GRE作文能得幾分看開(kāi)頭就知道
GRE作文能得幾分看開(kāi)頭就知道?這些開(kāi)頭段寫(xiě)法要點(diǎn)不可不看,快來(lái)看看吧,下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。
GRE作文能得幾分看開(kāi)頭就知道?這些開(kāi)頭段寫(xiě)法要點(diǎn)不可不看
開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山是開(kāi)頭段寫(xiě)法核心思路
開(kāi)頭段的長(zhǎng)度是考生首先要考慮好的一點(diǎn)。對(duì)于一篇GRE文章來(lái)說(shuō)，開(kāi)頭段應(yīng)注意開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山簡(jiǎn)單扼要，通過(guò)短短幾句話(huà)把觀(guān)點(diǎn)表達(dá)清楚即可，一般建議以三句話(huà)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。過(guò)長(zhǎng)的開(kāi)頭段會(huì)給人頭重腳輕的感覺(jué)，從而導(dǎo)致文章整體失衡，是GRE寫(xiě)作的大忌。有些考生過(guò)度強(qiáng)調(diào)開(kāi)頭段的寫(xiě)作，搜腸刮肚地把好詞妙句堆砌到開(kāi)頭部分，其實(shí)這么做反而是大忌，很容易引起考官的反感導(dǎo)致意外扣分。
高分開(kāi)頭段從引用原文入手
這是很多考生都容易忽略的一點(diǎn)。開(kāi)頭段的第一句話(huà)，要先引用作文題目的內(nèi)容，通過(guò)引用自然過(guò)渡到論述當(dāng)中。沒(méi)頭沒(méi)腦的直接開(kāi)始論述，會(huì)讓人產(chǎn)生突兀的感覺(jué)，對(duì)于一篇以論述為主的文章來(lái)說(shuō)是十分不利的。有些同學(xué)甚至老師生怕文章字?jǐn)?shù)不夠，在開(kāi)頭的引用部分對(duì)原文題目進(jìn)行大量的PARAPHRASE改寫(xiě)，想要多湊字?jǐn)?shù)，這種投機(jī)取巧的方法一眼就會(huì)被考官發(fā)現(xiàn)，反而會(huì)讓開(kāi)頭變得累贅，模糊掉考生自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，也是經(jīng)常造成扣分的原因之一。
ISSUE和ARGUMENT開(kāi)頭段寫(xiě)法有區(qū)別
GRE作文ISSUE的開(kāi)頭段不必多說(shuō)，直接闡明觀(guān)點(diǎn)就好。而駁論文ARGUMENT的開(kāi)頭段，考生則需要做好兩件事。一是簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明論述的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，二是指出觀(guān)點(diǎn)的漏洞。只要做到這兩點(diǎn)，開(kāi)頭段的作用就達(dá)到了。需要注意的是，在簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明觀(guān)點(diǎn)時(shí)，不要原句照抄題目中的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，適當(dāng)變換一下表達(dá)方法是必要措施。另外，不要在開(kāi)頭段中具體展開(kāi)觀(guān)點(diǎn)的漏洞，簡(jiǎn)單點(diǎn)出問(wèn)題在哪里即可。把詳細(xì)展開(kāi)部分留到正文當(dāng)中。
GRE作文AW優(yōu)秀開(kāi)頭段分享
因?yàn)殚_(kāi)頭段需要簡(jiǎn)潔，因此適當(dāng)套用一些常用句式模式是不錯(cuò)的做法?？忌梢蕴崆白鲆恍┠０宓臏?zhǔn)備，盡量使用自己的語(yǔ)言來(lái)進(jìn)行講述和整理，在寫(xiě)開(kāi)頭段時(shí)直接套用即可。下面是一些常用的開(kāi)頭段句式：
“This plan is likely to fail due to flaws in the reasoning and logic of the editorial.”
“This remedy is unlikely to be successful due to flaws in reasoning.”
“This argument contains some egregious flaws in reasoning making the conclusion doubtful.”
“The success of this recommendation is doubtful considering the logical flaws and faulty assumptions on which it is based.”
總而言之，開(kāi)頭段的好壞關(guān)于整篇文章給考官留下的第一印象，就好比面試時(shí)著裝是否得體一樣，這種印象將在很大程度上影響考官之后的判斷和打分，因此小編希望大家重視GRE作文開(kāi)頭段的寫(xiě)作，爭(zhēng)取寫(xiě)出能夠第一時(shí)間征服考官的優(yōu)秀開(kāi)頭段。
GRE寫(xiě)作中，Argument開(kāi)頭如何寫(xiě)好?
1. 首句開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山指出文章邏輯錯(cuò)誤。
可以先通過(guò)一個(gè)小小的讓步，指出文章的論證有其道理(這里可以高度概括一下文章邏輯論證思路和方法by comparison … with…)relatively/appear to/seem to/well presented/after all(注意這里不要summery the argument,要immediately engage the argument!)，然后筆鋒一轉(zhuǎn)however/while指出文章邏輯是有問(wèn)題的。
2. 簡(jiǎn)單概括文章的邏輯錯(cuò)誤，用高度凝練的語(yǔ)言提示下文論證思路。
這里又分為好幾種方法：
a. 用first/in addition/also等清晰地列出文章邏輯錯(cuò)誤和下文反駁要點(diǎn)。
b. 指出施行題目中建議的后果。
c. 只提示下一段的論證，承接下一段(不推薦)。
d. 用列舉他因的方式提示下文論證要點(diǎn)。
以官方范文為例
Argument test 1: Speed Limits in Forestville.
Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument.
“Six months ago the region of Forestville increased the speed limit for vehicles traveling on the region's highways by ten miles per hour. Since that change took effect, the number of automobile accidents in that region has increased by 15 percent. But the speed limit in Elmsford, a region neighboring Forestville, remained unchanged, and automobile accidents declined slightly during the same six-month period. Therefore, if the citizens of Forestville want to reduce the number of automobile accidents on the region's highways, they should campaign to reduce Forestville's speed limit to what it was before the increase.”
Models from Practice Book
6分：
The agrument is well-presented, but not thoroughly well-reasoned. By making a comparison of the region of Forestville, the town with the higher speed limit and therefore automobile accidents, with the region of Elmsford, an area of a lower speed limit and subsequently fewer accidents, the argument for reducing Forestville's speed limits in order to decrease accidents seems logical.
However,
這篇開(kāi)頭一開(kāi)始就直截了當(dāng)指出這篇argument是not well reasoned,然后高度概括了題目中的要點(diǎn)和題目的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，下文反駁的第一段就用however承接，邏輯連貫，是大家比較喜歡的argument開(kāi)頭。
Argument test 2: Scott Woods
The following appeared as a letter to the editor of a local newspaper.
"Five years ago, we residents of Morganton voted to keep the publicly owned piece of land known as Scott Woods in a natural, undeveloped state. Our thinking was that, if no shopping centers or houses were built there, Scott Woods would continue to benefit our community as a natural parkland. But now that our town planning committee wants to purchase the land and build a school there, we should reconsider this issue. If the land becomes a school site, no shopping centers or houses can be built there, and substantial acreage would probably be devoted to athletic fields. There would be no better use of land in our community than this, since a large majority of our children participate in sports, and Scott Woods would continue to benefit our community as natural parkland."
This letter to the editor begins by stating the reasons the residents of Morganton voted to keep Scott Woods in an undeveloped state. The letter states that the entire community could benefit from an undeveloped parkland. The residents of the town wanted to ensure that no shopping centers or houses would be built there. This, in turn, would provide everyone in the community with a valuable resource, a natural park.
The letter then continues by addressing the issue of building a school on the land. The author reasons that this would also benefit the entire community as a natural parkland since much of the land would be devoted to athletic fields. The author of the letter comes to the conclusion that building a school on the land would be the best thing for everyone in the community.
This letter is a one-sided argument about the best use of the land known as Scott Woods. The author may be a parent whose child would benefit from a new school, a teacher who thinks a school would boost the community, or just a resident of Morganton. Regardless of who the author is, there are many aspects of this plan that he or she has overlooked or chosen to ignore.
這篇文章的開(kāi)頭實(shí)在是太長(zhǎng)了，個(gè)人不建議寫(xiě)這樣的開(kāi)頭，前兩段全部是對(duì)題目的改寫(xiě)，第三段還用了兩行去猜這個(gè)argument作者的身份，畢竟我們只有30min去寫(xiě)一篇argument,我認(rèn)為開(kāi)頭還是開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山，簡(jiǎn)單明了地表明文章觀(guān)點(diǎn)比較好，把重點(diǎn)放在后面的論證部分。
我們可以看到commentary對(duì)這種開(kāi)頭也并不看好!
COMMENTARY
This outstanding response begins somewhat hesitantly; the opening paragraphs summarize but do not immediately engage the argument. (注意，這句話(huà)的意思是，rater希望看到的是immediately engage the argument的文章，而不是summarize the argument!)However, the subsequent paragraphs target the central flaws in the argument and analyze them in almost microscopic detail.
Argument test 3: Smile Bright
Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument.
A recent survey of dental patients showed that people who use Smile-Bright toothpaste are most likely to have capped teeth -- artificial but natural-looking protective coverings placed by dentists on individual teeth. Those people who had begun using Smile-Bright toothpaste early in life were more likely to have capped teeth than were people who had begun using Smile-Bright later in life. In addition, those who reported brushing their teeth more than twice a day with Smile-Bright toothpaste were more likely to have caps on their teeth than were those who reported brushing with Smile-Bright less frequently. Therefore, people wishing to avoid having their teeth capped should not use Smile-Bright toothpaste.
The argument contains several facets that are questionable. First, the reliability and generalizability of the survey are open to quesiton. In addition, the argument assumes a correlation amounts to a causal relationship. The argument also fails to examine alternative explanations. I will discuss each of these facets in turn.
這篇開(kāi)頭非常清晰地直接指出了文章的三個(gè)邏輯錯(cuò)誤，既高度概括了題目的邏輯錯(cuò)誤點(diǎn)，又提示了下文的邏輯論證順序和內(nèi)容，使人一目了然，可以學(xué)習(xí)這種方式。
Argument test 4: Roller Skating
Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument.
Hospital statistics regarding people who go to the emergency room after rollerskating accidents indicate the need for more protective equipment. Within this group of people, 75 percent of those who had accidents in streets or parking lots were not wearing any protective clothing (helmets, knee pads, etc.) or any light-reflecting material (clip-on lights, glow-in-the-dark wrist pads, etc.). Clearly, these statistics indicate that by investing in high-quality protective gear and reflective equipment, rollerskaters will greatly reduce their risk of being severely injured in an accident.
Benchmark 6
The notion that protective gear reduces the injuries suffered in accidents seems at first glance to be an obvious conclusion. After all, (先來(lái)一個(gè)小讓步)it is the intent of these products to either prevent accidents from occuring in the first place or to reduce the injuries suffered by the wearer should an accident occur. However, the conclusion that investing in high quality protective gear greatly reduces the risk of being severely injured in an accident may mask other (and potentially more significant) causes of injuries and may inspire people to over invest financially and psychologically in protective gear. (指出了施行題目中建議的后果)
這篇開(kāi)頭先高度概括題目中的結(jié)論，然后以after all引出一個(gè)小讓步，再用However指出如果實(shí)施這個(gè)建議會(huì)帶來(lái)什么后果，高度概括這個(gè)conclusion存在的兩個(gè)問(wèn)題：忽略他因和人們的錯(cuò)誤投資，為下文的論證做鋪墊。
Argument test 5: University of Claria
Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument.
The University of Claria is generally considered one of the best universities in the world because of its instructors' reputation, which is based primarily on the extensive research and publishing record of certain faculty members. In addition, several faculty members are internationally renowned as leaders in their fields. For example, many of the faculty from the English department are regularly invited to teach at universities in other countries. Furthermore, two recent graduates of the physics department have gone on to become candidates for the Nobel Prize in Physics. And 75 percent of the students are able to find employment after graduating. Therefore, because of the reputation of its faculty, the University of Claria should be the obvious choice for anyone seeking a quality education.
SAMPLE-1 (score 6)
While the University of Claria appears to have an excellent reputation based on the accomplishments and reputations of its faculty, one would also wish to consider other issues before deciding upon this particular institution for undergraduate or graduate training.(開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山對(duì)題目中的建議提出質(zhì)疑，通過(guò)先讓步再轉(zhuǎn)折的方法，先高度概括題目大意，再指出自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。)The Physics and English departments are internationally known, but these are only two of the areas in which one might study. Other departments are not listed; is this because no others are worth mentioning, or because no other departments bothered to turn in their accomplishments and kudos to the publicity office?(直接開(kāi)始引出第一個(gè)TS)
這篇開(kāi)頭也是開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山對(duì)題目中的建議進(jìn)行質(zhì)疑，并引出第一個(gè)反駁的分論點(diǎn)，下文緊接著這一段的末句展開(kāi)論證，個(gè)人比較喜歡第一句，對(duì)第二句不是很有愛(ài)，最好能提示全文，不要只提示下一段吧。
Argument test 6: Silver Screen Movies
Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument.
The following is taken from a memo from the advertising director of the Silver Screen Movie Production Company.
"According to a recent report from our marketing department, fewer people attended movies produced by Silver Screen during the past year than in any other year. And yet the percentage of generally favorable comments by movie reviewers about specific Silver Screen movies actually increased during this period. Clearly, the contents of these reviews are not reaching enough of our prospective viewers; so the problem lies not with the quality of our movies but with the public's lack of awareness that movies of good quality are available. Silver Screen should therefore spend more of its budget next year on reaching the public through advertising and less on producing new movies."
SAMPLE-1 (score 6)
The argument presented above is relatively sound, however, the author fails to recognize all the elements necessary to evaluate his situation. The idea that more money be invested in advertising may be a helpful one, but perhaps not because people are unaware of the current reviews. To clarify, it may be necessary to advertise more in order to increase sales, however that could be due to many circumstances such as a decrease in the public's overall attendance, an increase in the cost of movies, or a lack of trust in the opinions of the reviewers.
這篇范文感覺(jué)跟大部分人寫(xiě)的文章結(jié)構(gòu)很相近，大家朝著這個(gè)方向努力可能相對(duì)容易些。開(kāi)頭還是先開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山指出題目是有問(wèn)題的，然后簡(jiǎn)單指出題目的問(wèn)題出在作者忽略了其他可能的原因，然后再用簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)言分別概括了三個(gè)他因。
GRE寫(xiě)作開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾經(jīng)典句型
開(kāi)頭
1. The arguer may be right about…, but he seems to neglect (fail) to mention (take into account) the fact that….
2. Although many people believe that… , I doubt (wonder) whether the argument bears much analysis (close examination).
3. It would be possible (natural/reasonable) to think (believe/take the view) that…, but it would beabsurd (wrong) to claim (argue) that…
結(jié)尾
1. From what has been discussed above (Taking into account all these factors/ Judging from all evidence offered), we may draw (reach/come to /arrive at) the conclusion that…
2. It is high time that we place (lay/put) great (special/consideration) emphasis on the improvement (development/increase/promotion) of….
3. There is no easy (immediate/effective) solution (approach/answer/remedy) to the problem of…,but ….might be useful (helpful/beneficial).
己準(zhǔn)備必須多思考，拿了個(gè)題目想盡辦法去分析，去了解如何寫(xiě)這個(gè)題。比如說(shuō)考試抽到的這個(gè)題(這個(gè)題比較好寫(xiě))，具體題不記得了，我復(fù)述：It should be required that student so far major take courses in a different major in college。這個(gè)題思考的時(shí)候就可以從很多方面入手，比如：對(duì)major進(jìn)行分類(lèi)，文科類(lèi)、科學(xué)類(lèi)、純理論類(lèi)(theoretical,math,physics等)，他們肯定是不相同的。然后可以說(shuō)不同的major對(duì)其他知識(shí)的需求，然后就是college對(duì)這類(lèi)的限制(學(xué)到更廣的知識(shí)，目的是什么，結(jié)果如何?)，到了社會(huì)上如何。甚至，光知識(shí)對(duì)一個(gè)人自身的影響，以及反寫(xiě)等等。能想到這么多，并且把它們分段，有組織地串聯(lián)起來(lái)，這篇文章就算是解決了。這也是一個(gè)非常明顯的可以正反寫(xiě)的題目(讓步、正面寫(xiě)、特例)，所有的東西都能為主論點(diǎn)服務(wù)，因此相對(duì)比較難走題。
必須及必看精粹核心句型
第一段：開(kāi)頭段。主要是歸納論點(diǎn)，說(shuō)明論點(diǎn)有問(wèn)題，存在邏輯漏洞，準(zhǔn)備發(fā)起進(jìn)攻
第一層：
This argument concludes/recommends/argues that…
第二層：
To support this conclusion the writer cites…/points out that…
第三層：
However, this argument suffers from several critical flaws and is therefore unconvincing/unpersuasive
as it stands.
In the final analysis, the letter's author fails to adequately support the recommendation that…To bolster the argument, the arguer must provide detailed demographic/statistical evidence showing that…The author must also provide evidence--perhaps by way
writer cites…/points out that…
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