3類雅思閱讀詞匯分析講解
詞匯在雅思閱讀中一直都有著非常重要的地位。今天小編給大家?guī)砹?類雅思閱讀詞匯分析講解，希望能幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
3類雅思閱讀詞匯分析講解
雅思閱讀詞匯一、考點詞匯
所謂考點詞匯，就是指雅思閱讀中常出現(xiàn)的對句意、題意有著重要影響的詞匯?？键c詞匯是雅思考試中最常出現(xiàn)的高頻詞匯，也就是說，不同的雅思文章中，這些詞匯經(jīng)常重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，并且都有著舉足輕重的地位。按照雅思閱讀考查點—同義轉(zhuǎn)換的思路，考點詞匯主要是動詞(verb)、形容詞(adjective)或副詞(adverb)、以及個別的名詞(noun)。如果在平時閱讀過程中，注意積累考點詞匯并背誦其含義，那么我們在解決閱讀問題時就會輕松很多?？键c詞由于出現(xiàn)頻率非常高，因此實際上考點詞匯是比較有限的(limited)。我們在記憶考點詞匯時，有兩個方法是非常好用的。
第一個是滲透衍生詞記憶法，就是將常出現(xiàn)的詞匯連帶它們的衍生詞一同記憶，凡是衍生詞，都與原詞匯屬于同一分支，表現(xiàn)為詞性不同但意思相連，如define/definition; adjust/adjustment; evaluate/evaluation/evaluative等。建議大家在記憶這些單詞時，要滲透進一個思想意識，那就是：當我們遇到一個考點詞，如果該詞的前半部分字母組合或后半部分字母組合與之前記憶過的某考點詞相一致(consistent)，那么這個“新詞”的含義就一定與“舊詞”有著不可分割的關(guān)系(connection)。有了這個思想意識，我們就能夠?qū)⒈静皇煜さ脑~變得熟悉、本不敏感的(sensitive)拼寫方式變得敏感了。尤其對于非常長的單詞，很多同學(xué)看到就會覺得是一個完全的新詞，其實如果仔細推敲字母組合(combination)，就能找出一個與它很相像的舊詞。
比如，劍橋五中有這樣一篇文章“The Birth of Scientific English”, 其中有一句：It lacked thegrammatical resources required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way,and to discuss the relations, such as cause and effect, that might hold between complex andhypothetical entities. 其中的grammatical并不是一個陌生的詞匯，因為大家都熟悉grammar這個詞;還有hypothetical這個詞，雖然難度較大，但是我們經(jīng)常見到hypothesis，因此可以推斷hypothetical有“假設(shè)”這一層含義。
第二個就是滲透同義詞積累記憶法。同義詞也是同義轉(zhuǎn)換喜歡考查的部分，比如expansion/development; exaggerate/overstate等。同義詞是可以連串記憶的，再加上高頻出現(xiàn)、數(shù)量有限，因此我們可以通過平時的積累來提高詞匯量。
雅思閱讀詞匯二、常識類詞匯
常識類詞匯是指在解題時，這類詞匯不是考查同義轉(zhuǎn)換，也不是考查范圍、程度等考點，而是文章涉及的背景內(nèi)容，了解這類詞的含義有助于利用常識或背景知識來更好地理解文章。常識類詞匯較難，也與日常生活中的英語詞匯相差甚遠，因此是不容易把握的。我們了解這類詞就不需要找衍生詞、也不需要積累同義詞了，只是作為興趣了解，或是給解題帶來更大的把握。這類詞匯有：aquaculture/delta/orbitalcortex/morphology/psychic/sea cow等等。那么，我們在練習(xí)雅思閱讀時，如何判定哪些詞匯需要記憶，哪些詞匯只要簡單了解呢?其實高頻考點詞的數(shù)量是有限的，而以上提到的常識類詞匯范圍比較廣，是每篇文章中涉及的一個背景話題，因此只要大家看到非考點詞，并在一篇文章中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)、作為一個話題型詞匯并且比較生僻，就是常識性詞匯了。
雅思閱讀詞匯三、專業(yè)性詞匯
專業(yè)性詞匯與常識類詞匯在范圍上有交叉的部分，只不過專業(yè)性詞匯是非常生僻、考生也沒有必要去了解的詞匯。專業(yè)性詞匯可以在文中保留自己的原型，不用被追究含義，可以充當定位詞的地位，比如劍橋文章中的sulphide/Principia/desalination等等。這些詞匯在我們平時積累閱讀詞匯時就可以視為選擇記憶的了。如果大家有興趣接觸，可以嘗試去記憶，但是一般情況下這些專業(yè)性太強的詞匯就不建議考生徒增記憶工作量了。
綜上所述，雅思閱讀詞匯的積累是有選擇性的，大家在記憶閱讀詞匯時，高頻的考點詞是無法逃避的(unavoidable)，這些詞匯需要我們非常熟悉地印入腦海并能迅速反應(yīng)出其含義。但是對于后兩類詞匯，我們是希望大家能夠多記憶一些常識類詞匯以便更完整、更透徹地理解文章;而專業(yè)性詞匯就不要求強化記憶了。有了扎實的詞匯功夫，搭配上閱讀技巧和解題技巧，我們就能夠在閱讀考試中取得令自己滿意的成績(score)。
雅思考試閱讀模擬練習(xí)及答案
The Triumph of Unreason
A.
Neoclassical economics is built on the assumption that humans are rational beings who have a clear idea of their best interests and strive to extract maximum benefit (or “utility”， in economist-speak) from any situation. Neoclassical economics assumes that the process of decision-making is rational. But that contradicts growing evidence that decision-making draws on the emotions—even when reason is clearly involved.
B.
The role of emotions in decisions makes perfect sense. For situations met frequently in the past， such as obtaining food and mates， and confronting or fleeing from threats， the neural mechanisms required to weigh up the pros and cons will have been honed by evolution to produce an optimal outcome. Since emotion is the mechanism by which animals are prodded towards such outcomes， evolutionary and economic theory predict the same practical consequences for utility in these cases. But does this still apply when the ancestral machinery has to respond to the stimuli of urban modernity?
C.
One of the people who thinks that it does not is George Loewenstein， an economist at Carnegie Mellon University， in Pittsburgh. In particular， he suspects that modern shopping has subverted the decision-making machinery in a way that encourages people to run up debt. To prove the point he has teamed up with two psychologists， Brian Knutson of Stanford University and Drazen Prelec of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology， to look at what happens in the brain when it is deciding what to buy.
D.
In a study， the three researchers asked 26 volunteers to decide whether to buy a series of products such as a box of chocolates or a DVD of the television show that were flashed on a computer screen one after another. In each round of the task， the researchers first presented the product and then its price， with each step lasting four seconds. In the final stage， which also lasted four seconds， they asked the volunteers to make up their minds. While the volunteers were taking part in the experiment， the researchers scanned their brains using a technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)。 This measures blood flow and oxygen consumption in the brain， as an indication of its activity.
E.
The researchers found that different parts of the brain were involved at different stages of the test. The nucleus accumbens was the most active part when a product was being displayed. Moreover， the level of its activity correlated with the reported desirability of the product in question.
F.
When the price appeared， however， fMRI reported more activity in other parts of the brain. Excessively high prices increased activity in the insular cortex， a brain region linked to expectations of pain， monetary loss and the viewing of upsetting pictures. The researchers also found greater activity in this region of the brain when the subject decided not to purchase an item.
G.
Price information activated the medial prefrontal cortex， too. This part of the brain is involved in rational calculation. In the experiment its activity seemed to correlate with a volunteer’s reaction to both product and price， rather than to price alone. Thus， the sense of a good bargain evoked higher activity levels in the medial prefrontal cortex， and this often preceded a decision to buy.
H.
People’s shopping behaviour therefore seems to have piggy-backed on old neural circuits evolved for anticipation of reward and the avoidance of hazards. What Dr Loewenstein found interesting was the separation of the assessment of the product (which seems to be associated with the nucleus accumbens) from the assessment of its price (associated with the insular cortex)， even though the two are then synthesised in the prefrontal cortex. His hypothesis is that rather than weighing the present good against future alternatives， as orthodox economics suggests happens， people actually balance the immediate pleasure of the prospective possession of a product with the immediate pain of paying for it.
I.
That makes perfect sense as an evolved mechanism for trading. If one useful object is being traded for another (hard cash in modern time)， the future utility of what is being given up is embedded in the object being traded. Emotion is as capable of assigning such a value as reason. Buying on credit， though， may be different. The abstract nature of credit cards， coupled with the deferment of payment that they promise， may modulate the “con” side of the calculation in favour of the “pro”。
J.
Whether it actually does so will be the subject of further experiments that the three researchers are now designing. These will test whether people with distinctly different spending behaviour， such as miserliness and extravagance， experience different amounts of pain in response to prices. They will also assess whether， in the same individuals， buying with credit cards eases the pain compared with paying by cash. If they find that it does， then credit cards may have to join the list of things such as fatty and sugary foods， and recreational drugs， that subvert human instincts in ways that seem pleasurable at the time but can have a long and malign aftertaste.
Questions 1-6
Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
TRUE if the statement reflets the claims of the writer
FALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is possbile to say what the writer thinks about this
1. The belief of neoclassical economics does not accord with the increasing evidence that humans make use of the emotions to make decisions.
2. Animals are urged by emotion to strive for an optimal outcomes or extract maximum utility from any situation.
3. George Loewenstein thinks that modern ways of shopping tend to allow people to accumulate their debts.
4. The more active the nucleus accumens was， the stronger the desire of people for the product in question became.
5. The prefrontal cortex of the human brain is linked to monetary loss and the viewing of upsetting pictures.
6. When the activity in nucleus accumbens was increased by the sense of a good bargain， people tended to purchase coffee.
Questions 7-9
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 7-9 on your answe sheet.
7. Which of the following statements about orthodox economics is true?
A. The process which people make their decisions is rational.
B. People have a clear idea of their best interests in any situation.
C. Humans make judgement on the basis of reason rather then emotion.
D. People weigh the present good against future alternatives in shopping.
8. The word “miserliness” in line 3 of Paragraph J means__________.
A. people’s behavior of buying luxurious goods
B. people’s behavior of buying very special items
C. people’s behavior of being very mean in shopping
D. people’s behavior of being very generous in shopping
9. The three researchers are now designing the future experiments， which test
A. whether people with very different spending behaviour experience different amounts of pain in response to products.
B. whether buying an item with credit cards eases the pain of the same individuals compared with paying for it by cash.
C. whether the abstract nature of credit cards may modulate the “con” side of the calculation in favour of the “pro”。
D. whether the credit cards may subvert human instincts in ways that seem pleasurable but with a terrible effect.
Questions 10-13
Complete the notes below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.
To find what happens in the brain of humans when it is deciding things to buy， George Loewenstein and his co-researchers did an experiment by using the technique of fMRI. They found that different parts of the brain were invloved in the process. The activity in …10… was greatly increased with the displaying of certain product. The great activity was found in the insular cortex when …11…and the subject decided not to buy a product. The activity of the medial prefrontal cortex seemed to associate with both …12…informaiton. What interested Dr Loewenstein was the …13… of the assessment of the product and its price in different parts of the brain.
Part II
Notes to Reading Passage 1
1. the nucleus accumbens， the insular cortex， and the medial prefrontal cortex：
大腦的不同部位 (皮層，皮質(zhì)等)
e.g. cerebellar cortex 小腦皮層cerebral cortex 大腦皮層
2. hone：
珩磨，磨快，磨練，訓(xùn)練使。。。更完美或有效。
3. subvert：
毀滅，破壞;摧毀：
4. piggyback：
騎在肩上;在肩上騎
5. deferment：
推遲、延遲、分期付款
6. aftertaste：
余味，回味事情或經(jīng)歷結(jié)束后的感覺，特指令人不快的感覺
Part III
Keys and explanations to the Questions 1-13
1. TRUE
See the second and third sentence in Paragraph A “Neoclassical economics assumes that the process of decision-making is rational. But that contradicts growing evidence that decision-making draws on the emotions—even when reason is clearly involved.”
2. TRUE
See the third sentence in Paragrph B “ Since emotion is the mechanism by which animals are prodded towards such outcomes， evolutionary and economic theory predict the same practical consequences for utility in these cases.”
3. FALSE
See the second sentence in Paragrph C “In particular， he suspects that modern shopping has subverted the decision-making machinery in a way that encourages people to run up debt.”
4. TRUE
See the last sentence in Paragrph E “Moreover， the level of its activity correlated with the reported desirability of the product in question.”
5. FALSE
See the second sentence in Paragrph F and G respectively “Excessively high prices increased activity in the insular cortex， a brain region linked to expectations of pain， monetary loss and the view.
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