如何利用關(guān)鍵詞找到閱讀答案
雅思閱讀最重要的技巧就是利用關(guān)鍵詞找到原文中的答案。那么該如何劃出關(guān)鍵詞，如何到文中去尋找，今天小編給大家?guī)砹巳绾卫藐P(guān)鍵詞找到閱讀答案，希望能幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
實例講解--如何利用關(guān)鍵詞找到閱讀答案
我們以一道真題為例，這是一道填空題，題目是：
Pasteur is famous for _____ a process to make milk and wine safe for consumption.
大家在做填空題的時候，首先要畫出關(guān)鍵詞，就是那些有著實際的意義并且可以用來定位的名詞，接下來我把關(guān)鍵詞都標(biāo)紅：
Pasteur is famous for _____ a process to make milk and wine safe for consumption.
然后我們到文中去找，利用人名Pasteur和milk and wine我們很容易找到了答案段落，原文如下：
Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist who is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in understanding and preventing diseases. He is best known to the general public for inventing a method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness. This method came to be called pasteurization.
找到答案段落之后，大家要仔細地讀每一句話，尤其是關(guān)鍵詞所在的句子，然后我們又發(fā)現(xiàn)了和題干中關(guān)鍵詞具有相同含義的詞組，請看我標(biāo)紅的部分：
Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist who is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in understanding and preventing diseases. He is best known to the general public for inventing a method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness. This method came to be called pasteurization.
所以，不難找出，此題答案就應(yīng)該是inventing這個詞。
現(xiàn)在總結(jié)一下，利用關(guān)鍵詞找到答案的步驟就是，首先要畫出題目中的關(guān)鍵詞，然后去文中定位到答案段落，標(biāo)出段落中與題目具有相同含義的關(guān)鍵詞或詞組，答案就顯而易見了。
再給大家一個實用小貼士，就是大家平時練習(xí)的時候，一定要做出一個關(guān)鍵詞表格，該表格應(yīng)該包含題目中的詞語和文章中的同義詞，如下圖所示：
Keyword table
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in the passage Pasteur
Pasteur
Milk and wine Milk and wine
Famous for Famous for
A process A process
Make safe for consumption
stop from causing sickness
大家每做一篇閱讀，就做一個同義詞表格，日積月累，隨著同義詞的掌握，對于關(guān)鍵詞越來越敏感，也就越容易找到答案，那么雅思閱讀的分數(shù)也一定會提高的。今天就先講到這里，請大家繼續(xù)期待Phoebe老師其它的講解!
雅思考試閱讀難句分析：倒裝句
英語句子通常有兩種語序，一種是自然語序(Natural Order)，又稱正裝語序，另一種便是本章要介紹的倒裝語序(Inverted Order)。
從形式上分，倒裝有兩種：全部倒裝(Full Inversion)和部分倒裝(Partial Inversion)。謂語動詞 全部位于主語之前的稱作全部倒裝，例如：In front of me stood a boy. (我面前站著一個男孩。)只將謂語動詞的一部分(通常是助動詞或情態(tài)動詞)放在主語之前的稱作部分倒裝，例如：Only in this way can we do it better. (只有這樣，我們才能做得更好一些)從使用目的區(qū)分，倒裝也有兩種情況，即語法倒裝(Grammatical Inversion)和修辭倒裝(Rhetorical Inversion)。語法倒裝是由于語法規(guī)則的要求而必須進行的倒裝，例如：Who called me just now?(剛才誰打給我?)修辭倒裝是出于修辭的需要而把正常語序轉(zhuǎn)為倒裝語序，例如：Out rushed the children.(孩子們沖了出去)H·Fowler歸納倒裝的原因有九種，即疑問、命令、驚嘆、假設(shè)、平衡、銜接、點題(signpost)、否定和韻律(metrical)。這并不完全，還應(yīng)加上強調(diào)和為使描寫更加生動兩種。在英語中，倒裝句俯拾即是，用得非常普遍，但漢語卻很少用，所以在翻譯倒裝句時，仍應(yīng)按原文詞序翻譯，并照顧漢語的習(xí)慣，以保持譯文句子結(jié)構(gòu)流暢、勻稱。本章只列舉在閱讀文章中常遇到的倒裝現(xiàn)象，以使考生熟悉英語和漢語在語序上的差異。
1. Jack London poured into his writings all the pain of his life,the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him,and the conviction it had brought to him that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters.
第一層：Jack London 主 poured 謂 into his writings 狀 all the pain 賓 of his life,定 the fierce hatred 賓 of the bourgeoisie 定 that it had produced in him ,定語從句1 and 連 the conviction 賓 it had brought to him 定語從句2 that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise 同位語從句 up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters .
第二層：(定語從句1)that 引 it 主 had produced 謂 in him 狀
(定語從句2)it 主 had brought to 謂 him 間賓
(同位語從句)that 引 the world 主 could be made 謂 a better place 賓 to live in 定 if the exploited would rise up and take the man- 狀語從句 agement of society out of the hands of the exploiters.
第三層：(狀語從句)if 引 the exploited 主 would rise up 謂 and 連 take 謂 the management 賓 of society 定 out of the hands of the exploiters 狀
要點 本句為倒裝句。如果賓語較長或賓語結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，往往將賓語后置，采用倒裝語序，以使句子保持平衡。本句的賓語由三個并列的名詞構(gòu)成，且第二和第三個名詞后又帶有限定性定語從句，故采用倒裝語序，將動詞poured的賓語放在狀語into his writings之后。all the pain……，the fierce hatred……和the conviction……是poured的三個并列的賓語;其中，第一個that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾hatred,it had brought to him修飾conviction,在該定語從句中其關(guān)系代詞作賓語而被省略;第二個that從句則是conviction的同位語從句。
譯文 杰克·倫敦在作品中傾注了他一生中所遭受過的一切痛苦，傾訴了這種痛苦在他心中產(chǎn)生的對資產(chǎn)階級的刻骨仇恨以及由此產(chǎn)生的這樣的信念：如果被剝削者起來反抗，從剝削者手中奪回社會管理權(quán)，那么世界就會變成一個人人有好日子過的地方。
2. Along with them goes social mobility,ambition to rise in the urban world,a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century.
分析：Along with them 狀 goes 謂 social 定 mobility,主 ambition 主 to rise in the 定 urban world,a main factor 同位語 in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century. 定
要點 這是一個完全倒裝句，主語是social mobility……century，謂語動詞是goes.ambition to rise in the urban world 是對 social mobility的進一步說明。a main factor在意思上相當(dāng)于which is a main factor in……century，修飾 ambition to ……world.本句可按原文順序翻譯。
譯文 伴隨他們而來的是社會的流動性，人們強烈地希望在城市里發(fā)展，這是19世紀歐洲出生率下降的主要因素。
3. For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
要點 句中had he grown up …… 是虛擬條件中省略if的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。翻譯時，要把if的含義譯出。主句為并列謂語…… compensate …… ， and …… tell結(jié)構(gòu)。句中how引導(dǎo)賓語從句。虛擬條件句為賓語從句的狀語。根據(jù)漢語的表達習(xí)慣，條件狀語常前置。
譯文 例如，它們并不彌補明顯的社會不公;因此，它們說明不了一個物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長，會有多大的才干。
4. So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.
要點 本句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是the children become so involved with their computers that……。因為把so involved with their computers 放在了句首，所以句子必須倒裝。因為該句的動詞是become，所以用do來幫助倒裝。翻譯時宜用正裝語序。
譯文 參加計算機夏令營的孩子們對計算機如此著迷，以至夏令營的負責(zé)人常常不得不強迫他們停下來參加體育運動或做游戲。
5. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized,it is in the interest of business to universalize access - after all,the more people online,the more potential customers there are.
要點 破折號后面的部分是用來解釋句子主句的，在結(jié)構(gòu)上是部分倒裝句，屬(從句)the+比較級……，(主句) the +比較級句型，這樣的句子一般主謂不倒裝。翻譯時可用正裝。universalize：使普遍化;使通用化。
譯文 隨著國際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)越來越商業(yè)化，普及上網(wǎng)會對商家有利，因為上網(wǎng)的人越多，潛在的顧客數(shù)量就越多。
6. Only after studies provided evidence of the harmful effects of such programs has it been possible to modify TV programming policies.
要點 only是加強語氣的詞語，位于句首時，主謂語要倒裝。這樣的句子一般可按原文順序翻譯。has it been ……是主句，正裝應(yīng)是it has been……。
譯文 只有大量調(diào)研提供出證據(jù)表明此類節(jié)目產(chǎn)生不良影響后，電視節(jié)目審查政策才有可能改變。
7. Unpopular as red has been in the past at the moment it is a favorite hair style.
要點 這是一個主從復(fù)合句，主句是at the moment it is a favorite hair style.在讓步狀語從句中，作為表語的unpopular 放在 as前面位于句首，構(gòu)成部分倒裝。形容詞+as從句在意思上等于although……，一般翻譯成“雖然…”。注意這個形容詞不能放在動詞后面，否則整個句子意思不同。
譯文 雖然過去紅色不受歡迎，眼下紅色染發(fā)劑卻備受青睞。
8. Lonely was seeing his daughter only twice a week since the divorce.
要點 這是一個完全倒裝句，主語是seeing his daughter……divorce.翻譯時可正裝。
譯文 他只是覺得離婚后每周只能看女兒兩次讓他感到孤獨。
9. So perilous was this one that he was the only security officer on the site.
要點 該句的原結(jié)構(gòu)是this one was so perilous that……，因為把 so perilous 放在句首，所以句子要主謂倒裝。翻譯時可正裝。
譯文 做現(xiàn)場惟一的保安官員，這差使還真有點危險。
10. In front of me stood the essential tools of the intelligence officer''s trade - a desk,two telephones,one scrambled(改變頻率使不被竊聽)for outside calls,and to one side a large green metal safe with an oversized combination lock on the front.
要點 這是一個并列句，由and連接。第一個分句中破折號前面是一個完全倒裝句，主語是 the essential tools of the intelligence officer''s trade.破折號后面的部分是用來解釋trade.One scrambled for outside calls 等于one of which was scrambled for outside calls.第二個分句也是一個完全倒裝句，只是在 to one side后面省去了動詞stood.該句可按原文語序翻譯，第二個分句中省去的動詞應(yīng)翻譯出來。
譯文 展現(xiàn)在我面前的是情報官員這一行的基本用具——一張寫字臺、兩部，其中一部是變頻加密外線，在我旁邊是一個大型的綠色金屬保險柜，其正面有一把特大號復(fù)合密碼鎖。
雅思考試閱讀難句分析：省略句
英國大文豪莎士比亞在他的名著《哈姆雷特》里寫過這么一句名言：Brevity is the soul of wit.(言以簡潔為貴。)寫文章也好，說話也好，都要求生動活潑，簡單明了，因此，“簡潔”乃是一篇好文章的基本要求之一。 文章要做到簡潔，省略法(Ellipsis)是必用的。 英語句子中的某些成分因上下文已提供了充分明確的信息而不必出現(xiàn)，或前面已出現(xiàn)的某些成分，為了避免不必要的重復(fù)，可以不再出現(xiàn)而不致引起誤解或歧義，這種語言現(xiàn)象就叫作省略。例如：Glad to see you. 這是個簡單句，主語I和謂語am可以省略。再如：London is on the Themes,and Paris on the Seine. 這是一個并列復(fù)合句，后半句省略了謂語動詞is，因為前面已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過，后面不必重復(fù)。英譯漢時，為了使譯文明確達意，符合漢語習(xí)慣，要在正確理解原文的基礎(chǔ)上，對原文中省略的部分或保留或補全，或?qū)ζ溥M行靈活處理。 有人將英語句子中的省略現(xiàn)象歸納為21種，本章只涉及在英語閱讀中常遇到的比較復(fù)雜的省略現(xiàn)象。 1. The transcription needs a certain amount of editing,as even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar sounds such as write and right,it is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary. 第一層：The transcription 主 needs 謂 a certain amount of 定 editing,賓 as even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar 狀語從句 sounds such as write and right， it is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary. 第二層：(狀語從句)as 引 even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar sounds such as write and right,狀語從句1 it 主 is 系 still not yet 狀 able 表 to do the work 賓 as well as an inte- lligent secretary . 狀語從句2 第三層：(狀語從句1)even if 引 the computer 主 can tell 謂 the difference 賓 between words of similar sounds 定 such as write and right 同位語 (狀語從句2)as well as 引 an intelligent secretary 主 要點 本句中as引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，其中該句還帶有一個由even if引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句;介詞短語between words of similar sounds修飾difference，such as write and right修飾words，as well as……為同等比較狀語從句，其中省略了與主句相同的部分。intelligent：有才智的;理解力強的。 譯文 譯稿需要一定量的編輯工作，因為，即使計算機能夠區(qū)別同音異義詞，如 write和right，它仍不可能把這項工作做得像有思維能力的秘書那樣好。 2. If a needle is thrown at random on a sheet of paper ruled with lines whose distance apart is exactly equal to the length of the needle,how often can it be expected to fall on a line and how often into a blank space? 第一層：If a needle is thrown at random on a sheet of paper ruled with lines whose distance apart is exactly equal to the len- 狀語從句 gth of the needle,how often 狀 can 謂 it 主 be expected 謂 to fall on a line 賓 and 連 how often 狀 into a blank space?狀 第二層：(狀語從句)If 引 a needle 主 is 系 thrown 表 at random 狀 on a sheet of paper 狀 ruled with lines 定 whose distance apart is exactly equal to the length of the needle 定語從句 第三層：(定語從句)whose 引 distance apart 主 is 系 exactly 狀 equal 表 to the length of the needle 賓 要點 這是復(fù)合句。在if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，ruled with lines 是過去分詞，作paper 的定語，whose……needle 是 lines 的定語從句，whose distance apart 的意思是“它們之間的間隔”。主句中and 后面是個省略句，省去了 can it be expected to fall.翻譯時可將英文的被動語態(tài)譯成漢語的主動語態(tài)。length：長度。rule paper with lines：在紙上劃平行線。 譯文 如果把一根針隨機地投到一張紙上，紙上畫了許多平行線，它們之間的間隔等于針的長度，那么針落在線上的幾率是多少?落在空白處的幾率又是多少? 3. All that a man has to say or do that can possibly concern mankind,is in some shape or other to tell the story of his love - to sing,and if he is fortunate and keeps alive,he will be forever in love. 要點 本句是由and連接在一起的并列句。前一個分句的主干是All……is……to tell the story…… - to sing. all后面有兩個that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，第一個that從句修飾all，第二個that指代其前的that從句，翻譯時可表條件。to sing放在破折號之后，用以加強語氣，其后可視為省略了賓語the story of his love,to tell和to sing是并列關(guān)系。 譯文 一個人應(yīng)該說的或做的，只要關(guān)系到人類，那么都是以這樣或那樣的形式來講述乃至謳歌自己的愛的故事;而且，如果他是幸運的、有活力的，他將永遠是充滿愛的。 4. As families move away from their stable community,their friends of many years,their extended family relationships,the informal flow of information is cut off,and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. 要點 本句位并列句，前一個分句帶一個As引導(dǎo)的狀語從句，狀語從句中 move away from 后為并列平行結(jié)構(gòu)their ……，their……，their…… 在and后的分句中， the confidence 省略了is cut off，it指的是信息被切斷的情況。 譯文 隨著家庭成員與他們穩(wěn)定的社區(qū)、多年的老友和大家庭的親屬關(guān)系相分離，非正式的信息渠道被切斷了，而那種在需要時就能得到真實可靠信息的信心也丟失了。 5. And by the help of further reasoning,which if drawn out would have been exhibited in two or three other syllogism,you arrive at your final determination,I will not have that apple. 要點 這是復(fù)合句。主句是you arrive at your final determination.by the help of …… 是介詞短語作狀語，which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾reasoning.if drawn out 是省略句，用作表示條件的狀語從句，完整的句子是if the reasoning can be drawn out.翻譯時采用順序法，定語從句采用分句法。syllogism：三段論;演繹推理。 譯文 借助于進一步的推理，這種推理如果加以引申，還可表現(xiàn)為其他兩三種演繹推理，你便會做出最終決定：“我不吃那個蘋果了。” 6. It is quite unnerving not to be able to see or to establish contact with the other person,even though we have learnt to have conversations with people we cannot see,as on the telephone. 要點 這是復(fù)合句。主句中 it是形式主語，真正的主語是不定式短語not to be able to see or to establish contact with the other person.在狀語從句中as是連詞，意思是“正如…一樣”，as 后面省去了we have conversations.翻譯時采用逆序法，把even though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句放到句首。unnerving：使人不知所措;使人失去自信。 譯文 即使我們適應(yīng)了像打一樣在互相看不見的情況下談話，這種看不見或接觸不到對方的談話也會使人感到很不自在。 7. Actually we know of no type of astronomical body in which the conditions can be favorable to life except planets like our own revolving round a sun. 要點 這是復(fù)合句。in which引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾astronomical body.介詞except引起的短語作狀語。在介詞短語like our own后面省略了planet.revolving為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語，修飾our own planet.翻譯時根據(jù)漢語習(xí)慣，將狀語提前譯出。 譯文 事實上，除了像地球這樣圍繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn)的行星以外，我們不知道是否在其他類型的天體上也有適合生命存在的條件。 8. The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers. 要點 這是主從復(fù)合句。其主句的謂語動詞是had less to do with…… than……，意為“主要與…有關(guān)，而不是與…有關(guān)”，因為句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較清晰，省略了句子的并列部分，如在had less to do with the mechanization of housework and (with)an increase in leisure time省略了with;在……than it did with their own economic necessity and ( it did )with high marriage rates省略了it did.句中that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾high marriage rates.翻譯時采用融合法，把重要的部分放在句首。 譯文 20世紀已婚女性走出家門參加工作人數(shù)的增加主要是因為她們自己的經(jīng)濟需要，還與高結(jié)婚率使可參加工作的單身女工人數(shù)減少有關(guān)，而與家務(wù)機械化、婦女空閑時間增多關(guān)系不大。 9. The European Union is an imperfect creature,with some of its actions based on fine principles of political economy and some on poor ones. 要點 這是簡單句。句中with some of its actions based on fine principles是獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，作狀語。因為與前一部分結(jié)構(gòu)相同，句子后一部分省略了(with)some (of its actions based)on poor ones括號中的詞。翻譯時采用順序法，對省略部分也要進行相應(yīng)省略，以使句子表達簡潔。 譯文 歐盟是不完善的機構(gòu)，它的一些舉措是基于正確的政治經(jīng)濟原則之上的，而另一些卻遠非如此。 10. To Americans,being on one's own suggests that one is a fully independent and functioning part of the whole capable and willing to make choices. 要點 這是復(fù)合句，that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，其中capable and willing to make choices可以被看作賓語從句中的并列表語(其前省略了is)。翻譯時采用順序法。 譯文 對美國人而言，依靠自己的力量就是指這個人作為整體的一部分是完全獨立并能起作用的，他有能力也愿意做出選擇。
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