ETS是如何炮制出GRE閱讀文章的
ETS是如何炮制出GRE閱讀文章的?專家為你詳細(xì)解析,我們來看看吧，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
ETS是如何炮制出GRE閱讀文章的?專家為你詳細(xì)解析
GRE考試閱讀文章數(shù)量眾多，題材覆蓋面也相當(dāng)廣闊。這些文章從何而來，ETS(GRE考試主辦機(jī)構(gòu))又是如何改寫并“炮制”出這些文章以滿足GRE考試需求?下面小編就來為大家分析一下GRE閱讀文章的來源和出題思路。
文章來源
一般來說，GRE的考試用閱讀文章大部分來自于各類比較權(quán)威的相關(guān)雜志、ETS從自然科學(xué)、社會科學(xué)刊物以及各類書籍中搜集各種題材的文章，從中選出適合考試使用的內(nèi)容作為閱讀考試的題目。
文章改寫
審查文章后，ETS會通過大量使用分詞及從句將句子處理得更緊湊、更嚴(yán)密。盡管改寫后的文章會變得錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜，但TS會盡量保證文章中原有的鮮明態(tài)度以及較好的層次結(jié)構(gòu)。如文章一開始給出一個(gè)老觀點(diǎn)，后有新觀點(diǎn)對此老觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行反對，而對于這個(gè)新觀點(diǎn)，文章作者或完全同意、或持部分保留意見、或是表現(xiàn)出有正有負(fù)的混合評價(jià)。
出題思路
一般來說，ETS的出題思路為先出關(guān)于主題、套路、態(tài)度、結(jié)構(gòu)以及文章的主題敘述對象的有關(guān)問題，再針對文中比較明顯的具體內(nèi)容出題。在出題方式上力求多做變換，也就是將原文中的詞匯或句子換成另一種說法表現(xiàn)出來。最后找出一些極易被考生忽略的細(xì)節(jié)來作為出題對象,以此提高考試難度、拉開考生檔次。
以上就是GRE考試中閱讀部分文章來源和出題思路的一些分析介紹，大家可以在有所了解的基礎(chǔ)上，更有針對性的選擇合適的課外讀物進(jìn)行閱讀的積累和準(zhǔn)備，對于出題思路也會有更好的把握，最終在GRE考試中取得好成績。
TIPS：掌握GRE閱讀考試套路
GRE文章不僅文章結(jié)構(gòu)演進(jìn)方式和考題類型有很強(qiáng)的規(guī)律性，文章表達(dá)的內(nèi)容也帶有一定的套路。比如，關(guān)于生物進(jìn)化的文章，達(dá)爾文的“適者生存”總是受到批判。又比如，恩格斯的觀點(diǎn)在GRE文章中也一直受到反對。另外，GRE考試要求單詞量較少，一些專業(yè)詞匯如天文、生物，總是重復(fù)出現(xiàn)?？忌灰宰鳉w納，就可以迅速解題，做到事半功倍。
GRE考試閱讀理解模擬題及答案解析
P1
Many theories have been formulated to explain the role of grazers such as zooplankton in controlling the amount of planktonic algae (phytoplankton) in lakes.
The first theories of such grazer control were merely based on observations of negative correlations between algal and zooplankton numbers.
A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae.
The converse observation, of the absence of grazers in areas of high phytoplankton concentration, led Hardy to propose his principle of animal exclusion, which hypothesized that phytoplankton produced a repellent that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration.
This was the first suggestion of algal defenses against grazing.
Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.
Increasingly, as in the individual studies of Lund, Round, and Reynolds, researchers began to stress the importance of environmental factors such as temperature, light, and water movements in controlling algal numbers.
These environmental factors were amenable to field monitoring and to simulation in the laboratory.
Grazing was believed to have some effect on algal numbers, especially after phytoplankton growth rates declined at the end of bloom periods, but grazing was considered a minor component of models that predicted algal population dynamics.
The potential magnitude of grazing pressure on freshwater phytoplankton has only recently been determined empirically.
Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.
The high estimates of grazing pressure postulated by these researchers were not fully accepted, however, until the grazing rates of zooplankton were determined directly in the field, by means of new experimental techniques.
Using a specially prepared feeding chamber, Haney was able to record zooplankton grazing rates in natural field conditions.
In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance, that is, in the late spring and in the summer, Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates, for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.
Cladocerans had higher grazing rates than copepods, usually accounting for 80 percent of the community grazing rate.
These rates varied seasonally, reaching the lowest point in the winter and early spring.
Haney‘s thorough research provides convincing field evidence that grazers can exert significant pressure on phytoplankton population. (461 words)
1. It can be inferred from the passage that the "first theories" of grazer control mentioned in the first paragraph would have been more convincing if researchers had been able to
(A) observe high phytoplankton numbers under natural lake conditions
(B) discover negative correlations between algae and zooplankton numbers from their field research
(C) understand the central importance of environmental factors in controlling the growth rates of phytoplankton
(D) make verifiable correlations of cause and effect between zooplankton and phytoplankton numbers
(E) invent laboratory techniques that would have allowed them to bypass their field research concerning grazer control
2. Which of the following, if true, would call into question Hardy‘s principle of animal exclusion?
(A) Zooplankton are not the only organisms that are affected by phytoplankton repellents.
(B) Zooplankton exclusion is unrelated to phytoplankton population density.
(C) Zooplankton population density is higher during some parts of the year than during others.
(D) Net phytoplankton are more likely to exclude zooplankton than are nannoplankton.
(E) Phytoplankton numbers can be strongly affected by environmental factors.
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
3. The author would be likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding the pressure of grazers on phytoplankton numbers?
□A Grazing pressure can vary according to the individual type of zooplankton.
□B Grazing pressure can be lower in nutrient-poor lakes than in bog lakes.
□C Grazing tends to exert about the same pressure as does temperature.
4. It can be inferred from the passage that one way in which many of the early researchers on grazer control could have improved their data would have been to
(A) emphasize the effects of temperature, rather than of light, on phytoplankton
(B) disregard nannoplankton in their analysis of phytoplankton numbers
(C) collect phytoplankton of all sizes before analyzing the extent of phytoplankton concentration
(D) recognize that phytoplankton other than net phytoplankton could be collected in a net
(E) understand the crucial significance of net phytoplankton in the diet of zooplankton
5. According to the passage, Hargrave and Geen did which of the following in their experiments?
(A) They compared the grazing rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory with the natural grazing rates of these species.
(B) The hypothesized about the population density of grazers in natural habitats by using data concerning the population density of grazers in the laboratory.
(C) They estimated the community grazing rates of zooplankton in the laboratory by using data concerning the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton.
(D) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using data concerning the known population density of phytoplankton.
(E) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using laboratory data concerning the grazing rates of individual zooplankton species.
P2
The belief that art originates in intuitive rather than rational faculties was worked out historically and philosophically in the somewhat wearisome volumes of Benedetto Croce, who is usually considered the originator of a new aesthetic.
Croce was, in fact, expressing a very old idea.
Long before the Romantics stressed intuition and self-expression, the frenzy of inspiration was regarded as fundamental to art, but philosophers had always assumed it must be controlled by law and by the intellectual power of putting things into harmonious order.
This general philosophic concept of art was supported by technical necessities. It was necessary to master certain laws and to use intellect in order to build Gothic cathedrals, or set up the stained glass windows of Chartres.
When this bracing element of craftsmanship ceased to dominate artists‘ outlook, new technical elements had to be adopted to maintain the intellectual element in art.
Such were linear perspective and anatomy. (156 words)
6. The passage suggests that which of the following would most likely have occurred if linear perspective and anatomy had not come to influence artistic endeavor?
(A) The craftsmanship that shaped Gothic architecture would have continued to dominate artists‘ outlooks.
(B) Some other technical elements would have been adopted to discipline artistic inspiration.
(C) Intellectual control over artistic inspiration would not have influenced painting as it did architecture.
(D) The role of intuitive inspiration would not have remained fundamental to theories of artistic creation.
(E) The assumptions of aesthetic philosophers before Croce would have been invalidated.
7. Select the sentence in the passage that indicates a traditional assumption of aesthetic philosophers.
8. The author mentions "linear perspective and anatomy" in the last sentence in order to do which of the following ?
(A) Expand his argument to include painting as well as architecture
(B) Indicate his disagreement with Croce‘s theory of the origins of art
(C) Support his point that rational order of some kind has often seemed to discipline artistic inspiration
(D) Explain the rational elements in Gothic painting that corresponded to craftsmanship in Gothic architecture
(E) Show the increasing sophistication of artists after the Gothic period
P3
Nahuatl, like Greek and German, is a language that allows the formation of extensive compounds.
By the combination of radicals or semantic elements, single compound words can express complex conceptual relations, often of an abstract universal character.
The tlamatinime (―those who know‖) were able to use this rich stock of abstract terms to express the nuances of their thought.
They also availed themselves of other forms of expression with metaphorical meaning, some probably original, some derived from Toltec coinages.
Of these forms the most characteristic in Nahuatl is the juxtaposition of two words that, because they are synonyms, associated terms, or even contraries, complement each other to evoke one single idea.
Used as metaphor, the juxtaposed terms connote specific or essential traits of the being they refer to, introducing a mode of poetry as an almost habitual form of expression. (140 words)
9. According to the passage, some abstract universal ideas can be expressed in Nahuatl by
(A) taking away from a word any reference to particular instances
(B) removing a word from its associations with other words
(C) giving a word a new and opposite meaning
(D) putting various meaningful elements together in one word
(E) turning each word of a phrase into a poetic metaphor
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
10. It can be inferred solely from the information in the passage EXCEPT that
□A all abstract universal ideas are ideas of complex relations
□B some record or evidence of the thought of the tlamatinime exists
□C metaphors are always used in Nahuatl to express abstract conceptual relationships
P1
(這是一篇長文章，各種不認(rèn)識的詞形狀很接近，容易混淆，線索又多，確實(shí)難。然而，如果認(rèn)真地做這種長文章，一個(gè)詞一句話地認(rèn)真翻譯文章理解選項(xiàng)，就是在累積自己對GRE閱讀的心理優(yōu)勢，做的越多越不怕閱讀.就算花一天也要完成——我就是這么勸 pian 自己的。)
1
Many theories have been formulated to explain the role of grazers such as zooplankton in controlling the amount of planktonic algae (phytoplankton) in lakes.
很多學(xué)說都詳細(xì)地闡述了湖泊里植食動(dòng)物的角色，比如浮游動(dòng)物，會控制浮游藻類(浮游植物)的規(guī)模。
(
zooplankton 浮游動(dòng)物;
planktonic 浮游的;
algae 藻類，單數(shù)形式 alga;
phytoplankton 浮游植物;
graze 牛羊等吃草、放牧;
grazer 查了幾本詞典都沒有詳細(xì)解釋它，只說它有“放牧者、牧羊人(澳洲)”的意思，但根據(jù)語境，顯然應(yīng)該翻譯成“吃植物的動(dòng)物”而不是“放牧的人”。
本句 Ch'en Meng 老師譯得比較順，借鑒了 ta 的譯法。
)
2
The first theories of such grazer control were merely based on observations of negative correlations between algal and zooplankton numbers.
早期的植食者控制論只是基于藻類和浮游動(dòng)物的數(shù)量呈負(fù)相關(guān)的觀察結(jié)果。
(
negative correlations 負(fù)相關(guān)：一個(gè)變量的增加時(shí)，總伴隨著另一個(gè)變量的減少;反之亦然。一起變多或變少叫正相關(guān)。
)
3
A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae.
藻細(xì)胞含量少，植食者較多意味著植食者處理掉了大多數(shù)藻類，但也不絕對。
4
The converse observation, of the absence of grazers in areas of high phytoplankton concentration, led Hardy to propose his principle of animal exclusion, which hypothesized that phytoplankton produced a repellent that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration.
一個(gè)相反的觀察結(jié)果是大量浮游植物聚集的區(qū)域浮游動(dòng)物幾乎消失， 這啟發(fā) H 提出了他的動(dòng)物排除原理，他假設(shè)浮游植物大量聚集時(shí)可以產(chǎn)生一種浮游動(dòng)物驅(qū)逐劑。
5
This was the first suggestion of algal defenses against grazing.
這是第一次有人提出藻類抵抗被吃的假設(shè)。
6
Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.
許多早期的研究只考慮到浮游植物采網(wǎng)能夠采集的藻類，這種實(shí)驗(yàn)流程忽略了體型更小的浮游植物(微型浮游生物)，而我們現(xiàn)在知道它們是浮游動(dòng)物最愛吃的食物，在后續(xù)研究中，這種忽略降低了植食者角色的重要性。
7
Increasingly, as in the individual studies of Lund, Round, and Reynolds, researchers began to stress the importance of environmental factors such as temperature, light, and water movements in controlling algal numbers.
在L，RO 和 RE 的研究中，研究者們更多地開始強(qiáng)調(diào)環(huán)境因素對藻類數(shù)量的控制，比如溫度，光線，水流。
8
These environmental factors were amenable to field monitoring and to simulation in the laboratory.
這些環(huán)境因素更便于現(xiàn)場監(jiān)測和實(shí)驗(yàn)室模擬。
9
Grazing was believed to have some effect on algal numbers, especially after phytoplankton growth rates declined at the end of bloom periods, but grazing was considered a minor component of models that predicted algal population dynamics.
研究者相信浮游動(dòng)物的攝食行為對藻類數(shù)量有影響，特別是浮游植物爆發(fā)期尾聲增長率下降后，不過這種攝食行為只被看作預(yù)測藻類數(shù)量動(dòng)態(tài)模型中的一個(gè)小因素。
10
The potential magnitude of grazing pressure on freshwater phytoplankton has only recently been determined empirically.
攝食壓力對淡水浮游植物的潛在重要性最近才通過實(shí)驗(yàn)被認(rèn)定。
11
Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.
H 和 G 主持的研究，先測量實(shí)驗(yàn)室中單獨(dú)的浮游動(dòng)物種群進(jìn)食速率，再用已知的浮游動(dòng)物種群密度計(jì)算出野外總體浮游動(dòng)物攝食速率，通過這種方式估算出自然條件下浮游動(dòng)物總體的攝食速率。
12
The high estimates of grazing pressure postulated by these researchers were not fully accepted, however, until the grazing rates of zooplankton were determined directly in the field, by means of new experimental techniques.
然而，直到借助新的實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)，野生環(huán)境中浮游動(dòng)物的攝食率最終被測定以前，這些研究者(H 和 G)那種高度基于估算的攝食率都沒有獲得完全的認(rèn)同。
13
Using a specially prepared feeding chamber, Haney was able to record zooplankton grazing rates in natural field conditions.
通過一個(gè)特別設(shè)計(jì)的喂食器，HN 得以記錄自然環(huán)境下浮游動(dòng)物的攝食率。
(
chamber 一般可以指某個(gè)內(nèi)部封閉空間，臥室、會客室，議事廳、立法院(比喻義)，金庫，槍膛，心室。
為了不顯得可笑，feeding chamber 被模糊地譯成了“喂食器”，你懂就好啦。
)
14
In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance, that is, in the late spring and in the summer, Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates, for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.
浮游動(dòng)物的繁殖高峰期，也就是春末和夏季，HN 分別記錄了浮游動(dòng)物每日總體攝食率的最大值，營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)較貧乏的湖域?yàn)?.6%，沼澤湖域?yàn)?14%。
15
Cladocerans had higher grazing rates than copepods, usually accounting for 80 percent of the community grazing rate.
枝角目動(dòng)物(水蚤類)相比橈足類動(dòng)物有著較高的攝食率，通常占總攝食率的80%。
16
These rates varied seasonally, reaching the lowest point in the winter and early spring.
這些速率隨季節(jié)變化，冬季和初春最低。
17
Haney‘s thorough research provides convincing field evidence that grazers can exert significant pressure on phytoplankton population. (461 words)
HN 的全面研究，為浮游動(dòng)物的攝食行為可以對浮游植物數(shù)量造成重要影響提供了可信的田野證據(jù)。
1. It can be inferred from the passage that the "first theories" of grazer control mentioned in the first paragraph would have been more convincing if researchers had been able to
(A) observe high phytoplankton numbers under natural lake conditions
(B) discover negative correlations between algae and zooplankton numbers from their field research
(C) understand the central importance of environmental factors in controlling the growth rates of phytoplankton
(D) make verifiable correlations of cause and effect between zooplankton and phytoplankton numbers
(E) invent laboratory techniques that would have allowed them to bypass their field research concerning grazer control
選D
見句 2 。
“The first theories of such grazer control were merely based on observations of negative correlations between algal and zooplankton numbers.”
最初的研究只關(guān)注了二者的負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系，沒有搞清楚具體的原因和影響，僅有觀測結(jié)果是構(gòu)不成因果關(guān)系的，也許兩者是伴隨出現(xiàn)。
比如說，我們觀察到：某水果市場上蘋果多的時(shí)候，橘子就少;橘子多時(shí)蘋果少。二者也構(gòu)成一種負(fù)相關(guān)，但可能背后的原因是，某個(gè)學(xué)校在這個(gè)市場上給學(xué)生采購午餐水果，每天只買蘋果或橘子，如果假定老板清晨購進(jìn)等量的兩種水果，觀察結(jié)果當(dāng)然呈現(xiàn)負(fù)相關(guān)。如果我們僅根據(jù)觀測結(jié)果認(rèn)為“橘子和蘋果互相抑制對方的存在”——就顯得很荒謬了。
而最初的理論之所以簡陋(not convincing)也正因?yàn)槿绱耍赃xD。
2. Which of the following, if true, would call into question Hardy‘s principle of animal exclusion?
(A) Zooplankton are not the only organisms that are affected by phytoplankton repellents.
(B) Zooplankton exclusion is unrelated to phytoplankton population density.
(C) Zooplankton population density is higher during some parts of the year than during others.
(D) Net phytoplankton are more likely to exclude zooplankton than are nannoplankton.
(E) Phytoplankton numbers can be strongly affected by environmental factors.
選B
見句4，5。
H 觀察到浮游植物多的區(qū)域，浮游動(dòng)物幾乎不存在，于是他猜測植物能分泌一種驅(qū)逐劑對付動(dòng)物。
題目讓我們選一項(xiàng)如果成真的預(yù)設(shè)，可以用來質(zhì)疑 H 的這種猜測。
B “浮游動(dòng)物被驅(qū)逐與浮游植物的密度無關(guān)”。
如果B成立，那么意味著在實(shí)際觀測中，只要有藻類，浮游動(dòng)物就很少，但這顯然與觀測結(jié)果不符。
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
3. The author would be likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding the pressure of grazers on phytoplankton numbers?
□A Grazing pressure can vary according to the individual type of zooplankton.
□B Grazing pressure can be lower in nutrient-poor lakes than in bog lakes.
□C Grazing tends to exert about the same pressure as does temperature.
選AB
A 句 15 。
B 句 14 。
C grazing 和 temperature 確實(shí)都跟 controlling the amount of phytoplankton 有關(guān)，但是不是 same pressure， 文段中沒有提及。
4. It can be inferred from the passage that one way in which many of the early researchers on grazer control could have improved their data would have been to
(A) emphasize the effects of temperature, rather than of light, on phytoplankton
(B) disregard nannoplankton in their analysis of phytoplankton numbers
(C) collect phytoplankton of all sizes before analyzing the extent of phytoplankton concentration
(D) recognize that phytoplankton other than net phytoplankton could be collected in a net
(E) understand the crucial significance of net phytoplankton in the diet of zooplankton
選C
見句 6 。
5. According to the passage, Hargrave and Geen did which of the following in their experiments?
(A) They compared the grazing rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory with the natural grazing rates of these species.
(B) The hypothesized about the population density of grazers in natural habitats by using data concerning the population density of grazers in the laboratory.
(C) They estimated the community grazing rates of zooplankton in the laboratory by using data concerning the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton.
(D) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using data concerning the known population density of phytoplankton.
(E) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using laboratory data concerning the grazing rates of individual zooplankton species.
選E
根據(jù)句 11 的主干可以選出E項(xiàng)。
“Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.”
P2
1
The belief that art originates in intuitive rather than rational faculties was worked out historically and philosophically in the somewhat wearisome volumes of Benedetto Croce, who is usually considered the originator of a new aesthetic.
BC 通常被認(rèn)為創(chuàng)立了一種新的美學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在那些讀起來頗有些乏味的著作中，他歷史性地且哲學(xué)性地闡述了這樣一種觀念，藝術(shù)源于直覺而非理性能力。
2
Croce was, in fact, expressing a very old idea.
實(shí)際上，C這種觀點(diǎn)古已有之。
3
Long before the Romantics stressed intuition and self-expression, the frenzy of inspiration was regarded as fundamental to art, but philosophers had always assumed it must be controlled by law and by the intellectual power of putting things into harmonious order.
早在浪漫主義者強(qiáng)調(diào)直覺和個(gè)人表達(dá)很久以前，對靈感的狂熱就被認(rèn)為是藝術(shù)創(chuàng)造的重要基礎(chǔ)，但先哲總是認(rèn)為靈感要受控于規(guī)律，受控于使萬物和諧的理性力量。
4
This general philosophic concept of art was supported by technical necessities.
技術(shù)之必要可以支持這種普遍的美學(xué)觀點(diǎn)。
5
It was necessary to master certain laws and to use intellect in order to build Gothic cathedrals, or set up the stained glass windows of Chartres.
掌握某種規(guī)律、運(yùn)用才智，對于建造一座哥特式教堂，或安裝C教堂特有的彩色玻璃是必要的。
沙特爾大教堂 [Chartres Cathedral]
法國沙特爾的圣母大教堂，為重要的哥特式建筑最具影響力的典范之一。該教堂的主體部分建于1194～1220年。它是在一座12世紀(jì)教堂的基礎(chǔ)上重新修建的，只保留了教堂地下室、塔樓的底座以及西面的正墻。取消傳統(tǒng)廊道的設(shè)計(jì)以及一種獨(dú)特的拱扶垛的使用，為教堂側(cè)廊留下了較大的空間。引人注目的彩色玻璃和一個(gè)文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期風(fēng)格的唱詩班裝飾性圍屏給該教堂增添了許多美感。
(大英袖珍百科)
6
When this bracing element of craftsmanship ceased to dominate artists‘ outlook, new technical elements had to be adopted to maintain the intellectual element in art.
當(dāng)這種支撐性的技巧元素不能繼續(xù)影響藝術(shù)家，就需要新的技術(shù)元素來維持藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作中的理性成分。
7
Such were linear perspective and anatomy. (156 words)
于是就出現(xiàn)了透視法和解剖學(xué)(被應(yīng)用于藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作中)。
6. The passage suggests that which of the following would most likely have occurred if linear perspective and anatomy had not come to influence artistic endeavor?
(A) The craftsmanship that shaped Gothic architecture would have continued to dominate artists‘ outlooks.
(B) Some other technical elements would have been adopted to discipline artistic inspiration.
(C) Intellectual control over artistic inspiration would not have influenced painting as it did architecture.
(D) The role of intuitive inspiration would not have remained fundamental to theories of artistic creation.
(E) The assumptions of aesthetic philosophers before Croce would have been invalidated.
選B
根據(jù)句 6，需要有新的技術(shù)元素來引導(dǎo)藝術(shù)家的靈感，所以如果沒有透視法和解剖學(xué)，應(yīng)該還會有 some other technical elements ，所以選B。
7. Select the sentence in the passage that indicates a traditional assumption of aesthetic philosophers.
句 3 。
“Long before the Romantics stressed intuition and self-expression, the frenzy of inspiration was regarded as fundamental to art, but philosophers had always assumed it must be controlled by law and by the intellectual power of putting things into harmonious order.”
8. The author mentions "linear perspective and anatomy" in the last sentence in order to do which of the following ?
(A) Expand his argument to include painting as well as architecture
(B) Indicate his disagreement with Croce‘s theory of the origins of art
(C) Support his point that rational order of some kind has often seemed to discipline artistic inspiration
(D) Explain the rational elements in Gothic painting that corresponded to craftsmanship in Gothic architecture
(E) Show the increasing sophistication of artists after the Gothic period
選C
P3
1
Nahuatl, like Greek and German, is a language that allows the formation of extensive compounds.
納瓦語，和希臘語以及德語類似，是一種允許大量復(fù)合詞的語言。
納瓦語 [Nahuatl language]
墨西哥的猶他-阿茲特克諸語言，通行于墨西哥中部和西部，是猶他-阿茲特克語系中最重要的語言。阿茲特克人的大多數(shù)文獻(xiàn)是用納瓦語寫的。16世紀(jì)20年代，阿茲特克帝國被征服后，納瓦語開始用西班牙語字根進(jìn)行拼寫。從16世紀(jì)保存下來的文字記載，是由西班牙傳教士根據(jù)西班牙文所創(chuàng)制的文字書寫的，包括了編年史、城市記錄、詩歌等。方濟(jì)會修士B.de薩阿貢(1499～1590)根據(jù)印第安人提供的納瓦文化的資料寫成《新西班牙文物史》。
(大英袖珍百科)
2
By the combination of radicals or semantic elements, single compound words can express complex conceptual relations, often of an abstract universal character.
通過詞根和語義元素的結(jié)合，單獨(dú)的復(fù)合詞可以表達(dá)復(fù)雜的抽象的普遍概念關(guān)系。
3
The tlamatinime ( “ those who know ” ) were able to use this rich stock of abstract terms to express the nuances of their thought.
TL 們(“博學(xué)之人”)能夠使用使用這些豐富的抽象用語表達(dá)他們想法的細(xì)微差別。
4
They also availed themselves of other forms of expression with metaphorical meaning, some probably original, some derived from Toltec coinages.
他們(TL)也能借助其他隱喻的表法方式，一些也許是原創(chuàng)的，一些則源自托爾特克新詞。
5
Of these forms the most characteristic in Nahuatl is the juxtaposition of two words that, because they are synonyms, associated terms, or even contraries, complement each other to evoke one single idea.
納瓦語復(fù)合詞中最典型的形式是兩個(gè)詞的并列組合，因?yàn)樗麄冊臼峭x詞、相關(guān)聯(lián)的詞，甚至反義詞，互補(bǔ)以產(chǎn)生一種新概念。
6
Used as metaphor, the juxtaposed terms connote specific or essential traits of the being they refer to, introducing a mode of poetry as an almost habitual form of expression. (140 words)
作為象征使用時(shí)，并置復(fù)合詞隱含了特定的或基本的原指代物特征，引入了一種詩化的模式，幾乎作為一種習(xí)慣性的表達(dá)形式。
9. According to the passage, some abstract universal ideas can be expressed in Nahuatl by
(A) taking away from a word any reference to particular instances
(B) removing a word from its associations with other words
(C) giving a word a new and opposite meaning
(D) putting various meaningful elements together in one word
(E) turning each word of a phrase into a poetic metaphor
選D
見句 2 。全文都在講復(fù)合詞、復(fù)合詞、復(fù)合詞，所以只能選 D 。
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
10. It can be inferred solely from the information in the passage EXCEPT that
□A all abstract universal ideas are ideas of complex relations
□B some record or evidence of the thought of the tlamatinime exists
□C metaphors are always used in Nahuatl to express abstract conceptual relationships
選AC
A
理由 1，
見句 2 ：
“By the combination of radicals or semantic elements, single compound words can express complex conceptual relations, often of an abstract universal character.”
有 often 所以 all 顯得十足可疑;
理由 2，
所有抽象概念，未必都是有復(fù)雜關(guān)系的概念，因?yàn)榭赡苣欠N抽象概念原本就對應(yīng)一個(gè)單詞，而不需要造出一個(gè)復(fù)合詞來表達(dá)。
C
見句 6 ：
跟 abstract conceptual relationships 毫無關(guān)系。
