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托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作開(kāi)頭段如何寫(xiě)好

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托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作開(kāi)頭結(jié)尾段如何寫(xiě)好?實(shí)用高分寫(xiě)法技巧解析。今天小編給大家?guī)?lái)了托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作開(kāi)頭結(jié)尾段如何寫(xiě)好,希望能夠給幫助到大家,下面小編就和大家分享,來(lái)欣賞一下吧。

托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作開(kāi)頭結(jié)尾段如何寫(xiě)好?實(shí)用高分寫(xiě)法技巧解析

托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作開(kāi)頭段寫(xiě)法分享

開(kāi)頭段主要用以下幾種方法來(lái)組織,即背景法(Background),爭(zhēng)議法(Controversy),提問(wèn)法(Question),故事法(Story)和引言法(Quotation)。

以背景法為例。背景法一般會(huì)提出一種普遍的或值得關(guān)注的現(xiàn)象作為背景或者是由遠(yuǎn)到近,由大到小地談?wù)摼o扣論題的社會(huì)觀點(diǎn)作為背景。背景法開(kāi)頭段的結(jié)構(gòu)通常如下:背景(1-3句)+論題+反方觀點(diǎn)+(反方理由)+過(guò)度+(正方觀點(diǎn))+作者的觀點(diǎn)+作者的理由。以2007年8月11日的獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作試題為例:Technologymakes people‘s lives more complicated.題目涉及到了現(xiàn)今社會(huì)比較熱門(mén)的話題---科技。這樣,我們就可以以這種社會(huì)比較關(guān)注的現(xiàn)象作為我們作文的開(kāi)頭背景。因此這個(gè)題目的首段就可以這樣開(kāi)始:Technologyhas had tremendous impacts on every aspect of modern life. However, people arehaving conflicting opinions about whether it has made people’s lives morecomplicated or not. I believe technology has by and large made our lives moreconvenient。第一句話就是一句緊貼社會(huì)的背景,這樣寫(xiě)不但很容易打開(kāi)考生自己的思路,抓住作文的焦點(diǎn),還能引起考官的共鳴。

托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作結(jié)尾段怎么寫(xiě)?

介紹:文章結(jié)尾段落雖然并不像開(kāi)頭和中間段落那樣重要,然而沒(méi)有結(jié)尾的文章是不完整的,不符合基本寫(xiě)作要求。所以考生在考場(chǎng)上一定要在結(jié)尾處再次聲明自己觀點(diǎn)(restatement),或者提出新的希望,或者提出解決問(wèn)題的方案,從而讓考官有一種善始善終的良好印象。

托福寫(xiě)作讓步段寫(xiě)法解析

到底怎樣寫(xiě)出好的讓步段?今天小就來(lái)和大家詳細(xì)講講讓步段的寫(xiě)法,助力你的托福寫(xiě)作!

寫(xiě)還是不寫(xiě)?這是個(gè)問(wèn)題

Q:很多同學(xué)有疑問(wèn),在一篇完整的獨(dú)立作文中,讓步段是不是一定要寫(xiě)呢?可不可以不寫(xiě)呢?

老師:讓步段不是必須要寫(xiě)的,考生們可以在作文里只提出支持自己觀點(diǎn)的兩至三個(gè)正面的理由,這樣也可以得出最后的結(jié)論。

比如說(shuō)是否同意“新的科技產(chǎn)品發(fā)布,過(guò)段時(shí)間購(gòu)買(mǎi)比馬上購(gòu)買(mǎi)要好”,我們完全可以只提出過(guò)段時(shí)間購(gòu)買(mǎi)的兩個(gè)正面理由:一. 價(jià)格會(huì)更便宜; 二. 產(chǎn)品的性能會(huì)更優(yōu)化,這樣整篇作文的論點(diǎn)還是明確的。

但是這篇文章當(dāng)然也可以加上讓步段,過(guò)段時(shí)間再買(mǎi)的壞處,或是馬上購(gòu)買(mǎi)的好處。這樣會(huì)顯得這篇文章論證的邏輯更加嚴(yán)密和全面,我們確實(shí)是進(jìn)行了優(yōu)劣對(duì)比后,才得出自己的觀點(diǎn)。

尤其要注意的是,如果作文題目本身的觀點(diǎn)的反面并不能夠被忽略,那么建議讓步段是一定要寫(xiě)的,這樣顯得我們得出自己的觀點(diǎn)才不牽強(qiáng)。

比如作文題目“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Playing computer games is a waste of time. Children should not be allowed to play them.”。我們可以寫(xiě)正面的兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn),即玩電腦游戲的兩個(gè)好處,但是我們同樣不能忽略玩電腦游戲的壞處,所以就要寫(xiě)讓步段了,不然觀點(diǎn)就會(huì)顯得過(guò)于偏激。

怎么寫(xiě)讓步段?這又是個(gè)問(wèn)題

重中之重: “讓一小步,進(jìn)一大步”!

讓步段的最重要目的是對(duì)讓步內(nèi)容地不斷削弱,以退為進(jìn),先提出壞處,然后再否定它。但是要記住的是讓步段與支持段結(jié)構(gòu)一致,也是有主題句,然后要對(duì)主題句進(jìn)行展開(kāi)解釋。

所以常見(jiàn)的套路是:

主題句(不可否認(rèn)A也有壞處)+解釋(進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明壞處是什么)+讓步(但是呢,這些壞處可以被解決掉,或是不太重要)

1.讓步段主題句寫(xiě)法

讓步段的主題句一般是這樣的:不可否認(rèn)的是,A可能會(huì)有一些壞處。這里我們盡量語(yǔ)氣要委婉些,下面是一些會(huì)用到的詞組表達(dá):

——Admittedly / Undoubtedly / There is no denying that / It cannot be denied that

——May / might / possibly / probably

——One / one or two / a couple of / minor / several

——To some extent / to some degree

【常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤】

很多考生讓步段用although開(kāi)頭,但是although后面只能跟一個(gè)從句,所以后面主題句的內(nèi)容就沒(méi)有辦法展開(kāi)了。

2. 讓步如何實(shí)現(xiàn)

讓步段的表述可以參考以下模式:

?讓步方的好處比支持方的好處次要,或者支持方的壞處比起好處來(lái)次要。

However, the advantages of A are more important than those of B.

?讓步方優(yōu)點(diǎn)與支持方優(yōu)點(diǎn)比起來(lái)較少,或支持方缺點(diǎn)與優(yōu)點(diǎn)比起來(lái)較少。

However, the advantages of A are far more than those / that of B.

However, the advantages of A outnumber those / that of B.

?對(duì)方的好處,我方也可以有辦法得到;我方的壞處可以有辦法消除。

However, the problem can be solved by …

However, the negative influence can be eliminated by …

3. 讓步段范例賞析

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Playing computer games is a waste of time. Children should not be allowed to play them.

主題句:

Admittedly, playing computer games does harbor several drawbacks.

解釋:

Some children are addicted to playing computergames and ignore their studies, thereby suffering from poor academic performance. Also, over exposure to computer games with high concentration will sooner or later cause the impairment of their eyesight.

讓步:

However, most children are able to control themselves to play games in moderation. Also, their parents can intervene and supervise as well. Specifically, they could set strict rules on how much time their children could play games everyday and on what conditions they could do so, therefore it is completely unnecessary to forbid them to play computer games.

托福寫(xiě)作得分點(diǎn)--立論句到底如何寫(xiě)

托福寫(xiě)作主題句(topic sentence, 也有人叫它中心句),就是獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作主體段中統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全文的那個(gè)句子,也就是表述在獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作頭腦風(fēng)暴和謀篇布局時(shí)候想到的“主要理由”或者“論點(diǎn)”的那個(gè)句子。通常一篇托福獨(dú)立寫(xiě)作有三個(gè)主題句。

例如在題目“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is betterto work in large companies than in small ones.”,選擇agree,三個(gè)主題句可以是:

The first reason is that a large company can provide more opportunities to develop one’s ability

Another reason for choosing a big company involves welfare.

A third reason is that one who appreciates the unique culture of abig enterprise will become a more responsible person to the society.

在托福寫(xiě)作中,三個(gè)主題句可以說(shuō)是作文中最重要的一組句子,因?yàn)橹黝}句對(duì)段落起到“提綱挈領(lǐng)”的作用,同時(shí)對(duì)整篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)清晰度和文章邏輯性也至關(guān)重要。

如何將這個(gè)理由“完整”“清晰”“出彩”的表達(dá)出來(lái)就是本文討論的話題。

首先,每段主題句通常都位于段首,緊跟于“first, second, third”這些“信號(hào)詞”之后。除此之外還需要注意以下幾點(diǎn)。

丨簡(jiǎn)明扼要

主題句需要讓讀者看到之后能夠快速、準(zhǔn)確地把握本段的主要內(nèi)容。這要求我們?cè)趯?xiě)主題句的時(shí)候,一方面內(nèi)容要簡(jiǎn)單,另一方面用語(yǔ)要凝練。

先來(lái)看一個(gè)反面例子:

“First and foremost, television, invented in the last century, withits wide availability and increasingly prosperous programs ,becomes one of the most powerful means of communication in history, and is more and more difficult to ignore”

這個(gè)主題句涵蓋的內(nèi)容太多,讀完這個(gè)句子,讀者根本不明白本段是要陳述電視節(jié)目蓬勃發(fā)展(increasingly prosperous program), 要強(qiáng)調(diào)電視是最強(qiáng)力的交流工具(the most powerful means of communication in history),還是要論證電視不可被忽視(difficult to ignore),這就是一個(gè)典型的內(nèi)容太復(fù)雜的主題句。

再看一個(gè)反例:

“First of all, following the new customs can show a sense of respect,which can allow a better and faster adaption inside the local population so that they make more friends.”

這個(gè)句子也有兩個(gè)論點(diǎn):表示尊重(show a sense of respect),擴(kuò)大社交(make more friends),同樣也使讀者不能抓住本段的主要內(nèi)容。

如何避免這種錯(cuò)誤,使主題句內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)單呢?很簡(jiǎn)單,首先做到每個(gè)主題句有且只有一個(gè)論點(diǎn)。論點(diǎn)就是指我們頭腦風(fēng)暴時(shí)候想到的那些“key words”,比如健康,安全,情感等等,每段寫(xiě)一個(gè),不要把健康和安全放在同一個(gè)段落,也不要把情感和成功放在同一個(gè)段落。

例如上面第二個(gè)例子,我們只需要?jiǎng)h去一個(gè)論點(diǎn),就可以變得非常簡(jiǎn)潔:

“To start with, accepting cultures in the foreign country is an indispensable element that contributes to the expansion of social circle.”這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)潔的主題句,只有擴(kuò)大社交(contributes to the expansion of social circle)這一個(gè)論點(diǎn)。

論點(diǎn)唯一還不一定能完全做到簡(jiǎn)潔,來(lái)看另一個(gè)反例:

“The first reason why letting children care for animals isnot the best way to teach them about responsibility is that it could negatively impact a child’s health.”

這句話雖然只有一個(gè)論點(diǎn),可是用語(yǔ)太繁雜,讓人頭暈。主題句的語(yǔ)法不建議太復(fù)雜,建議大家把花式操作留到其他部分去秀,在主題句,只要寫(xiě)一些簡(jiǎn)單句,例如:“First, raising pets will exert a negative impact on a child’shealth.”就行了。

丨不是陳述事實(shí)

來(lái)看下面兩個(gè)句子:

A: “First, some children might be infected by feeding animals.”

B: “First, raising pets could negatively impact a child’s health.”

哪一個(gè)是好的主題句呢?

答案是B。

因?yàn)锳句的內(nèi)容是一個(gè)“純粹的事實(shí)”,而B(niǎo)句則是“抽象的概念”(exert negative impact),換言之,A句可以作為B句的例子,但B句不能作為A句的例子。

陳述事實(shí)的句子是不能作為主題句的,事實(shí)是不言自明的。不言自明,也就不需要后面的文字來(lái)“論證”了。主題句需要寫(xiě)“a sentence that you could give examples for”,而不能寫(xiě)一個(gè) “example”。

來(lái)練習(xí)判斷下面幾組句子中哪一個(gè)可以做主題句呢?

A: “Second, the academic performance of some children becomes poor after they are responsible for caring for a pet.”

B:“Second, caring for a pet could disrupt a child’s regular studies.”

A: “First, people could learn how to communicate with eachother through participating in community activities”

B: “First, participating in community activities is apractical and effective approach to enhance their social skills.”

A: “First, letting children take care of animal is a good suggestion for the reason that kids like animals.”

B: “To start with, raising pets fill friendship vacuums and satisfy people’s need to nurture"

(答案:三組都是B句較好)

丨使用高級(jí)詞匯

很多同學(xué)要問(wèn),如果主題句中不建議使用復(fù)雜句型,又不能出現(xiàn)多層結(jié)構(gòu),那如何顯示自己的語(yǔ)言功力呢?要知道我們展示語(yǔ)言能力的地方并非只有復(fù)雜的句型,豐富和精準(zhǔn)的詞匯使用,同樣可以展示英語(yǔ)的專業(yè)程度。比如

“First, go to museums can teach people different kinds of knowledge”

→ “First, visiting museums provide people with an opportunity to comprehend a vast amount of knowledge”

想想看,如果原本句子中只會(huì)寫(xiě)“good”之處,替換為“advantageous, beneficial, effective, efficacious, favorable,invaluable, rewarding, unparalleled, unprecedented”等等詞匯,效果是不是更好呢?如果多次出現(xiàn)“important”的地方,改寫(xiě)為“central, critical ,crucial, decisive, essential, pivotal, primary,principal, vital,a key to, an indispensable part, play a pivotal role, attach great importance to”會(huì)不會(huì)增加可讀性呢?

在平時(shí)的閱讀中,注意積累一些“高級(jí)詞匯”,準(zhǔn)確掌握詞義,并且刻意練習(xí)使用這些詞匯,逐漸就會(huì)取得不錯(cuò)的托福寫(xiě)作成績(jī)。



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