雅思閱讀提升技巧之刻意訓(xùn)練
閱讀能力提升非易事, 刻意閱讀訓(xùn)練很重要，今天小編給大家?guī)砹搜潘奸喿x提升技巧之刻意訓(xùn)練，希望能幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
【雅思閱讀提升】 閱讀能力提升非易事 刻意閱讀訓(xùn)練很重要
進(jìn)行刻意閱讀練習(xí)有兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵，一個(gè)選取恰當(dāng)?shù)拈喿x材料，第二是培養(yǎng)閱讀理解技能。
關(guān)于閱讀材料的選取
選取閱讀材料時(shí)，每個(gè)人根據(jù)自身的現(xiàn)有水平，選取那些有一定難度又可以通過一定練習(xí)駕馭的材料。比如你覺得雅思的閱讀有挑戰(zhàn)性，那么可以去找雅思閱讀的題源文章作為訓(xùn)練材料，等到能夠駕馭雅思閱讀文章，再去找難度更高的文章進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練。有一個(gè)基本的建議就是：閱讀訓(xùn)練材料以新聞報(bào)刊為主。原因是報(bào)刊文章篇幅較短，而且信息量大，邏輯性強(qiáng)，非常有利于培養(yǎng)理解能力。
你可能會(huì)注意到，試卷上的閱讀板塊叫“閱讀理解”(reading comprehension)，而不叫“閱讀”,這其實(shí)揭示了一個(gè)道理：閱讀過程是由兩個(gè)部分組成的，一個(gè)叫閱讀，一個(gè)叫“理解。而很多人往往只注意到了“閱讀”，并沒有去訓(xùn)練“理解”能力。
網(wǎng)上關(guān)于快速閱讀的技巧多如牛毛，各種各樣的技巧會(huì)讓你“讀”得更快，比如閱讀時(shí)控制光線和環(huán)境，用手指或者筆輔助視線定位。但這些并沒有什么用，它們關(guān)注的只是閱讀的問題，而“理解過程”跟不上，讀得再快也毫無用處。最關(guān)鍵的，是要提高“信息處理”的能力。
比如這句話：
To take part in a severe contest between intelligence，which presses forward ，and an unworthy，timid
ignorance obstructing our progress.
幾乎沒有一個(gè)生詞，然而你看懂了嗎?是讀了一遍就懂還是來回讀了很多遍才弄懂的?
決定閱讀能力的，并不是“讀得多快”，而是“理解得多快”。
所以刻意閱讀練習(xí)的關(guān)鍵其實(shí)是培養(yǎng)理解能力。一般來說，影響閱讀理解能力主要有以下幾個(gè)因素：
1.詞匯量
2.語法句法基礎(chǔ)
3.背景知識
詞匯量是閱讀理解的基石。千萬不要以為有大學(xué)四六級水平的詞匯就夠了，那是歐美國家文盲水平，讀不懂外刊和原版書的。受過良好教育的英文母語人士詞匯量一般都在兩萬以上，如果你要達(dá)到他們他們的閱讀水平，你的詞匯量不能低于他們。
語法句法基礎(chǔ)對閱讀理解的準(zhǔn)確率也有很大影響，最常見的是各種長難句，如果你句法基礎(chǔ)不好的話，理解起來會(huì)非常吃力。解決的方法也很簡單，哪里基礎(chǔ)不好就補(bǔ)哪里——語法句法知識也就那么多，一本教材認(rèn)真看完也就幾個(gè)星期的事情，但對理解能力的提升卻是顯而易見的。
背景知識這一點(diǎn)經(jīng)常被人忽略，但它對理解文章起到舉足輕重的作用。舉個(gè)例子，如果你對英國的政黨制度沒有一定的了解，那么經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人上的這篇文章關(guān)于英國工黨選舉的那些事估計(jì)會(huì)看不懂，盡管你知道每一個(gè)單詞每一個(gè)短語的意思。
對于背景知識，建議在讀文章的時(shí)候慢慢積累，不懂的就上網(wǎng)查，《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》是一套相當(dāng)好的閱讀素材，信息量非常大，往往涉及到很多背景知識，如果能堅(jiān)持讀下來并弄懂每一篇文章，你會(huì)有非常大的收獲。
除了上面這幾個(gè)基本要點(diǎn)之外，做理解能力訓(xùn)練的時(shí)候一定要注意一個(gè)最重要的因素：文章的邏輯。
舉個(gè)幾乎耳熟能詳?shù)睦樱?/p>
要求：將下列四句話用關(guān)聯(lián)詞鏈接：
1.李姐姐癱瘓了;
2.李姐姐頑強(qiáng)地學(xué)習(xí);
3.李姐姐學(xué)會(huì)了多門外語;
4.李姐姐學(xué)會(huì)了針灸。
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案是：李姐姐雖然癱瘓了，但頑強(qiáng)地學(xué)習(xí)，不僅學(xué)會(huì)了多門外語，而且還學(xué)會(huì)了針灸。
結(jié)果一個(gè)熊孩子寫道：雖然李姐姐頑強(qiáng)地學(xué)會(huì)了針灸和多門外語，可她還是癱瘓了。
其實(shí)故事從側(cè)面揭示了一個(gè)事實(shí)：文章中句子與句子之間并不是孤立的，它們通過一定的邏輯形成一個(gè)有機(jī)整體。
對于人腦來說，理解并記憶一段有邏輯關(guān)系的信息要比記住一段無意義的話容易太多。
為什么有些人能夠輕易記住一堆雜亂無章的撲克牌的順序?因?yàn)樗麄兛赡懿捎昧艘环N叫“講故事”的方法，比如將撲克牌“A”類比為一把劍，“1”是一根竹竿，“2”是一只鴨子...然后將撲克牌的順序轉(zhuǎn)換為由這些形象組成的一個(gè)故事，通過這個(gè)過程將一張張孤立的撲克牌轉(zhuǎn)化為一個(gè)有邏輯的故事，而有邏輯性的東西最容易被記憶和理解。
在閱讀中也是同樣的道理。為什么你在做閱讀時(shí)每個(gè)句子好像都讀懂了，但做題時(shí)又想不起文章在說什么?最根本的原因是，你讀的并不是整篇文章，而是一個(gè)個(gè)孤立的單詞和句子。而孤立的信息是最難被記住的。
每一個(gè)句子都不是空穴來風(fēng)，每一個(gè)句子都有存在的理由。閱讀的時(shí)候，對于看到的每一個(gè)段落、句子、短語甚至每一個(gè)單詞，都應(yīng)該多思考：作者為什么要這么寫，有什么目的?句子與句子之間有沒有什么聯(lián)系?讀文章，不僅僅要認(rèn)識單詞，還要搞清楚文章的結(jié)構(gòu)、寫作意圖和邏輯關(guān)系。只有這樣，才能真正訓(xùn)練理解能力。
雅思考試閱讀理解練習(xí)試題及答案
★Study Finds Web Antifraud Measure Ineffective
Published: February 5, 2007 New York Times
1. Internet security experts have long known that simple passwords do not fully defend online bank accounts from determined fraud artists. Now a study suggests that a popular secondary security measure provides little additional protection.
2.The study, produced jointly by researchers at Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, looked at a technology called site-authentication images. In the system, currently used by financial institutions like Bank of America, ING Direct and Vanguard, online banking customers are asked to select an image, like a dog or chess piece, that they will see every time they log in to their account.
3.The idea is that if customers do not see their image, they could be at a fraudulent Web site, dummied up to look like their bank's, and should not enter their passwords.
4.The Harvard and M.I.T. researchers tested that hypothesis. In October, they brought 67 Bank of America customers in the Boston area into a controlled environment and asked them to conduct routine online banking activities, like looking up account balances. But the researchers had secretly withdrawn the images.
5.Of 60 participants who got that far into the study and whose results could be verified, 58 entered passwords anyway. Only two chose not to log on, citing security concerns.
6. "The premise is that site-authentication images increase security because customers will not enter their passwords if they do not see the correct image," said Stuart Schechter, a computer scientist at the M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory. "From the study we learned that the premise is right less than 10 percent of the time."
7.He added: "If a bank were to ask me if they should deploy it, I would say no, wait for something better," he said.
8.The system has some high-power supporters in the financial services world, many trying to comply with new online banking regulations. In 2005, the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, an interagency body of federal banking regulators, determined that passwords alone did not effectively thwart intruders like identity thieves.
9.It issued new guidelines, asking financial Web sites to find better ways for banks and customers to identify each other online. January 2007 was set as the compliance date, though the council has yet to begin enforcing the mandate.
10.Banks immediately knew what they did not want to do: ask customers to download new security software, or carry around hardware devices that feed them PIN codes they can use to authenticate their identities. Both solutions would add an extra layer of security but, the banks believed, detract from the convenience of online banking.
11.The image system, introduced in 2004 by a Silicon Valley firm called PassMark Security, offered banks a pain-free addition to their security arsenals. Bank of America was among the first to adopt it, in June 2005, under the brand name SiteKey, asking its 21 million Web site users to select an image from thousands of possible choices and to choose a unique phrase they would see every time they logged in.
12.SiteKey "gives our customers a fairly easy way of authenticating the Bank of America Web site," said Sanjay Gupta, an e-commerce executive at the bank. "It was very well received."
13.The Harvard and M.I.T. researchers, however, found that most online banking customers did not notice when the SiteKey images were absent. When respondents logged in during the study, they saw a site maintenance message on the screen where their image and phrases should have been pictured. The error message also had a conspicuous spelling mistake, further suggesting something fishy.
14.Mr. Gupta of Bank of America said he was not troubled by the results of the survey, and stressed that SiteKey had made the bank's Web site more secure. He also said that the system was only a single part of a larger security blanket. "It's not like we're betting the bank on SiteKey," he said.
15.Most financial institutions, like Bank of America, have other ways to tell if a customer is legitimate. The banks often drop a small software program, called a cookie, onto a user's PC to associate the computer with the customer. If the customer logs in from another machine, he may be asked personal questions, like his mother's maiden name.
16.Rachna Dhamija, the Harvard researcher who conducted the study, points out that swindlers can use their dummy Web sites to ask customers those personal questions. She said that the study demonstrated that site-authentication images are fundamentally flawed and, worse, might actually detract from security by giving users a false sense of confidence.
17.RSA Security, the company that bought PassMark last year, "has a lot of great data on how SiteKey instills trust and confidence and good feelings in their customers," Ms. Dhamija said. "Ultimately that might be why they adopted it. Sometimes the appearance of security is more important than security itself."
Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Please write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the writer
FALSE if the statement does not agree with the writer
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage
1.According to internet security experts, secondary security measures provide little additional protection against fraud.
2.In the Harvard and MIT study, two subjects didn't log on without seeing the correct pictures.
3.According to Schechter, more than 90% of online banking customers studied logged on without seeing the right pictures.
4.The image system is the only security measure that the banks mentioned in the passage have currently.
5.Bank of America is the first bank that adopted the image system.
Questions 6-13
Answer the following questions or complete the following sentences by choosing NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
6.What is ING Direct and Vanguard?
7.What might online banking customers be cheated to give at a fraudulent Web site?
8.What may stop online banking customers from using new verification methods?
9.The key to online banking security is to verify the ______ of customers.
10.Where is PassMark Security located?
11.What is the reason why SiteKey is popular among online banking customers?
12.What was used instead of images in the Harvard and M.I.T. study?
13.How many security methods are mentioned in this passage?
參考答案：
1. 第一段 "Now a study suggests that a popular secondary security measure provides little additional protection."似與問題文字很接近，但是原文中a popular secondary security measure是指特定的一個(gè)措施，而非泛指所有secondary security measure。原文沒有其它secondary security measure安全有效性的內(nèi)容。故應(yīng)選擇NG。
2. 見第4、5段內(nèi)容。第四段 "But the researchers had secretly withdrawn the images."即研究人員撤下了圖形，第五段"Only two chose not to log on, citing security concerns."，有兩個(gè)人因?yàn)榘踩紤]未進(jìn)入。
3. T 見第6段。
4. F 見第11、14段。
5. F 見第11段 "Bank of America was among the first to adopt it"，可見首批采用圖形識別軟件的銀行并非Bank of America一家。
6. A financial institution 見第二段。
7. (their) passwords 見第三段。
8. less convenience 見第十段。
9. identity 見第八、十段。
10. Silicon Valley 見第十一段。
11. easy to use 見第十二段。
12. site maintenance message 見第十三段 "When respondents logged in during the study, they saw a site maintenance message on the screen where their image and phrases should have been pictured."
13. 4 分別見第十段的 "download new security software"和"hardware devices that feed them PIN codes"，第十五段的"a small software program, called a cookie"，以及本文提到的site-authentication images。
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