托福獨立寫作如何提升論證說服力
許多考生寫不好托福獨立寫作的主要原因都在于例證環(huán)節(jié)。考生在論證某個觀點時無法給出具有說服力的例子，就會讓自己的觀點顯得無力站不住腳，作文得分自然也會受到影響。下面小編就和大家分享托福獨立寫作如何提升論證說服力，來欣賞一下吧。
托福獨立寫作如何提升論證說服力
托福官方指南OG獨立寫作例子評分細節(jié)
首先小編先通過托福官方指南OG中給出的評分標準來為大家講解一些獨立寫作對例子使用的一些要求。按照OG中的說法，獨立寫作從5分到2分這四個級別的評分級別對于例證也就是exemplification都是有所要求的。5分的要求是using clearly appropriate exemplifications，4分要求是appropriate and sufficient exemplifications，3分要求是somewhat developed exemplifications，2分要求是inappropriate or insufficient exemplifications。從滿分到低分的評分標準中都對例證給出了明確要求，由此可見例證這一項要求對作文評分的重要性。而大家也可以看到appropriate是各項要求中出現(xiàn)次數(shù)最多的一個形容詞。許多考生之所以例證方面被扣分，也正是由于舉的例子不夠合適恰當。
托福獨立寫作舉例兩條心得分享
那么考生應(yīng)該如何給出appropriate的例子呢?小編認為大家在舉例時需要注意這兩點：
1. 多用群體性例子而非個人例子
這個要求可能和許多同學的想法完全相反。很多人覺得既然要舉例，那自然應(yīng)該盡可能多用名人事例，而這些東西在托福寫作備考準備案例素材時也會大量背誦各類所謂的名人案例。這種思路在托福寫作中其實并不符合當下要求。大家要知道，如今的托福獨立寫作中，涉及個人觀點類的話題越來越少，而關(guān)系到社會現(xiàn)象的題目則在不斷增加。也就是說，考生在舉例時，運用名人事例來進行例證的機會越來越少，論證效果也在逐漸下降，畢竟在廣泛的社會現(xiàn)象明前，個人事例其實是比較缺乏說服力的。而相對的如果是以某個群體為例來進行證明，那么其說服力顯然會好很多。
以看電視會對青少年產(chǎn)生消極影響來說，如果大家舉的例子是某某人因為從小經(jīng)?？措娨暥绊懥艘暳?，這種例子其實是沒有什么說服力的，但如果考生給出的例子是某某研究表明，青少年群體因為看電視缺乏運動而整體肥胖率上升，這樣的例子顯然就很很好地證明觀點了。所以，大家在托福獨立寫作例證時，要注意多用群體性例子，少用個人化例子。
2. 舉例要多加入細節(jié)增加可信度
另一個考生在舉例時常會犯的毛病就是給出的例子太空洞，缺乏內(nèi)容和細節(jié)，因此給人不可信的感覺。簡單來說，就是會讓考官覺得你的例子是瞎編的。例子想要具有說服力，那就必須有足夠多的內(nèi)容細節(jié)來支撐。大家不僅需要對例子涉及到的背景、成因和變化有一定的描述，對于例子本身的具體發(fā)展以及變化細節(jié)也都要給出足夠多的描述來豐富其內(nèi)容，從而增加例子的可信度。
比如誠實與信任這個比較經(jīng)典的獨立寫作話題，考生如果給出的例子是A因為撒了一次謊而從此失去了B的信任，這種例子顯然就沒什么可信度，一看就讓人有種明顯是編的，甚至編都編得不走心十分敷衍的感覺。但是如果大家給出了整件事情的前因后果，再加上一些細節(jié)渲染比如善意的謊言等等，那么這個例子就顯得更加有血有肉生動形象，可信度也會大幅提升。
總而言之，考生在托福獨立寫作中舉例是必須要用到的，而為了讓例證成為得分幫手而非扣分禍首，考生不僅需要在準備例子素材時多下功夫，對于例證的具體運用方法上也要花心思才行。小編希望本文內(nèi)容能夠在例證技巧方面給大家?guī)硪恍﹨⒖己蛦l(fā)。
托福寫作：題庫范文附思路解析
1. How can schools help new students with their problems?
When students move to a new school, they sometimes face problems. How can schools help these students with their problems? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your answer.
『分析』
以下是大學生剛剛?cè)雽W可能遇到的問題：
留學生面臨文化沖突
心理問題，比如想家，獨立性不夠……
不了解本地地理
不懂本地方言(廣州)
學習方法不適應(yīng)
面對眾多選修課程不知所措
不懂得使用圖書館資源
如何提供幫助?
? 設(shè)置相應(yīng)課程，輔導(dǎo)老師
? 舉辦相應(yīng)活動
? 設(shè)置網(wǎng)站，F(xiàn)AQ列表
『范文』
Moving to a new school is often a traumatizing experience. The student must go through the sometimes arduous process of making new friends, while attempting to keep up with school and keep in touch with old friends. There are many ways in which the school could help ease this process. In order to make new students feel less anxious about their new surroundings, it would be beneficial for the school to start a welcoming committee. Such a committee would include students from all age levels, who are particularly friendly. The committee would organize small events during lunch hours and after school to help the new student feel at home. For example, the committee could organize a lunch followed by a tour of the playground.
This would allow the new student to make new friends.
Schools should also train teachers on how to properly deal with new students. The first thing the teachers should do is to attempt to seat the new student around others who will be a good influence on him/her. This is of utmost importance, as a young student must be encouraged to socialize with smart, friendly students who have a strong work ethic.
Furthermore, a teacher must ensure that the student has a firm grasp of all the topics being taught. It is possible that the student's previous school taught different subject matter, or worked at a slower pace. The student might need extra help to catch up with the rest of the students. Conversely, a new student might be more advanced than the other students at his/her new school. If this is the case, the teacher must organize activities for the student so he/she does not become disinterested in learning. In sum, schools can greatly facilitate a student's arrival to their premises. By enlisting the help of the students and properly instructing the teachers on how to deal with such situations, the student will feel welcome and at home in his new environment.
2. Can borrowing money from a friend harm the friendship?
It is sometimes said that borrowing money from a friend can harm or damage the friendship. Do you agree? Why or why not? Use reasons and specific examples to explain your answer.
『分析』
不同意比較好寫一些(因為同意的話，顯得心里陰暗)
確實，有些時候，借錢給朋友之后，朋友之間的關(guān)系不再那么單純、友好了——在沒有利益關(guān)系
存在的時候，友誼顯得更美好;
然而，破壞友誼的不是借錢這件事情，是借債者的人格問題;
另外，借錢可能也是考驗友誼的好機會。
『范文』
There is a popular saying that if you lend a book to a friend, you lose the book and the friend. Truer words have never been spoken. Borrowing anything, especially money, can put a high level of stress on one's friendship, and is usually not worth the pain.
The first reason why borrowing money from a friend is not a good idea is because if one forgets or does not pay back the friend, the friendship could be lost. Everyone has a busy life, and it is easy to forget details. If one borrows 100 yuan from a friend, he/she can easily forget about the situation, or perhaps even think he/she has already paid back his/her friend when he/she didn't. This, of course, leads to trouble in the relationship. The friend does not know whether to ask for the money or not, as doing so could be conceived as rude.
The lender can only wait so long before he/she believes that the borrower has forgotten about the debt. At this point, the lender will begin to ask the borrower for the money, which, as mentioned above, is an uncomfortable situation. The lender does not want to have to ask for the money back, and the borrower does not want to be reminded that he/she is indebted to someone. Finally, asking a friend for money is a bad idea because it is possible he/she will refuse your request. For example, if a poor person befriend a rich person, the poor man might ask his/her friend for money. If the rich person would rather not lend out his/her money, he/she is put in the awkward situation of having to refuse his/her friend, which could harm the friendship.
Overall, I think it is a terrible idea to borrow money from friends, or lend money if it is requested. While we would like to think that our friendships are strong and true, in many cases, they are not. If you do lend money to a friend, perhaps it is best not to expect to be repaid. By treating the situation like this, one will not be upset if a friend does not return the money, and will have a pleasant surprise if the money is repaid.
托福寫作：題庫范文附思路解析
1. How is your generation different from your parents' generation?
Every generation of people is different in important ways. How is your generation different from your parents' generation? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your answer.
『分析』
所受教育程度(過去大學生很少，現(xiàn)在大學生很普遍[163])
對于人生各個方面的態(tài)度，比如，金錢、婚姻、成功;
過去的人顯得價值觀單一，現(xiàn)在的人更加多元化(diversified)
現(xiàn)在的孩子更加早熟(Children tend to be more premature than their former counterparts )，主要原因是隨著媒體的發(fā)達，影響孩子的因素增多了。
『范文』
The world is changing and developing at a faster and faster rate all the time. Because of this, the difference between children and their parents is becoming more pronounced with each new generation. In today's society, there are many differences between the age groups. When our parents were growing up, the world was filled with turmoil. They were born into a time of war, and generally, lived through a very difficult era. Therefore, our parents are very careful to prevent accidents before they happen, and never act spontaneously. Our parents are very careful with how they spend their money, and do not spend much time relaxing. On the other hand, the current generation has grown up in a very safe, peaceful environment. We do not spend our time worrying about the future; instead, our time is spent enjoying the present.
Second, our methods of entertainment are very different from our parents. Television, computers and the Internet are relatively new inventions. Our parents did not have such luxuries when they were growing up.
Instead, they spent their free time outside, going on hikes around the city, or on bike rides. Today, most young people spend their free time inside, either watching television or playing computer games. Outdoor activities are usually saved for special occasions, such as trips outside the city. The final way that today's generation is different from the previous one is seen in how we view change and progress. As mentioned above, our parents do not enjoy living spontaneously. They like to have a set schedule, and follow it every day. Young people, however, like their lives to be full of adventure. They enjoy searching out the unknown. For example, many students spend copious amounts of time learning English so they can go abroad to a foreign university. Many of our parents will not even get on an airplane to travel across China, not to mention traveling to another continent!
In conclusion, I believe that children are vastly different from their parents in today's society. Young people do not have to struggle to live; everything comes easily to them. The older generation, however, had a much more difficult life. Such large differences in lifestyle have created a very wide generation gap.
2. Classes: teachers lecture or students do some of the talking?
Some students like classes where teachers lecture (do all of the talking) in class. Other students prefer classes where the students do some of the talking. Which type of class do you prefer? Give specific reasons and details to support your choice.
『分析』
先進行比較：各有各的好處：
只有教師一個人講課的課堂：在保證教師質(zhì)量的前提下，可以對某一專題進行更深入地分析;對學生的素質(zhì)要求低一些;
學生參與交談的課堂：對學生的素質(zhì)要求高一些;不適合學習深奧(profound)的課題;
至于選擇，要看是什么樣的科目。
『范文』
There are basically two types of classes in university, classes, i.e., where teachers lecture and where the students do some of the talking. Both teaching and learning approaches are valuable and have their own relative merits.
Classes that are dominated by teachers' lectures may benefits students in several ways. First of all, lectures can communicate the intrinsic interest of the subject matter. The speaker can convey personal enthusiasm in a way that no book or other media can. Enthusiasm stimulates interest, and it is an undeniable fact that interested, stimulated people tend to learn more. Moreover, lectures in university settings can provide students with role models of scholars in action. The professor's way of approaching knowledge can be demonstrated for students to emulate. Furthermore, lectures can organize material in a special way. They may provide a faster, simpler method of presenting information to an audience with its own special needs. Lectures are particularly useful for students who read poorly or who are unable to organize print material.
On the other hand, lecture approaches also have some relevant weaknesses. For example, the lecture often puts students in a passive rather than an active role. As is often the case, passivity can hinder learning. At the same time, most lectures assume that all students are learning at the same pace and at the same level of understanding, which is hardly ever true. Especially, Lectures place the burden of organizing and synthesizing content solely on the lecturer. They are not well suited to higher levels of learning such as application, analysis, and synthesis.
Lectures require an effective speaker who can vary tone, pitch, and pace of delivery. Lecturers must be verbally fluent, a skill that is not stressed nor learned in many Ph.D. programs and is usually distributed unevenly among people. Lectures are therefore sometimes not well suited to complex, detailed, or abstract material.
In summary, Lecturing is probably the oldest teaching method and remains the most common form of instruction, despite the fact that some research has shown that lecturing is ineffective, especially if not combined with some alternative style of teaching. In fact, Lecturing is very appropriate for some goals and very inappropriate for others. And at the same time, the counterpart — the approach that allows students to participate discussions is equally non-universal. Therefore, I can hardly simply say that I prefer either approach. I think the choice should depend on circumstances including various factors such as the subject that is to learn, the depth that needs to explore, the quality that the lecturer or the discussing group have.
托福相關(guān)文章：
★ 學習資料庫
★ 海棠無香
★ 美好的校園時光
★ 學習資料庫
托福獨立寫作如何提升論證說服力
