新GRE閱讀文章的3個特點大揭秘
新GRE閱讀文章的3個特點大揭秘
高分必備,新GRE閱讀文章的3個特點大揭秘,我們來看看吧，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
【高分必備】新GRE閱讀文章的3個特點大揭秘
新GRE閱讀文章特點主要可以歸納為三點：文章改寫、題材廣泛以及風格固定。下面小編為同學們具體整理了新GRE閱讀文章的三個特點，供各位考生參考。
新GRE閱讀文章特點之文章改寫
所有的GRE閱讀文章都不是照搬照抄原有的學術論文。其編寫過程一般是出題機構先找到基本符合要求的“源文章”，然后根據出題機構的要求對文章進行相應的改編。
新GRE閱讀文章特點之題材廣泛
如前言中所說，GRE閱讀文章所涉及的題材有所區(qū)別，即GRE閱讀沒有管理類的文章，而這正是GMAT閱讀經常出現的題材。但總的來說，它們所涉及的題材都十分廣泛，一般來說，GRE閱讀文章可分為以下四類：人文類文章 (humanities)，自然科學類 (science)，社會科學類 (social science) 和商業(yè)管理類 (business)。盡管GRE閱讀文章涉及的學科眾多，但是考生對于這些題材無需具備相關的知識準備，答題所需要的一切信息均在文章中可以找到;并且考生不能根據自己對相關題材的了解自行裁減文章的內容和觀點。這四種題材將在以后的節(jié)目中按題材分類作詳細講解。
新GRE閱讀文章特點之風格固定
幾乎所有的GRE閱讀文章的風格非常鮮明并因此很容易識別，其中最重要的特點就是文章中必然會存在大量的沖突(conflicts)。
此外，出題機構主要依靠營造沖突來讓考生有一種緊張之感(tension)。這也就是說，GRE文章必然有針鋒相對的觀點，有新發(fā)現質疑已有觀點和認識，有對問題的諸個解決方案之間的分歧等。此類現象在GRE的閱讀文章中幾乎隨處可見。
通過上述對于新GRE閱讀文章三個特點介紹，相信有利于考生對GRE閱讀出題重點的把握，希望可以供大家參考，取得理想的成績!
GRE閱讀日常練習精選
In the semi-arid lowlands of Mufindi, in southern Tanzania, water is hard to come by.
姆芬迪低地位于坦桑尼亞南部，屬半干旱氣候，水資源匱乏。
Villagers rely on irrigation to grow maize, potatoes and spinach.
村民依靠灌溉設施種植玉米、土豆和菠菜。
Informal and often woolly codes govern how much water each farmer diverts to their own fields, and how much they leave for their neighbours downstream.
農民自家用多少水，給下游鄉(xiāng)親留多少水，沒有官方說法，也沒有明確標準。
Some farmers, naturally, turn out to be more grasping than others.
一些村民相比其他人表現出了較為貪婪的本性。
Economists typically see such decisions as irreducible: there is no accounting for individuals' values and preferences.
經濟學家普遍認為，每個人有各自的價值觀和偏好，所以水資源分配的決策也很難一概而論。
But a new study investigates why there is such variation in generosity among Mufindi's farmers.
但一項新研究探討了姆芬迪農民慷慨程度差異背后的原因。
The researchers asked other villagers to rank each farmer's social status on a scale of one to four.
研究人員要求其他村民將每個農民的社會地位按一到四分級。
Then they invited the farmers to take part in a game in which participants had to decide how much water they would take under different scenarios.
然后，他們邀請農民參與一項游戲。游戲中，參與者要決定自己在不同情境下的用水量。
Participants were paid small sums, which varied according to how well they did in the game.
參與者根據表現可以拿到少額不同的報酬。
They received more money if they reaped a bigger harvest by taking more than their share of water, for instance, but less if the other villagers fined them for violating water-sharing norms.
例如，如果取水量大于應得份額，收成就更好，參與者得到的報酬就更高;但如果因違反水資源共享規(guī)則而遭到其他村民罰款，報酬就會少一些。
In hypothetical times of scarcity, only high-status women shared the water fairly.
在水資源稀缺的假設條件下，只有地位高的女性公平共享了水資源。
Low-status men and women would share fairly when water was plentiful, but were stingier when water was scarce.
地位低的男性和女性，當水資源豐富時尚能公平分享，匱乏時則吝嗇得多。
High-status men hogged water at all times.
地位高的男性不論何時都會獨占水資源。
Rather than simply conclude that some farmers were more altruistic than others, however, the researchers split the participants into groups by status and gender to discuss the outcome.
研究人員沒有將上述現象簡單地歸結為一些農民更為大公無私，而是將參與者按照社會地位和性別分組以便討論結果。
Rich and powerful men, it turned out, were less worried about being GREedy, either because the gains dwarfed any fine, or because they assumed their downstream neighbours would not dare complain.
研究表明，有錢有勢的男性之所以不那么在意自己是否太貪婪了，要么是因為貪婪帶來的收益遠遠超過了罰款，要么是因為他們認為下游鄰居不敢抱怨。
One villager said that she had to keep quiet, since the person overusing the water was influential.
一位村民談到，濫用水的那個人很有勢力，她只能閉嘴。
By contrast, another said, “Low-status people are not expected to break the rules.”
相反，也有人說：“不要指望下層人打破規(guī)矩?！?/p>
Women, even of high status, also seem inhibited.
女性，甚至地位高的女性，看起來都十分克制。
The apparent generosity of women and the poor, in short, may not be the product of compassion, but of discrimination.
簡言之，女性和窮人所表現出的慷慨，不是出于同情，而是由于受到了歧視。
GRE閱讀日常練習精選
MICHAEL OVERD is an evangelical Christian with strong views on the sinfulness of homosexuality and the wrongness of Islam (except, presumably, on the issue of homosexuality). He likes to hold forth among the shoppers of Taunton, a quiet town in south-west England. But on March 23rd Mr. Overd was found guilty of using threatening or abusive language—although a more serious charge of causing “religiously aggravated” offence was rejected. The judge, Shamim Qureshi, ordered him to pay ￡250 ($375) in compensation to a man who said he was left feeling “ashamed and belittled” by the preacher's stance on same-sex relations.
邁克爾·奧維德是一名福音基督徒，他認為同性戀是一種原罪，而伊斯蘭教是錯的(不過可能在認為同性戀有罪上或許他們是一致的)，對此他持有強硬的態(tài)度。他喜歡在英格蘭西南部的一個安靜小鎮(zhèn)湯頓里，向顧客作長篇大論的演講。但在3月23號，奧維德被判使用恐嚇性或侮辱性語言的罪名，盡管更嚴重的指控給—造成“宗教騷擾”被駁回了。法官沙米姆·庫勒西令其向一名男士支付250鎊(374美元)的賠償金，這名男士表示因牧師在同性關系所持立場令他感到“羞愧和輕視”。
When Mr. Overd objected to “paying 250 to a sodomite” the judge threatened him with 45 days in prison. The preacher then aGREed to pay compensation but said he would appeal. “I find it quite incredible that a Muslim judge finds a Christian guilty and wants to protect homosexuals, whom I have no personal hatred against,” he declared on leaving the courtroom.
當奧維德拒絕“付250鎊給一個同性戀者”時，法官威脅警告他將面臨45天的牢獄之災。這位牧師最終答應了支付賠償金但表示將會上訴。在離開法庭時他聲明：“我覺得一名穆斯林法官判定一名基督徒有罪還想保護同性戀是不可思議的，但我對同性戀并沒有個人恩怨?！?/p>
The evangelist has acquired some unlikely defenders. The National Secular Society (NSS), which fights religious privilege of all kinds, says the case vindicates its long-running campaign to safeguard free speech from sloppy legislation. Mr. Overd was prosecuted under the Public Order Act, which outlaws “threatening, insulting or abusive” language and can result in prison sentences of up to seven years if the offence is deemed to be racially or religiously motivated.
這位福音傳道者獲得了一些令人意想不到的捍衛(wèi)者。英國世俗協會(NSS)反對任何形式的宗教特權，該協會表示這個案子證明了在漏洞百出的法律下爭取自由言論的長期運動是正確的。奧維德在公共秩序法之下被迫害，這部法律將“威脅性、污蔑性或侮辱性”話語定為非法，如果罪行是種族或宗教問題而引發(fā)的話，可能會被判高達七年的有期徒刑。
Thanks to a campaign by the NSS and others, the law has been amended so that insulting language no longer incurs prosecution merely because the police think it has the potential to offend. It must be shown that an insult was directed at a particular person or group, and that offence was taken. But civil libertarians want the law further amended to protect insulting speech and take away the reference to religious aggravation. Although Britain has abolished its ancient ban on blasphemy, which punished insults against Christianity, the concept of religious aggravation amounts to a new sort of blasphemy law that could be used to prevent criticism of any religion, argues Keith Porteous Wood, executive director of the NSS.
由于NSS和其他人推動，這項法律已被修訂。因此警方再也不能認為公民的言語有冒犯傾向而對其提出訴訟，警方必須要證明侮辱是針對某個特定的人或群體，并且該冒犯行為已被人當真。但公民自由主義者希望法律進行進一步修訂，保護侮辱性的言語并取消關于宗教騷擾的條文。盡管英國已取消褻瀆神明這一禁止侮辱__的古老禁令，宗教騷擾這一概念意味著一種新的褻瀆神明法，可以被用來阻止對任何宗教的批判，NSS的執(zhí)行理事基斯·波蒂厄斯·伍德如是說。
One of Britain's best known gay-rights campaigners, Peter Tatchell, has offered to speak in court in favour of the preacher's right to hold forth. He thinks that Mr. Overd's views are bigoted and would protest against them. But being spared offence is not a human right, he says: “In a free, democratic society, the criminalization of unpleasant opinions is a step too far.”
皮特·塔切爾是英國最著名的同性戀權利捍衛(wèi)者之一，他提出要在法庭上發(fā)言支持牧師演講的權利。他認為奧維德的觀點是僵化的并會抵制這些言行。但他說，不受冒犯不是一項人權，“在一個自由民主的社會，對不受歡迎的意見定罪未免太過了?！?/p>
GRE閱讀練習：Visual recognition
Visual recognition involves storing and retrieving memories. Neural activity, triggered by the eye, forms an image in the brain‘s memory system that constitutes an internal representation of the viewed object. When an object is encountered again, it is matched with its internal representation and thereby recognized. Controversy surrounds the question of whether recognition is a parallel, one-step process or a serial, step-by-step one. Psychologists of the Gestalt school maintain that objects are recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure: the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in a single operation. Other psychologists have proposed that internal representation features are matched serially with an object‘s features. Although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. (151 words)
12. The author is primarily concerned with
(A) explaining how the brain receives images
(B) synthesizing hypotheses of visual recognition
(C) examining the evidence supporting the serial-recognition hypothesis
(D) discussing visual recognition and some hypotheses proposed to explain it
(E) reporting on recent experiments dealing with memory systems and their relationship to neural activity
For the following question consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
13. According to the passage, Gestalt psychologists make which of the following suppositions about visual recognition?
□A A retinal image is in exactly the same forms as its internal representation.
□B An object is recognized as a whole without any need for analysis into component parts.
□C The matching of an object with its internal representation occurs in only one step.
1
Visual recognition involves storing and retrieving memories.
視覺識別包括儲存和取回記憶。
2
Neural activity, triggered by the eye, forms an image in the brain‘s memory system that constitutes an internal representation of the viewed object.
眼睛激發(fā)的神經活動，在大腦的記憶系統(tǒng)中形成一幅圖像，由被觀察對象在腦內呈現的畫面組成。
3
When an object is encountered again, it is matched with its internal representation and thereby recognized.
當對象再次出現在視野，與腦內畫面吻合，就會被辨識。
4
Controversy surrounds the question of whether recognition is a parallel, one-step process or a serial, step-by-step one.
現在爭論的焦點是，識別過程到底是并行的，一步完成的還是串行的，分多步完成的。
5
Psychologists of the Gestalt school maintain that objects are recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure: the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in a single operation.
G學校的心理學家堅稱，對象是被作為一個整體識別的，過程是并行的：腦內圖像與視網膜圖像的匹配，是一步到位的。
6
Other psychologists have proposed that internal representation features are matched serially with an object‘s features.
其他心理學家則認為，腦內圖像特征與觀察對象特征的匹配，是逐步完成的。
7
Although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. (151 words)
即便有些實驗顯示，隨著觀察對象越來越熟悉，它的腦內圖像越來越整體化，而識別過程也相應變得越來越同時完成，但大量證據似乎支持串行假設，至少對于那些明顯不簡單不熟悉的對象是這樣。
(holistic 整體論的(holism)，強調整體的重要性而不可分割的，強調整體分析而忽略部分分析的)
12. The author is primarily concerned with
(A) explaining how the brain receives images
(B) synthesizing hypotheses of visual recognition
(C) examining the evidence supporting the serial-recognition hypothesis
(D) discussing visual recognition and some hypotheses proposed to explain it
(E) reporting on recent experiments dealing with memory systems and their relationship to neural activity
選 D
A 大腦如何接受圖像，沒在解釋這個。
B 的確綜合了兩種假設，但前面還有其他內容，B 項忽略了句 1、2、3。
C 只有句 7 的一部分而已。
D 討論了視覺識別過程，以及解釋這個過程的兩種假設。
E 只是在瞎聊。
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
13. According to the passage, Gestalt psychologists make which of the following suppositions about visual recognition?
□A A retinal image is in exactly the same forms as its internal representation.
□B An object is recognized as a whole without any need for analysis into component parts.
□C The matching of an object with its internal representation occurs in only one step.
選 BC
A 無法判斷是否完全一樣，G 校學者只是認為這個過程是一蹴而就的，完全有理由懷疑 G 學者們并不排斥，“ image和presentation的一部分吻合就已經完成了recognition，仍然是 one step procedure ” 的看法。
B 符合句 5 描述的推測。
C 符合句 5 描述的推測。
句 5：
Psychologists of the Gestalt school maintain that objects are recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure: the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in a single operation.