托福閱讀怎樣對文章段落進行精讀
托福閱讀怎樣對文章段落進行精讀?實用技巧實例講解。今天小編給大家?guī)砹送懈ｉ喿x怎樣對文章段落進行精讀，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
托福閱讀怎樣對文章段落進行精讀?實用技巧實例講解
托福閱讀備考為何要做段落精讀?
精讀段落可以幫助考生了解托福閱讀文章段落的結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)律，捕捉含特殊邏輯關(guān)系的結(jié)構(gòu)的可能出題點。
托福閱讀備考段落精讀要點實例講解
1. 快速找出并理解段落中心句
段落精讀的第一個要點就是要快速找出并理解各段落的中心句。如果是首段，一般關(guān)注它的首句或尾句;如果是中間段，一般也是閱讀首尾句，但也可能會出現(xiàn)“非常規(guī)”的情況，即中心句在段落的中間出現(xiàn)。以下面這個段落為例。
Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (“feedback”) are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s emotional state. Consider Darwin’s words: “The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.” Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger? (官方指南OG “The Expression of Emotions”)
乍一看，你會覺得本段落的中心句就是第一句，其實第一句只是交代了一個普遍的(generally)看法，第二句是基于這個看法作進一步的解釋(in fact)。而真正的中心句應(yīng)該是第三句(由however引出)，它提出了另一個新的看法，叫“面部反饋的假設(shè)”，這個新的看法才是本段接著要展開的重點對象。大家在精讀段落時，應(yīng)該特別留意類似“非常規(guī)”的情況，充分理解這種段落的寫作邏輯。
2. 關(guān)注段落中邏輯關(guān)系詞結(jié)構(gòu)
段落精讀的第二個要點就是關(guān)注段落中含邏輯關(guān)系詞的結(jié)構(gòu)，比如轉(zhuǎn)折結(jié)構(gòu)、因果結(jié)構(gòu)、平行結(jié)構(gòu)、連續(xù)列舉結(jié)構(gòu)等，這些結(jié)構(gòu)往往都是托福閱讀考試的出題點。筆者建議考生在精讀時用記號標出這些結(jié)構(gòu)的信號詞，對其前后的文字加以研讀，并與后面的題目進行對照，摸索閱讀出題的規(guī)律。這里以“轉(zhuǎn)折結(jié)構(gòu)”為例作為示范。
According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom. Unfortunately, the few scientific investigations of yawning have failed to find any connection between how often someone yawns and how much sleep they have had or how tired they are. About the closest any research has come to supporting the tiredness theory is to confirm that adults yawn more often on weekdays than at weekends, and that school children yawn more frequently in their first year at primary school than they do in kindergarten. (官方?？颊骖}18 “The Mystery of Yawning”)
考生在精讀本段落時，要特別注意本段中的Unfortunately，它是轉(zhuǎn)折的信號詞之一，引起了前后信息的轉(zhuǎn)折，后面的句子對本段開頭的傳統(tǒng)理論(conventional theory)作出了反駁，意思是“但遺憾的是，關(guān)于打哈欠的僅有的幾項科學(xué)研究并沒有找到打哈欠的頻率與個人睡眠時長或者疲勞程度之間的任何關(guān)聯(lián)?！笨忌梢詣澇鲞@個轉(zhuǎn)折結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，然后再跟后面的題目進行對照，看看是否針對這句話出題。對照之后，考生會發(fā)現(xiàn)有一道事實信息題與這句話有密切的關(guān)系。之后，考生還可以在腦海里再回憶下轉(zhuǎn)折結(jié)構(gòu)的信號詞除了unfortunately還有哪些，比如還有but、however、yet、nevertheless、while、whereas等，以后讀段落或做題時可以多注意這些地方。
學(xué)會了托福閱讀的文章段落精讀技巧，大家就能從閱讀中收獲到更多寶貴的知識，這樣一來考生的備考效率也就會有進一步提升了。
托福閱讀長難句：蓄水層
Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year. (41, TPO3)
aquifer /'?kw?f?/ n. 含水土層
semiarid /?sem(a)?'?r?d/ adj. 半干旱的
我是分解線，大家先自己分析哦
Estimates indicate (that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron), but unfortunately, (under the semiarid climatic conditions) (that presently exist in the region), rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, (amounting to about half a centimeter a year. )
分析：
修飾一：(under the semiarid climatic conditions)，介詞短語，修飾后面紅色主干部分
中文：在半干旱氣候條件下
修飾二：(that presently exist in the region)，從句，修飾conditions
中文：現(xiàn)在存在于這個地區(qū)
修飾三：(amounting to about half a centimeter a year. ) ，非謂語動詞，修飾前面紅色主干
中文：總計大約一年50毫米
主干：rates ofaddition to the aquifer are minimal
中文：蓄水層的補水率很小
參考翻譯：
估計表明：蓄水層包含充足的水去填滿Huron湖。但很不幸，在目前這個地區(qū)半干旱氣候條件下，蓄水層的補水率很小，總計大約一年50毫米。
這個句子的主要修飾成分就是介詞短語、從句、非謂語動詞，大家務(wù)必想清楚，每一個修飾成分修飾的是什么，才能看清楚這個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。
托福閱讀長難句：太平洋島殖民文化
The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques. (48, TPO5)
colonization /?k?l?n??ze???n/ n. 開拓殖民地，殖民
appropriate /?'pr??pr??t/ adj. 適當?shù)?，合適的 v. 挪用，擅用;撥出(尤指款項)
domesticate /d?'mest?ke?t/ v. 馴養(yǎng)
marginal /'mɑ?d??n(?)l/ adj. 邊緣的，邊界的;(土地)無生產(chǎn)力的
inventory /'?nv?nt?ri/ n. 詳細目錄, 清單
implement /'?mpl?m?nt/ n. 工具，器具
我是分界線，大家先自己分析哦。
The basic cultural requirements (for the successful colonization ofthe Pacifi
c islands) include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills (to get to the islands in the first place), domesticated plants and gardening skills (suited to often marginal conditions), and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques.
分析：
修飾一：(for the successful colonizationof the Pacific islands)，介詞短語，修飾requirements
中文：太平洋島成功的殖民
修飾二：(toget to the islands in the first place)，非謂語動詞，修飾skills
中文：最先到達這些島
修飾三：(suitedto often marginal conditions)，非謂語動詞，修飾skills
中文：適應(yīng)常年貧瘠條件
主干部分：
The basic cultural requirements include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills, domesticated plants and gardening skills and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques.
就是是三個并列結(jié)構(gòu)，The basic cultural requirements include A, B and C，然后A和B里有修飾成分。
參考翻譯：
對于太平洋島成功的殖民基本的文化條件包括：最先到達這些島需要的適當?shù)脑齑?、航行和航海技術(shù)、適應(yīng)常年貧瘠條件的馴養(yǎng)植物和園藝技術(shù)以及各種各樣的捕魚工具和技術(shù)
這個句子的主要修飾成分就是非謂語動詞和介詞短語，大家務(wù)必想清楚，每一個修飾成分修飾的是什么，才能看清楚這個句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。
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