓(xùn)練，考前進(jìn)行?？季毩?xí)，專門針對(duì)考試的時(shí)間分配進(jìn)行適應(yīng)性訓(xùn)練。
綜合練習(xí)
做GRE閱讀的時(shí)候切忌完全的翻譯成中文去理解，而是去分析文章的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，可以利用邏輯單項(xiàng)里的題型：
比如：recognizethe assumption，review/evaluate the argument : weaken，strengthen, find the missing but must-be-true informationthat can be inferred and mostly supported by the passages, and apply theprinciples from the authors。
或者，也可以運(yùn)用Argument作文中的駁論結(jié)構(gòu)去找文章的行文結(jié)構(gòu)。切忌翻譯理解哦~~
GRE閱讀記憶訓(xùn)練的三個(gè)步驟
如何培養(yǎng)考試所需的短期記憶能力呢?下面的小編將為你介紹具體步驟：
步驟一：首先記住文章框架
1.在3.5分鐘左右閱讀文章。
2.在每一段的結(jié)尾，一句話概括了該段的主要思路。
3.讀完全文后，瀏覽每一段主旨，并做一個(gè)歸納性的總結(jié)。
4. 提煉文章的整體主旨。
上述步驟可以幫助考生熟悉全文并加快解決問(wèn)題的速度。
步驟二：回顧檢查記憶內(nèi)容
1. 把剛才看過(guò)的文章翻過(guò)去，暫時(shí)不去看。
2. 在紙上寫下剛才的每段主旨和文章整體主旨。
檢查記憶是測(cè)試你在文章中實(shí)際記住了多少內(nèi)容，這實(shí)際上也是GRE閱讀理解考察的能力。
如果在剛開(kāi)始練習(xí)時(shí)沒(méi)有記住任何內(nèi)容并不重要，但請(qǐng)不要在此階段直接閱讀該文章。只要盡可能地記下你記得的東西即可。
步驟三：結(jié)合記憶答題
1.現(xiàn)在我們可以把剛剛的文章翻回來(lái)再看一遍。
2.如果主題涉及到特定的細(xì)節(jié)，比如在某一行中描述特定的內(nèi)容，那么立即找到文章的相關(guān)部分尋找答案。
3.如果這不是一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)題，直接回答它。
4.如果能夠確定答案，便立刻回答并繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下一個(gè)問(wèn)題。
5.如果不能確認(rèn)答案，再返回文章快速找到。
6.如果前面的步驟無(wú)法解決問(wèn)題，那就做個(gè)記號(hào)空下，繼續(xù)跟進(jìn)下一個(gè)問(wèn)題。
GRE閱讀備考真題解析之器官移植
The transplantation of organs from one individual to another normally involves two major problems: (1) organ rejection is likely unless the transplantation antigens (a usually protein or carbohydrate substance (as a toxin or enzyme) capable of stimulating an immune response) of both individuals are nearly identical, and (2) the introduction of any unmatched transplantation antigens induces the development by the recipient of donor-specific lymphocytes that will produce violent rejection of further transplantations from that donor. However, we have found that among many strains of rats these “normal” rules of transplantation are not obeyed by liver transplants. Not only are liver transplants never rejected, but they even induce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs, such as skin, from that donor are accepted permanently. Our hypothesis is that (1) many strains of rats simply cannot mount a sufficiently vigorous destructive immune-response (using lymphocytes) to outstrip the liver’s relatively great capacity to protect itself from immune-response damage and that (2) the systemic unresponsiveness observed is due to concentration of the recipient’s donor-specific lymphocytes at the site of the liver transplant.
17. The primary purpose of the passage is to treat the accepted generalizations about organ transplantation in which of the following ways?
(A) Explicate their main features
(B) Suggest an alternative to them
(C) Examine their virtues and limitations
(D) Criticize the major evidence used to support them(E)
(E) Present findings that qualify them
18. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes that an important difference among strains of rats is the
(A) size of their livers
(B) constitution of their skin
(C) strength of their immune-response reactions
(D) sensitivity of their antigens(C)
(E) adaptability of their lymphocytes
19. According to the hypothesis of the author, after a successful liver transplant, the reason that rats do not reject further transplants of other organs from the same donor is that the
(A) transplantation antigens of the donor and the recipient become matched
(B) lymphocytes of the recipient are weakened by the activity of the transplanted liver
(C) subsequently transplanted organ is able to repair the damage caused by the recipient’s immune-response reaction
(D) transplanted liver continues to be the primary locus for the recipient’s immune-response reaction(D)
(E) recipient is unable to manufacture the lymphocytes necessary for the immune-response reaction
20. Which of the following new findings about strains of rats that do not normally reject liver transplants, if true, would support the authors’ hypothesis?
I. Stomach transplants are accepted by the recipients in all cases.
II. Increasing the strength of the recipient’s immune-response reaction can induce liver-transplant rejection.
III. Organs from any other donor can be transplanted without rejection after liver transplantation.
IV. Preventing lymphocytes from being concentrated at the liver transplant produces acceptance of skin transplants.
(A) II only
(B) I and III only
(C) II and IV only
(D) I, II, and III only(A)
(E) I, III, and IV only
GRE雙語(yǔ)閱讀：五件事加快衰老速度
Your Lunchtime cola
午餐時(shí)的可樂(lè)
What it ages: Your bones
老化部位：骨骼
The science: Older women who drank a cola every day had significantly lower bone-mineral density than those who consumed less than one cola per month, according to a study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. It’s not exactly clear why cola had this effect, but the study researchers believe that it could be the combination of caffeine and phosphoric acid (which most other carbonated drinks don’t have) that causes the problem.
科學(xué)研究：《美國(guó)臨床營(yíng)養(yǎng)期刊》研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，年紀(jì)較大的女性如果每天喝一杯可樂(lè)，骨密度會(huì)遠(yuǎn)低于那些每月只喝不到一杯可樂(lè)的同齡女性。尚不明確可樂(lè)為何會(huì)產(chǎn)生這種影響，不過(guò)許多研究者認(rèn)為可能是咖啡因與磷酸(其他大多數(shù)碳酸飲料不含該成分)結(jié)合，造成這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
What you can do: Cut back. Keep in mind that diet cola had similar effects and, to a lesser extent, so did decaf versions. If you need bubbles, try seltzer instead.
解決辦法：少飲可樂(lè)。記住，健怡可樂(lè)也會(huì)影響骨密度，不過(guò)程度比較輕，脫咖啡因可樂(lè)亦如此。如果你想喝碳酸飲料，選擇蘇打水泡騰片吧。
Your Daily Commute
日常交通
What it ages: Your skin
老化部位：皮膚
The science: The air you’re exposed to on the highway is no friend to your complexion. Traffic-related pollution can lead to age spots, according to a review in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology, while another review in Frontiers in Environmental Science found that pollution contributes to overall skin aging, plus other problems like acne, eczema and psoriasis.
科學(xué)研究：路上的空氣可不是皮膚的好朋友?！镀つw病學(xué)研究雜志》表明，交通污染會(huì)引發(fā)老年斑。《環(huán)境科學(xué)前沿》還發(fā)現(xiàn)，污染會(huì)導(dǎo)致皮膚整體老化并產(chǎn)生一系列問(wèn)題，如粉刺、痤瘡和牛皮鮮。
What you can do: Until someone comes up with a way to make a long commute shorter, these tips should help. First, if you drive an older car, roll your windows down instead of up when you’re sitting in traffic. (With an older air-filter system, you’ll just breath in your car’s own exhaust if you keep them up). Second, apply a topical antioxidant product to your face, neck in the morning to help protect your skin from environmental pollution.
解決辦法：如果行程不可縮短，那這些方法也許有用。首先，如果你開(kāi)的是舊車，開(kāi)車時(shí)要把車窗搖下來(lái)。因?yàn)榕f車的空氣過(guò)濾設(shè)備老化，搖起車窗只會(huì)吸入車的尾氣。其次，在臉和脖子上涂一些抗氧化性產(chǎn)品，減少環(huán)境污染帶來(lái)的傷害。
A Hypercritical Boss
吹毛求疵的老板
What it ages: Your brain
老化部位：大腦
The science: Anxiety and stress can shrink your hippocampus, and in people already experiencing the cognitive decline that can lead to Alzheimer’s, they could potentially speed up the progression of the disease.
科學(xué)研究：壓力和焦慮會(huì)使大腦中的海馬體縮小。對(duì)于那些認(rèn)知能力已經(jīng)開(kāi)始下降的、可能會(huì)得老年癡呆癥的人來(lái)說(shuō)，病情可能會(huì)加速發(fā)展。
Your hippocampus controls memory formation and also plays a role in regulating your emotions. It naturally gets smaller as we age, but a review in Current Opinion in Psychiatry found that stress can cause structural damage and accelerate the shrinking process.
海馬體是大腦中負(fù)責(zé)記憶和感情的部分。隨著年齡增加，它會(huì)不斷縮小。不過(guò)，《精神醫(yī)學(xué)最新觀點(diǎn)》發(fā)現(xiàn)，壓力會(huì)造成海馬體結(jié)構(gòu)性損傷，加速縮小進(jìn)程。
“Cortisol is released when you’re stressed and cortisol is toxic to the hippocampus,” explains lead study author Linda Mah, an assistant professor of psychiatry at the University of Toronto and clinical scientist at the Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care. Before you get anxious about how stress and anxiety are affecting your brain, know this: The researchers concluded that “pathological anxiety and chronic stress” are the real dangers, meaning the kind that’s unrelenting and never seems to go away. If you think that’s what you’re experiencing, talk to your doctor about ways to manage it.
“緊張時(shí)會(huì)釋放出皮質(zhì)醇，對(duì)海馬體百害無(wú)利，”研究作者Linda Mah表示，同時(shí)他還是東京大學(xué)的精神學(xué)助教、Baycrest老年護(hù)理中心的臨床科學(xué)家。在你焦急的想知道焦慮和緊張是如何影響大腦之前，先弄清楚這些：研究人員認(rèn)為“病態(tài)焦慮和慢性壓力”是真正的元兇，這些可是頑固性因子。如果你覺(jué)得自己有這些癥狀，和醫(yī)生談?wù)劷鉀Q辦法。
Dr. Mah led another study in 2014 focusing on people with mild cognitive impairment, or MCI. (MCI is considered a precursor to Alzheimer’s. Not everyone with MCI develops Alzheimer’s, but almost all cases of Alzheimer’s start as MCI.) Subjects who experienced anxiety at any time were more likely to progress to Alzheimer’s during the three-year study. The more severe the anxiety, the higher the risk.
Mah醫(yī)生在2014年做了另一項(xiàng)研究，關(guān)注那些患有輕度認(rèn)知障礙(MCI)的人。MCI是老年癡呆癥的早期疾病，不是每一個(gè)有MCI的人都會(huì)得老年癡呆癥，但是大多老年癡呆癥的病人都是從患有MCI開(kāi)始的。在這三年的研究中，容易焦慮的人更容易得老年癡呆癥。焦慮程度越高，患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也越高。
What you can do: You’ve heard this before, but managing your stress levels is incredibly important. Exercise may be particularly helpful in dealing with work worries, according to a new study in the journal Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, which reported that being physically fit helped protect against the health effects of work-related stress.
解決方法：你之前可能聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)，學(xué)會(huì)控制壓力至關(guān)重要?！哆\(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)與科學(xué)》雜志最新研究表明，鍛煉也許能幫助減輕工作壓力。同時(shí)，健康的身體也會(huì)幫助我們抵抗工作壓力帶來(lái)的不利影響。
Sleepless Nights
夜間失眠
What they age: Your cells
老化部位：細(xì)胞
The science: A startling discovery comes via a study in Biological Psychiatry, which reported that women with five key symptoms of insomnia were almost two years older biologically than women of the same age without sleep issues. (The insomnia symptoms were difficulty falling asleep, restlessness, waking up during the night, trouble dozing off again and waking up too early.) This study didn’t show an obvious cause-and-effect relationship, but study author Steve Horvath, PhD, notes that it’s still good not to let sleep issues linger.
科學(xué)研究：生物精神病學(xué)研究有一項(xiàng)驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)，有五大失眠癥狀的女性在生理上要比同齡女性老兩歲。五大失眠癥包括入睡困難、情緒不安、夜間易醒、午休困難、過(guò)早起床。該研究并未顯示明顯的因果關(guān)系，但是研究作者Steve Horvath博士表示還是要解決這些失眠問(wèn)題。
What you can do: Treat the insomnia. If you’re having trouble sleeping, or notice any of the five symptoms above, ask your doctor for help.
解決方法：治療失眠。如果你入睡困難，有上述癥狀，向醫(yī)生尋求幫助。
An Expanding Waistline
腰圍增加
What it ages: Your brain
老化部位：大腦
The science: Our brains naturally lose white matter with age, but researchers from the University of Cambridge found that the brains of overweight and obese people had the same amount of white matter as healthy people 10 years older than them. Being physically unfit in middle age was also linked to smaller brain size, according to research in Neurology.
科學(xué)研究：大腦中的白質(zhì)會(huì)隨年齡增加而不斷損耗。劍橋大學(xué)的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，體重超重的人大腦中的白質(zhì)與與比自己大10歲的人含量相當(dāng)。神經(jīng)病學(xué)研究表明，中年人身體不健康也會(huì)導(dǎo)致腦容量減小。
What you can do: Get regular exercise (the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommends at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise, or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise, per week) and manage your weight to help keep your brain at a healthy size for your age.
解決方法：鍛煉。美國(guó)衛(wèi)生與人類服務(wù)部建議，每周至少要有150分鐘的有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)，或是75分鐘的劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng)。并且要控制體重，以此保證正常的大腦容量。
如何備考GRE閱讀相關(guān)文章：
2.GREArgument實(shí)戰(zhàn)準(zhǔn)備方略
4.GRE作文提分3大主要難點(diǎn)和應(yīng)對(duì)策略介紹
5.GRE寫作7個(gè)關(guān)鍵話題類型及10大高分句式整理歸納
6.GRE寫作提升閱讀量和分析題庫(kù)是突破關(guān)鍵
