托福閱讀哪些語法容易干擾理解

陳鈴1147由分享時間：2020-09-03 04:30:44

托福閱讀哪些語法容易干擾理解?這5種后置定語考點要了解。今天給大家?guī)砹送懈ｉ喿x哪些語法容易干擾理解,希望能夠幫助到大家在托?？荚囍心酶叻郑旅嫘【幘秃痛蠹曳窒恚瑏硇蕾p一下吧。

托福閱讀哪些語法容易干擾理解?這5種后置定語考點要了解

什么是托福閱讀中的后置定語?

托福閱讀中后置定語，顧名思義分為后置和定語兩個部分。后置也就是此種短語出現(xiàn)的位置是在名詞之后，定語就是起到修飾限定作用的短語，注意是短語而不是句子，本質(zhì)上相當于形容詞。所以后置定語就是放在名詞的后面起到限定修飾作用的短語。

托福閱讀后置定語第一類

形容詞做后置定語。如：fossil available.即為可用的化石。

托福閱讀后置定語第二類

介詞短語做后置定語。如lava on the surface，中 on the surface介詞短語修飾lava，表示為表面上的熔巖。

托福閱讀后置定語第三類

現(xiàn)在分詞短語做后置定語。如the blood vessels carrying cooled blood.中的carrying cooled blood就是現(xiàn)在分詞短語用來修飾限定the blood vessels，理解為運載著涼的血液的血管。

托福閱讀后置定語第四類

過去分詞短語做后置定語，the gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability 中的caused by its diminished ability就是過去分詞短語做后置定語修飾the gradual drying of the soil，理解為減少的能力導致的土壤的干燥。

托福閱讀后置定語第五類

不定式短語做后置定語。the ability to absorb water中to absorb water限定修飾 the ability，理解為吸收水的能力。

托福閱讀練習題及答案

PASSAGE 1

By the mid-nineteenth century, the term icebox had entered the American language, but icewas still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice tradegrew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by someforward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, halfthe ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston andChicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new householdconvenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.

Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenthcentury, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration,was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the icefrom melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept theice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve thedelicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.

But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the righttrack. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the villageof Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport hisbutter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs ofhis competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-poundbricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have totravel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The influence of ice on the diet

(B) The development of refrigeration

(D) Sources of ice in the nineteenth century

2. According to the passage , when did the word icebox become part of the language of the United States?

(A) in 1803

(B) sometime before 1850

(D) near the end of the nineteenth century

3. The phrase forward-looking in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) progressive

(B) popular

(D) well-established

4. The author mentions fish in line 4 because

(A) many fish dealers also sold ice

(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars

(D) fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before the invention of the icebox

5. The word it in line 5 refers to

(A) fresh meat

(B) the Civil War

(D) a refrigerator

6. According to the passage , which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the icebox?

(A) Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars

(B) The lack of a network for the distribution of ice

(D) Inadequate understanding of physics

7. The word rudimentary in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) growing

(B) undeveloped

(D) uninteresting

8. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would

(A) completely prevent ice from melting

(B) stop air from circulating

(D) use blankets to conserve ice

9. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been on the right track (lines 18-19) to indicate that

(A) the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm

(B) Moore was an honest merchant

(D) Moore's design was fairly successful

10. According to the passage , Moore's icebox allowed him to

(A) charge more for his butter

(B) travel to market at night

(D) produce ice all year round

11. The produce mentioned in line 25 could include

(A) iceboxes

(B) butter

(D) markets

Answers:

BBACC DBCDA B

PASSAGE 2

The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Presenton Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves,transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face ofthe Earth.

Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported bywind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent ofcontinental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks,streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. This immensepolarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominatesthis entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running fromhigh altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.

The rate at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not random but is a measureof the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for awater molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs — atmosphere, continent, and ocean— we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days inthe atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. Thislast figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere butalso the rapidity of water transport on the continents.

A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents.Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved andtransported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form thethin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed andtransported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from twoclosely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Theirrespective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.

1. The word modifying in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) changing

(B) traveling

(D) destroying

2. The word which in line 5 refers to

(A) clouds

(B) oceans

(D) compounds

3. According to the passage , clouds are primarily formed by water

(A) precipitating onto the ground

(B) changing from a solid to a liquid state

(D) being carried by wind

4. The passage suggests that the purpose of the hydrographic network (line 8) is to

(A) determine the size of molecules of water

(B) prevent soil erosion caused by flooding

(D) regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers

5. What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through the cycle, as discussed in the third paragraph?

(A) The potential energy contained in water

(B) The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical compounds

(D) The relative size of the water storage areas

6. The word rapidity in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) significance

(B) method

(D) reliability

7. The word they in line 24 refers to

(A) insoluble ions

(B) soluble ions

(D) continents

8. All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT

(A) magnesium

(B) iron

(D) calcium

9. The word efficiency in line 27 is closest in meaning to

(A) relationship

(B) growth

(D) effectiveness

Answers:

AACCD CABD

托福高失分率考題盤點之閱讀

托福高失分率考題主要圍繞幾種出現(xiàn)頻率較高的題型

Factual Information questions細節(jié)題，Negative Factual Information questions排除題，Rhetorical Purpose questions修辭目的題，Sentence Simplification questions簡化句子題，Prose Summary文章內(nèi)容小結(jié)題。

1、Factual Information questions細節(jié)題

細節(jié)題也稱為事實信息題，考察方向主要圍繞對文章細節(jié)的定位和理解展開。常見問題形式為：According to paragraph X, which/what/why...or in paragraph X, the author suggests/indicates...

做題方法：根據(jù)題干定位詞找到段落細節(jié)位置，然后對細節(jié)句子進行分析理解其中心內(nèi)容，并從4個選項中選擇意思一樣的選項。

做題難點：考生易錯點在于有些錯誤選項非常相近于正確選項，但是增加了一些無關(guān)信息或者跟文章提供信息相反，有些錯誤選項甚至跟定位到的文章句子細節(jié)附近的句子內(nèi)容一樣，但是跟題目所問的內(nèi)容無關(guān)，即所謂的答非所問選項，特別需要注意一下題干，因為一些題目會在題干上做手腳。如果考生沒有很準確的分析清楚文章哪句是正確答案，以及哪個選項的意思是跟所定位的句子完美匹配的話，考生很容易錯選。

In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals. (TPO1 THE ORIGINS OF THEATER)

According to paragraph 1, theories of the origins of theater

A. Are mainly hypothetical

B. Are well supported by factual evidence

C. Have rarely been agreed upon by anthropologists

D. Were expressed in the early stages of theater’s development

[以origins of theater為關(guān)鍵詞定位至本段第一句，one must rely primarily on speculation, 主要靠推測，也就是A, 主要是推論的。B和C選項跟原本相似，但是內(nèi)容相反，D選項文章下文有提及，但是跟劇院起源的理論無關(guān)，說的是在劇院發(fā)展的早期階段社會意識到了能影響和控制食物產(chǎn)量的力量]

2、Negative Factual Information questions排除題

方向類似排除題跟事實信息題考察，只是做法正好相反，需要考生從文章中找出3個正確的選項，排除一個錯誤答案。常見標志為NOT/EXCEPT。

解題方法：先找出題干中的定位詞，并細讀4個選項找出其中關(guān)鍵詞，然后定位到文章所在位置進行詳細分析并匹配，進而找出錯誤選項。入手點，有些選項會以并列的形式連續(xù)出現(xiàn)，可以直接排除這幾個連續(xù)選項。

解題難點：錯誤選項有三種情況，一是文章沒有給出，二是文章對應句子意思錯誤，三是答非所問項即于題目答案無關(guān)選項。而考生一般容易錯在與第二種和第三種情況。

This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge rate—that is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply—has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically. In the 1930’s, wells encountered plentiful water at a depth of about 15 meters; currently, they must be dug to depths of 45 to 60 meters or more. In places, the water table is declining at a rate of a meter a year, necessitating the periodic deepening of wells and the use of ever-more-powerful pumps. It is estimated that at current withdrawal rates, much of the aquifer will run dry within 40 years. The situation is most critical in Texas, where the climate is driest, the greatest amount of water is being pumped, and the aquifer contains the least water. It is projected that the remaining Ogallala water will, by the year 2030, support only 35 to 40 percent of the irrigated acreage in Texas that is supported in 1980. (TPO3 Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer)

According to paragraph 4, all of following are consequences of the heavy use of the Ogallala aquifer for irrigation EXCEPT:

A. The recharge rate of the aquifer is decreasing.

B. Water tables in the region are becoming increasingly lower.

C. Wells now have to be dug to much greater depths than before.

D. Increasingly powerful pumps are needed to draw water from the aquifer.

[分別以recharge rate, water tables, wells, powerful pumps做關(guān)鍵詞定位至本段前三句，B/C/D三項以并列連續(xù)的方式在原文中出現(xiàn)，而A選項，講述內(nèi)容跟文章對應信息不符，說明的是蓄水層的補水率低不是選項說的補水率在下降，而且跳出這道題看，隨著地下水位的下降，井必須打得更深，水泵必須功率更大，這是一系列的因果關(guān)系，只有A不是這個因果序列中的]

3、IRhetorical Purpose questions修辭目的題

修辭目的題考察的是考生對文章段落邏輯關(guān)系的把握。只有很好的明白文章段落是以何種方式展開的，考生才能準確得選出正確答案。常見形式：題目Why does author mention...? 選項To provide/ suggest/explain...

解題方法：首先看所考察內(nèi)容所在句子里或者前后有沒有明顯的指示詞，比如句子前有for example, 則舉例子是為證明前一句的觀點，如果句子后面有因果連接詞比如therefore，則所考察內(nèi)容是為了引出后文結(jié)論。如果所考察內(nèi)容所在句子里或者前后沒有明顯的指示詞，則需要分析整段落的結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系，一般這時答案往前找，常見為這段的主旨句。

解題難點：一考生容易判斷錯到底往前還是往后找答案，二考生會誤選錯誤選項內(nèi)容為對所考察內(nèi)容的同義替換。

Most of the world’s potable water—freshwater suitable for drinking—is accounted for by groundwater, which is stored in the pores and fractures in rocks. There is more than 50 times as much freshwater stored underground than in all the freshwater rivers and lakes of Earth. At greater depths within Earth, the pressure of the overlying rock causes pores and cracks to close, reducing the space that pore water can occupy, and almost complete closure occurs at a depth of about 10 kilometers. The greatest water storage, therefore, lies near the surface. (TPO28 groundwater)

In paragraph1, why does the author mention “the pressure of the overlying rock”?

A. To show how water can be forced deep under Earth’s surface

B. To show why groundwater is more plentiful than surface freshwater

C. To correct a commonly made error about the location of groundwater

D. To explain why most groundwater lies near Earth’s surface

[正確答案：D。在高亮部分的描寫之后，本段的最后一句出現(xiàn)了，therefore。這里也是在說the pressure of the overlying rock導致的結(jié)果，也就是文章提到它的目的。其結(jié)果是，大部分的水儲都在比較表面的地方。所以其目的就是要解釋為什么水都在表面的地方。因此選D]

4、Sentence Simplification questions簡化句子題

簡化句子題考察是考生分析長難句的能力，即可以準確的區(qū)分句子主要內(nèi)容和次要信息以及它們兩者之間的邏輯關(guān)系。常見問題形式：Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information?

解題方法：先抓出主句中心意思，然后對應選項主句排除主句錯誤信息，接下來再分析次要信息以及主從句之間的關(guān)系。

解題難點：考生容易忽略主句和從句邏輯關(guān)系，只關(guān)注句子內(nèi)容的完整性;另外句子所有意思不一定會全部包含在答案中，所以考生只需確認最主要信息正確有時候就可以選對。

For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. A society’s rites were more likely to be retained in the oral tradition if its myths were admired for artistic qualities.

B. The artistic quality of a myth was sometimes an essential reason for a society to abandon it from the oral tradition.

C. Some early societies stopped using myths in their religious practices when rites ceased to be seen as useful for social well-being.

D. Myths sometimes survived in a society’s tradition because of their artistic qualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.

[原句轉(zhuǎn)折，說儀式雖然被拋棄了，但隨著儀式產(chǎn)生的戲劇卻保留了下來，所以原句重心在后半段。A是條件，錯，而且原文說rites沒保留，A反了;B和A錯的原因類似，首先因果關(guān)系錯，其次myths沒拋棄，說反了;C也錯在拋棄了myths, 與原文相反，D正確]

5、Prose Summary文章內(nèi)容小結(jié)題

文章內(nèi)容小結(jié)題主要考察考生對主要觀點，錯誤信息和細節(jié)信息的分辨能力。

問題常見形式為文章最后一題，要求考生在6項中選擇3項主要信息。

解題方法：有些選項內(nèi)容跟之前考過的題目的考點內(nèi)容一樣則一般要選擇;有些選項是對一段或者兩段內(nèi)容進行概括，一般常見于段落主題句，碰到必選。

解題難點：考生有時因為時間較緊會根據(jù)印象做題，進而會錯選選項跟之前做過題目相似的內(nèi)容，然而其實此選項跟之前的題目內(nèi)容不一致，比如跟原文內(nèi)容相反或者加入一些文中沒有的信息，建議可以回到前文去確認一下;細節(jié)信息也是考生會錯選的關(guān)鍵，有些信息跟文章中出現(xiàn)內(nèi)容一致，但卻不是主要信息，而是段落中的一個例子或者是一個支持段落主題句的一個細節(jié)信息。

以TPO1 TIMBERLINE VEGETATION ON MOUNTAINS為例：

A. Birch is one of the few species of tree that can survive in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. [選項提到了具體的樹種樺樹，明顯是一個例子，細節(jié)選項，不選]

B. There is no agreement among scientists as to exactly why plant growth is sharply different above and below the upper timberline. [There is選項對應第四段首句，正確]

C. The temperature at the upper timberline is probably more important in preventing tree growth than factors such as the amount of snowfall or the force of winds. [此選項非常具有誤導性，內(nèi)容完全符合文章內(nèi)容，可以直接從段落中找出，但是卻也是個細節(jié)信息，不選]

D. The geographical location of an upper timberline has an impact on both the types of trees found there and their physical characteristics. [The geographical選項對應第二段的第三句和第三段的首句，正確]

E. High levels of ultraviolet light most likely play a greater role in determining tree growth at the upper timberline than do grazing animals such as the ibex. [雖然文章有提到ultraviolet light, 但是并沒有進行比較，選項錯]

F. Despite being adjacent to the timberline, the alpine tundra is an area where certain kinds of low trees can endure high winds and very low temperatures. [Despite選項對應原文的最后兩句，正確]

總的來說，建議托福考生在做閱讀題目時，能打起十二分精神仔細審查題干和選項，不要輕易被誤導選項所欺騙。相信在抓住閱讀考試的特征之后，考生能比較容易的取得高分!想要報名培訓班，暑假一起提分，可關(guān)注微信號cdlongre，領(lǐng)取0元試聽課，聽后滿意再報名，選擇適合自己的才是的!

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