托福閱讀指代類問題4種解答基本思路分享
指代題是托福閱讀考試中的一種常見題型,今天小編給大家?guī)砹送懈i喿x指代類問題4種解答基本思路分享,希望能夠幫助到大家,下面小編就和大家分享,來欣賞一下吧。
托福閱讀指代類問題4種解答基本思路分享
1. 就近指代
所謂就近指代,就是被指代對象通常在指代詞前不遠(yuǎn)處,如本句或上一句中。有時(shí)也出現(xiàn)在更前面的一句中。
2. 數(shù)格一致
被指代對象通常與指代詞在數(shù)(如單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))和格(主格或賓格)兩方面相同。如單數(shù)代詞one指代單數(shù)名詞,復(fù)數(shù)代詞they指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞。
3. 平行結(jié)構(gòu)中的指代
平行結(jié)構(gòu)主要包括some/most/many/such/each…, others…; not only…but also…; the former…the latter等。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中,平行結(jié)構(gòu)兩個(gè)部分的兩個(gè)代詞經(jīng)常指代同一對象:前一句中的名詞主語。例如,Southwest France in the 1940s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down.
The word others in the passage refers to
A. chambers
B. paintings
C. beasts
D. parades
原文包含平行結(jié)構(gòu)some…others,它們都指代前一句中的名詞主語beasts,因此第三個(gè)選項(xiàng)為正確答案。
4. 所有格的指代
所有格代詞經(jīng)常指代其前面與其最接近的名詞。例如,
Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use, or lends more prestige to the owner.
The word “their” in line 1 refers to
A. folk
B. nations
C. countries
D. objects
根據(jù)所有格指代的解題技巧,their指代前面位置最近的名詞objects,因此D為正確答案。
托??荚囬喿x技巧 列舉題解析
托福考試閱讀中的列舉題主要考察考生能否抓住文章主要信息,排除一些與文章內(nèi)容無關(guān)信息的能力。所以,ETS也這類題型稱之為“否定事實(shí)信息題”(negative factual information question)。其常用的出題形式為:
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passages?
The author mentions all of the followings X.X.X, except X.X?
一、列舉題兩大分類:集中列舉和分散列舉
1. 集中列舉
集中列舉的形式有:三個(gè)名詞或詞匯連續(xù)出現(xiàn),各個(gè)名詞或詞匯之間以逗號隔開;三個(gè)短語連續(xù)出現(xiàn);三個(gè)句子連續(xù)出現(xiàn)。對于集中列舉題,只需根據(jù)題干或選項(xiàng)定位原文,排除在原文的集中列舉之處出現(xiàn)的三個(gè)選項(xiàng),剩下的一個(gè)選項(xiàng)為正確答案。例如,
They used the pots they made for cooking, storing food, and carrying things from place to place.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a way that ancient people used pottery?
(A) To hold food.
(B) To wash clothes.
(C) To cook.
(D) To transport objects.
這里,我們先看題干,問的是古代人是怎么使用罐子的??赐赀@個(gè)題目之后我們回到原文:They used the pots they made for cooking, storing food, and carrying things from place to place. 答案B自然就出來了。A,C答案可以直接在原文中找到,D答案是對原文內(nèi)容的改寫。
2. 分散列舉
分散列舉,顧名思義,就是說各項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)的位置比較的分散,可能出現(xiàn)于同一段落之中,或分布于全文各段。對于分散列舉,我們同樣需要根據(jù)題干或選項(xiàng)定位原文,將各個(gè)選項(xiàng)與所對應(yīng)的原文逐個(gè)進(jìn)行比較,采用排除法,在原文未提到或與原文相矛盾的選項(xiàng)為正確答案。解答這類題目需要注意文章每個(gè)段落的首尾句。
二、解答列舉題的三大步驟:
1. 看題干找關(guān)鍵詞:
如果問題中線索,即,有和原文相同詞語,我們稱之為關(guān)鍵詞,可以根據(jù)它定位,然后將四個(gè)選項(xiàng)與定位的地方進(jìn)行比較。如果沒有關(guān)鍵詞,可以先定位于上一個(gè)問題對應(yīng)的段落之后的段落。一般來說,IBT閱讀考試題目的順尋和原文章的順序相同。
2. 閱讀四個(gè)選項(xiàng):
如果題干中沒有線索的,可以閱讀四個(gè)選項(xiàng),總結(jié)其中的共同點(diǎn)進(jìn)行定位,或者根據(jù)各個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞一一進(jìn)行定位。
3. 排除與原文相符的選項(xiàng):
將各個(gè)選項(xiàng)與原文比較以后,排除其中符合原文意思的選項(xiàng),剩下的一個(gè)選項(xiàng),或者與原文相矛盾,或者在原文未提到,就是正確答案。
總之,列舉題的基本思路是排除,排除與原文相符的選項(xiàng),與原文相矛盾的選項(xiàng)或原文未提到的選項(xiàng)是正確答案。
托??荚囬喿x技巧 句意解釋題解析
句意解釋題也有人稱其為“變換措辭題”,也就是用自己的語言來改寫文章中的句子或者段落,以不同的方式重新陳述另一句話,保留其內(nèi)容,而不改變原來句子的意思。在IBT閱讀的三篇文章中,每篇文章可能有0-1道這樣的題目,每次考試總共有2到3題。
這類型題目的題干表達(dá)為:Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
解決這類題目的三種方法:
第一種:在保持原句序基本不變的前提下進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)詞匯或者詞組的同義替換;
第二種:在句序不變的前提下再進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)詞匯或者詞組的同義替換;
第三種:對原句進(jìn)行總結(jié)性重復(fù)。
下面我們通過一個(gè)例子來看這些方法的具體應(yīng)用:
Small marketers should be less concerned with whether U.S. and European consumers are alike and more concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences. Attention to the dynamic nature of those factors will produce opportunities for the alert marketer.
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A marketer who is not so smart should be more concerned with the difference of eating habits between U.S. and European consumers and less concerned with monitoring the variety of factors that account for potential similarities and differences.
I t is not important whether U.S. and European consumers have a similar eating habit. I t is the potential similarities and differences that people should be more concerned with.
Marketers should focus on the factors that account for difference rather than the difference themselves.
Monitoring the variety of foods could explain the potential similarities and differences.
解題:
首先,我們來分析這個(gè)句子,整個(gè)主句的主語為Small marketers,謂語為be concerned with,賓語為factors,這個(gè)分析完成之后,我們采用同意替換的方法,替換其中的重點(diǎn)詞組-謂語be concerned with,其同義詞為focus on。這樣替換完之后把兩個(gè)句子的意思進(jìn)行比較,得出正確答案C。這道題目采用了第一種方法。
總之,這類題目的解決步驟就是分析句子結(jié)構(gòu),找出關(guān)鍵詞語----找出其中的重要詞組進(jìn)行同義替換----結(jié)合整個(gè)句子的意思進(jìn)行重新組織句子------采用排除法找出正確答案。
既耗時(shí)又難定位的托福閱讀排除題到底怎么破?
本種題型給考生的感覺是:1. 閱讀量大;2. 缺乏“安全感”。何為缺乏“安全感”?就是沒有對應(yīng)的答案句,困難之處在于考生無法確定:到底讀到什么地方才是關(guān)于該話題的完結(jié),才能回選項(xiàng)排除。所以該題型既耗時(shí),又難定位。
那么為解這類題型,需要先了解排除題的竅。
首先明確解題步驟:
一、閱讀題目,選擇定位詞
二、回文章掃讀粗定位,找到信息起始點(diǎn)
三、閱讀選項(xiàng),選擇定位詞,
四、回文章信息起始點(diǎn)開始,細(xì)定位
五、排除文章提及的真實(shí)內(nèi)容,選出答案
這樣的解題步驟我們稍后解釋,在解題過程當(dāng)中,題目選擇定位詞,回文章掃讀定位都是解事實(shí)信息題的方法,而在排除題時(shí)策略有所調(diào)整。在解題過程當(dāng)中,同時(shí)要注意:尋找選項(xiàng)的方向。第三步讀選項(xiàng)時(shí),可額外留心關(guān)注四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的陳述方向,預(yù)先質(zhì)疑在內(nèi)容風(fēng)格上和其他三項(xiàng)不一致的項(xiàng)。
OG例題:“The United States in the 1800’s was full of practical, hardworking people who did not consider the arts—from theater to painting—useful occupations. In addition, the public’s attitude that European art was better than American art both discouraged and infuriated American artists. In the early 1900’s there was a strong feeling among artists that the United States was long overdue in developing art that did not reproduce European traditions Everybody agreed that the heart and soul of the new country should be reflected in its art. But opinions differed about what this art would be like and how it would develop.”
According to paragraph 1, all of the following were true of American art in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s EXCEPT:
A. Most Americans thought art was unimportant.
B. American art generally copied European styles and traditions.
C. Most Americans considered American art inferior to European art.
D. American art was very popular with European audiences.
選項(xiàng)A:大多數(shù)美國人認(rèn)為藝術(shù)不重要;
選項(xiàng)B:美國藝術(shù)普遍抄襲后軸風(fēng)格和傳統(tǒng);
選項(xiàng)C:大多數(shù)美國人認(rèn)為美國藝術(shù)次于歐洲藝術(shù);
選項(xiàng)D:美國藝術(shù)在歐洲觀眾中非常受歡迎。
在閱讀四個(gè)選項(xiàng)時(shí)可以感覺到A、B、C的內(nèi)容在講美國藝術(shù)不重要、不好、抄襲和等級較次,而D項(xiàng)說美國藝術(shù)受歡迎。
我們當(dāng)然不能就此匆忙判斷為錯(cuò)誤,但要思考:關(guān)于該話題一般有一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的觀點(diǎn),除非中間進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)折才會(huì)有態(tài)度的轉(zhuǎn)變,那么讀文章時(shí)主要抓本段主題,并且尋找是否有轉(zhuǎn)折內(nèi)容。
主題句中說“美國充滿了實(shí)際的、勤懇工作的人,他們不認(rèn)為藝術(shù)是有用的職業(yè)”,接下來為遞進(jìn)詞匯,加強(qiáng)前一句觀點(diǎn),快速掃讀文中標(biāo)志詞,僅最后出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折but但講述的是人們對于如何發(fā)展藝術(shù)產(chǎn)生分歧,不是對于藝術(shù)態(tài)度的討論了。所以整段陳述的態(tài)度為:美國人不認(rèn)為藝術(shù)有用,則可選出D項(xiàng)。
托福閱讀指代類問題4種解答基本思路分享




