雅思閱讀5大核心題型
對(duì)雅思閱讀的題型爛熟于心，是備考雅思閱讀的基本要求。今天小編給大家?guī)?lái)了雅思閱讀5大核心題型，希望能幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。
雅思閱讀5大核心題型就這樣被你征服
1.信息段落配對(duì)題
雅思閱讀中的段落信息配對(duì)題一直是同學(xué)們?nèi)〉酶叻值臄r路虎。我們先來(lái)分析一下這種題型的特點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。配對(duì)題考察的重點(diǎn)只有一個(gè)，那就是同義替換。配對(duì)題看似簡(jiǎn)單，因?yàn)橹灰业叫畔⒃谀且欢温渚涂梢粤?，不需要像判斷題那樣的深度
理解和邏輯判斷。但是，尤其對(duì)于閱讀功底不強(qiáng)的同學(xué)，這種題目非常棘手。同學(xué)們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)有的題目和原文對(duì)應(yīng)的出題句樣子長(zhǎng)的一點(diǎn)都不一樣，沒(méi)有任何一個(gè)詞是原詞出現(xiàn)，但他們確實(shí)表達(dá)的一個(gè)意思。例如，劍橋雅思4第三套題第三篇文章中的配對(duì)題28題，題目是the importance of taking notes of body language,文中對(duì)應(yīng)的句子卻是the recording has to be supplemented by the observer’swritten comments of the non-verbal behavior of the participants. 這兩個(gè)句子沒(méi)有一個(gè)詞是一樣的，但細(xì)心的同學(xué)能發(fā)現(xiàn)很明顯的三組同義替換那就是重要性、肢體語(yǔ)言、做筆記。因?yàn)榕鋵?duì)題改寫嚴(yán)重的特點(diǎn)，配對(duì)題的定位詞很難確定，許多在判斷題中不會(huì)改寫的名詞在配對(duì)題中也被改的面目全非。再加上配對(duì)題的出題順序沒(méi)有任何規(guī)律可言，還經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)NB----一個(gè)段落里包含兩個(gè)題目信息，所以這種題型蒙對(duì)的概率非常低。原則上來(lái)講，配對(duì)題每做一道題都需要全文通讀，因?yàn)槊恳活}都可能在文中的任何位置。
配對(duì)題的難度是顯而易見(jiàn)的，但是再難的題，我們也能把握其出題規(guī)律，找到最高效、快捷的做出盡可能多答案的方法。這種題在考場(chǎng)上我們肯定是沒(méi)有時(shí)間去讀很多遍文章的，我們必須做到文章讀一遍，所有的題目就處理完了。絕大多數(shù)的配對(duì)題都是細(xì)節(jié)題，因此我們都要從題目入手，找到關(guān)鍵詞。又由于名詞也可能被替換成其他詞，所以我們要采用多點(diǎn)撒網(wǎng)，重點(diǎn)抓魚的策略，把題目中所有的信息詞(包括名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞)都劃下來(lái)，同時(shí)記住題目的整體意思。做題過(guò)程中，閱讀功底不強(qiáng)的同學(xué)，可以采取只用掃讀的方法，沒(méi)掃一段或者幾句話就回到題目中看看有沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)所劃的信息詞。有出現(xiàn)信息詞，適當(dāng)對(duì)這句話做點(diǎn)精讀，一般答案就可以確定了。閱讀功底強(qiáng)的同學(xué)，可以采取用略讀加掃讀的方法，在讀懂段落句子大意的同時(shí)注意是否有原詞出現(xiàn)，發(fā)現(xiàn)意思相近或原詞出現(xiàn)，適當(dāng)做精讀確定答案。但不管閱讀功底強(qiáng)和不強(qiáng)的同學(xué)，大家都要記住一個(gè)原則：做題的時(shí)候要心靜，要特別細(xì)致，做到能夠確定自己沒(méi)讀的一句話確實(shí)有或者沒(méi)有題目信息。這樣讀完一遍文章后，我們就把自己能做的題都做出來(lái)了，做不出來(lái)的題我們?cè)倩仡^讀很多遍也還是做不出來(lái)的，因?yàn)橹灰^(guò)程做的仔細(xì)，做不出來(lái)的題目就是我們不認(rèn)識(shí)的替換，看再多遍也是不能幫助我們確定答案的。
2、標(biāo)題對(duì)應(yīng)題
List of Heading也就是我們大家熟悉的標(biāo)題題了。這種題型是唯一一種出現(xiàn)在文章前面的題型。而且，這種題是一種考察文章大意的題型而不是細(xì)節(jié)題。標(biāo)題題由兩部分組成，一部分是選項(xiàng)，另外一部分是一個(gè)段落編號(hào)，我們要做的也就是給每個(gè)段落找一個(gè)小標(biāo)題。所對(duì)應(yīng)的段落也分為兩種情況，一種是所考察的section包含若干個(gè)小分段;另一種則只包含一個(gè)小段。
標(biāo)題題是一種高頻題型，平均每?jī)纱慰荚嚂?huì)出現(xiàn)一次，有時(shí)甚至連續(xù)出現(xiàn)。然而，此種題型比較難，是亂序題，而且要求考生總結(jié)段落大意，對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)要求較高。
List of Heading解題步驟
劃去選項(xiàng)中的例子，以及原文中例子所對(duì)應(yīng)段落的序號(hào)這種題型有的時(shí)候會(huì)給例子，有的時(shí)候沒(méi)有例子在剩余的選項(xiàng)中劃取關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞應(yīng)盡量劃取名詞以及形容詞注意是否有相似或相反的標(biāo)題，若有則至少有一個(gè)會(huì)是正確答案掃讀并總結(jié)文章所考查的每個(gè)section的中心思想重點(diǎn)看所考查小段的第一句，第二句和最后一句，劃出主題句的關(guān)鍵詞段落中間部分快速瀏覽即可對(duì)應(yīng)兩組關(guān)鍵詞，以確定答案
注意事項(xiàng)亂序性，即正確答案在原文中無(wú)順序可言有簡(jiǎn)單有難，有的答案一目了然，有的答案卻反復(fù)推敲都難以確認(rèn)著重注意轉(zhuǎn)折，并列等連接詞適當(dāng)運(yùn)用排除法，越到最后就越要應(yīng)用該法答案不會(huì)出現(xiàn)重復(fù)使用現(xiàn)象，每個(gè)選項(xiàng)只會(huì)使用一次做出一道題就劃去一道題正確答案具有概括性與總結(jié)性干擾項(xiàng)一般是一些小細(xì)節(jié)，新概念段落高頻詞理論一段話中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的名詞或形容詞當(dāng)一個(gè)文章段落在10行以內(nèi)時(shí)，出現(xiàn)2次及為高頻詞，當(dāng)一個(gè)文章段落在11行以上時(shí)，出現(xiàn)3次即為高頻詞。
3.選擇題
I 雅思閱讀選擇題的題型特點(diǎn)：
a.考察內(nèi)容細(xì)節(jié)
除了通常位于文章末尾的multiple choice 題型考察考生對(duì)全文大意的理解之外，其余的都是要建立在對(duì)文章細(xì)節(jié)的理解之上的。
b.多項(xiàng)選擇題答案集中
多項(xiàng)選擇題的答案大都是出現(xiàn)在1-2個(gè)小段之內(nèi)(最多不超過(guò)4段)。所以考生只要定位到了相關(guān)的段落并進(jìn)行略讀，根據(jù)題干要求找到答案。
c.選擇項(xiàng)以同義轉(zhuǎn)換為表現(xiàn)形式
選擇題的選項(xiàng)部分，通常是將文章的語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行近義詞或同義句形式進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換。
II 雅思閱讀選擇題的做題原則：
A.閱讀題干，劃出定位詞
由于選擇題考察細(xì)節(jié)的特點(diǎn)，故題干中的詞往往能夠提供定位，方便考生在文章中把所對(duì)應(yīng)的句子或段落找出來(lái)。
例：In the first paragraph the writer makes the point that blind people (劍4,Test 1, Q27)
這道題目中，明顯有兩處定位：一處是first paragraph，另一處是blind people，故只需要在第一段找到blind people，就能找出題目所對(duì)應(yīng)的句子了。
但并不是所有的多項(xiàng)選擇題都會(huì)明確地告知范圍。
例：Which THREE of the following statements are true of Johnson’s Dictionary? (劍5 Test 1 Q1-3)因?yàn)槲恼碌念}目就叫Johnson’s Dictionary，故這道題目根本沒(méi)有定位詞。那么這種題目很難下手，建議放到最后來(lái)做。把其它的題目都做完之后，再根據(jù)其選項(xiàng)大致推測(cè)出所在文章的范圍。
B.閱讀選項(xiàng)，劃出核心詞
因?yàn)檫x項(xiàng)提供了對(duì)原文正確或者是錯(cuò)誤的同義轉(zhuǎn)換，所以在尋找正確答案之前，一定要事先通讀選項(xiàng)。
C.定位相關(guān)句子段落
由于選擇項(xiàng)的干擾性往往很強(qiáng)，所以對(duì)找到的相關(guān)句子或段落一定要進(jìn)行仔細(xì)閱讀，排除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。甄別干擾項(xiàng)這一步驟是考生解題的關(guān)鍵，很多考生在往往對(duì)幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)猶豫不決，經(jīng)常跳進(jìn)題目的陷阱。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，干擾項(xiàng)有如下幾個(gè)類別：
①相似陷阱
如果題目中出現(xiàn)的個(gè)別單詞與原文中的用詞一模一樣，尤其是一些經(jīng)常被同義
替換掉的動(dòng)詞、形容詞等，這個(gè)選項(xiàng)很有可能是干擾選項(xiàng)，考生應(yīng)仔細(xì)對(duì)比分析其
它選項(xiàng)，避免因匆忙下結(jié)論，得出錯(cuò)誤答案。
②偷換概念陷阱
有時(shí)在是中，選項(xiàng)中雖然與文中有對(duì)應(yīng)或相似的詞或表達(dá)，但選項(xiàng)中偷換了關(guān)鍵性的成分(如謂語(yǔ)部分)，使得答案表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤。
③搭配不當(dāng)陷阱
這種選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)是：選項(xiàng)本身是正確的，但是跟題干卻不能形成搭配關(guān)系。
4、判斷題
雅思閱讀有所謂的“小三理論”，就是大家在做雅思閱讀的時(shí)候，需要注意的三種素質(zhì)：首先是三看，做題之前，標(biāo)題、插圖和每段的第一句話必須得看，把文章的主要思想和每段的大致重點(diǎn)把握個(gè)十有八九，這樣做題的時(shí)候才有分寸;其次是三力，三種能力分別是4000-6000左右的詞匯量和高中的語(yǔ)法能力;一般以上的常識(shí)判斷能力;以及具備一定的邏輯推理能力;最后是三度，分別指的是劃關(guān)鍵詞的準(zhǔn)確度、回原文定位的速度和對(duì)同義詞替換的敏感度?？绝唫兛梢詤⒄崭髯缘淖鲱}經(jīng)驗(yàn)，找到屬于自己的短板和瓶頸，再有針對(duì)性的做一些專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練。
現(xiàn)在主要說(shuō)說(shuō)所謂邏輯推理能力。這一概念乍一聽(tīng)有些玄，其實(shí)實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)容很好理解，就是涉及到閱讀文章的題目和原文的復(fù)合句中的連詞和介詞短語(yǔ)影射出來(lái)的兩句話或兩個(gè)短語(yǔ)之間的邏輯關(guān)系，即兩者是方向一致(均為positive或均為negative),抑或方向相反。具體的表現(xiàn)方式為：
并列、遞進(jìn)(and/or; also/besides/in addition/furthermore)連接兩句話，邏輯方向一致;轉(zhuǎn)折、讓步(but/however/whereas/yet; although/even if/though/while/despite/in spite of)連接兩句話，邏輯方向相反;因果(because/for/as/since/due to/owing to/originate from/result from; so/therefore/as a result/as a consequence/result in/lead to/cause/contribute to)邏輯方向一致。
實(shí)例講解：Eg:1.劍4 P45 Q10 Lost for Words判斷題干S:The Navajo language will die out because it currently has too few speakers.(下劃線為關(guān)鍵詞)原文P: Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150000 speakers.
解析：原文的表示讓步的介詞despite 為解題關(guān)鍵，前半部分說(shuō)Navajo這種語(yǔ)言面臨滅絕危險(xiǎn)，邏輯方向?yàn)樨?fù)向，即為negative;despite將方向逆轉(zhuǎn)，則說(shuō)明后半部分“having 150000 speakers”中的150000說(shuō)此種語(yǔ)言的人數(shù)是很多的，同題干中的too few矛盾，固答案為FALSE.此題如果沒(méi)有despite的轉(zhuǎn)折作用，150000的數(shù)量因?yàn)闆](méi)有相對(duì)的比照和參考，我們是無(wú)法判斷到底是多還是少的。
5.歸納填空題
歸納填空題是雅思考試閱讀理解部分的一線題型，幾乎每回考試必有。在閱讀理解的諸多題型中，此類題型可以應(yīng)用的方法技巧較多，若能掌握好這些技巧方法，并將其組合起來(lái)，視情況靈活運(yùn)用的話，歸納填空應(yīng)該被視作為考生得分的一塊寶地。朗閣雅思培訓(xùn)專家在此總結(jié)了此類題型解題的一些方法，供考生們參考。
歸納填空題的答題要求分為兩類：1. 用原文中的原詞填空，有字?jǐn)?shù)的限制，例如不超過(guò)二或三個(gè)詞;2. 從所提供的單詞表中選詞填空。下文在介紹解題方法時(shí)，對(duì)這兩類答題要求分別簡(jiǎn)稱為1或2。
a 短文全文大意的幫助
首先把短文的全文迅速通讀一遍，掌握大意。不要在沒(méi)有掌握全文大意的情況下立即做題，看一句填一句。雖然短文的詞數(shù)不多，但作為一篇文章，總有一定的主體思想，句與句之間意思上是相連的，整篇短文就是一個(gè)有機(jī)的整體。通讀全文，有利于掌握文章的邏輯思維，順著思路選詞來(lái)填，就比較容易做對(duì)了。許多考生往往不先通讀短文全文，上來(lái)就匆忙去找詞填空。看似快，實(shí)際上選詞時(shí)看來(lái)看去，思前想后，猶豫不決，不知選哪個(gè)才對(duì)，反而大大減慢了速度。
b 利用信號(hào)詞來(lái)定位和定詞
歸納填空題的形式為一篇短文，文中有若干個(gè)空，要求考生在其中填詞?？崭袂昂笸鶗?huì)有信號(hào)詞，我們可以借助之在原文中定位，再在所定位部位的附近范圍內(nèi)找出該采用的原文原詞(對(duì)于1)或斷定該填的單詞表中的同義詞(對(duì)于2)。不少情況下，在空格前和后的信號(hào)詞，相對(duì)應(yīng)地也是出現(xiàn)在原文中正確的詞的前和后的，前后信號(hào)詞的“夾擊”下，更方便我們選對(duì)詞了。所以信號(hào)詞技巧也仍然是這種題的重要技巧。
c 空格前后的上下文的幫助
空格肯定是處于句子中的，亦即所謂空格無(wú)非是一個(gè)句子抽掉了其中的某個(gè)詞(語(yǔ))所形成的。因此，在整篇短文大意的大背景下，再考慮空格前后的上下文意思，然后將在1或2中備選的數(shù)個(gè)詞(語(yǔ))進(jìn)行比對(duì)，就不難確定該填入哪個(gè)了?？崭袂昂笊舷挛牡囊饬x與全篇短文主體思想的結(jié)合分析，在決定選詞上尤為重要，注意運(yùn)用這點(diǎn)，能使我們做題快許多。
d 語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的幫助
一些基本的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)對(duì)于我們確定詞性范圍甚或選定具體的詞都有直截了當(dāng)?shù)臎Q定作用，又簡(jiǎn)單又快?？崭袂昂蟮脑~往往都提示了空格中的詞是何種詞性，是否比較級(jí)，謂語(yǔ)或非謂語(yǔ)，單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，及物動(dòng)詞或不及物動(dòng)詞，等等。例如，空格之前是a的話，表明空格該填的是個(gè)可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式，而且該名詞的發(fā)音是以輔音音標(biāo)開(kāi)頭的(否則，空格前的a就該是an了)。
雅思考試閱讀模擬練習(xí)及答案
new weapon to fight cancer
1. British scientists are preparing to launch trials of a radical new way to fight cancer, which kills tumours by infecting them with viruses like the common cold.
2. If successful, virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer, while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects.
3. Leonard Seymour, a professor of gene therapy at Oxford University, who has been working on the virus therapy with colleagues in London and the US, will lead the trials later this year. Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it was excited by the potential of Prof Seymour’s pioneering techniques.
4. One of the country’s leading geneticists, Prof Seymour has been working with viruses that kill cancer cells directly, while avoiding harm to healthy tissue. "In principle, you’ve got something which could be many times more effective than regular chemotherapy," he said.
5. Cancer-killing viruses exploit the fact that cancer cells suppress the body’s local immune system. "If a cancer doesn’t do that, the immune system wipes it out. If you can get a virus into a tumour, viruses find them a very good place to be because there’s no immune system to stop them replicating. You can regard it as the cancer’s Achilles’ heel."
6. Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer. "They replicate, you get a million copies in each cell and the cell bursts and they infect the tumour cells adjacent and repeat the process," said Prof Seymour.
7. Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours resistant to standard cancer drugs. "It’s an interesting possibility that they may have an advantage in killing drug-resistant tumours, which could be quite different to anything we’ve had before."
8. Researchers have known for some time that viruses can kill tumour cells and some aspects of the work have already been published in scientific journals. American scientists have previously injected viruses directly into tumours but this technique will not work if the cancer is inaccessible or has spread throughout the body.
9. Prof Seymour’s innovative solution is to mask the virus from the body’s immune system, effectively allowing the viruses to do what chemotherapy drugs do - spread through the blood and reach tumours wherever they are. The big hurdle has always been to find a way to deliver viruses to tumours via the bloodstream without the body’s immune system destroying them on the way.
10. "What we’ve done is make chemical modifications to the virus to put a polymer coat around it - it’s a stealth virus when you inject it," he said.
11. After the stealth virus infects the tumour, it replicates, but the copies do not have the chemical modifications. If they escape from the tumour, the copies will be quickly recognised and mopped up by the body’s immune system.
12. The therapy would be especially useful for secondary cancers, called metastases, which sometimes spread around the body after the first tumour appears. "There’s an awful statistic of patients in the west ... with malignant cancers; 75% of them go on to die from metastases," said Prof Seymour.
13. Two viruses are likely to be examined in the first clinical trials: adenovirus, which normally causes a cold-like illness, and vaccinia, which causes cowpox and is also used in the vaccine against smallpox. For safety reasons, both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the trial, but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses.
14. The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be delivered locally to liver tumours, in order to establish whether the treatment is safe in humans and what dose of virus will be needed. Several more years of trials will be needed, eventually also on the polymer-coated viruses, before the therapy can be considered for use in the NHS. Though the approach will be examined at first for cancers that do not respond to conventional treatments, Prof Seymour hopes that one day it might be applied to all cancers.
(665 words)
Questions 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 1-6 write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage
1.Virus therapy, if successful, has an advantage in eliminating side-effects.
2.Cancer Research UK is quite hopeful about Professor Seymour’s work on the virus therapy.
3.Virus can kill cancer cells and stop them from growing again.
4.Cancer’s Achilles’ heel refers to the fact that virus may stay safely in a tumor and replicate.
5.To infect the cancer cells, a good deal of viruses should be injected into the tumor.
6.Researches on animals indicate that virus could be used as a new way to treat drug-resistant tumors.
Question 7-9
Based on the reading passage, choose the appropriate letter from A-D for each answer.
7.Information about researches on viruses killing tumor cells can be found
(A) on TV
(B) in magazines
(C) on internet
(D) in newspapers
8.To treat tumors spreading out in body, researchers try to
(A) change the body’ immune system
(B) inject chemotherapy drugs into bloodstream.
(C) increase the amount of injection
(D) disguise the viruses on the way to tumors.
9.When the chemical modified virus in tumor replicates, the copies
(A) will soon escape from the tumor and spread out.
(B) will be wiped out by the body’s immune system.
(C) will be immediately recognized by the researchers.
(D) will eventually stop the tumor from spreading out.
Questions 10-13
Complete the sentences below. Choose your answers from the list of words. You can only use each word once.
NB There are more words in the list than spaces so you will not use them all.
In the first clinical trials, scientists will try to ……10…… adenovirus and vaccinia, so both the viruses will be less pathogenic than the ……11…….These uncoated viruses will be applied directly to certain areas to confirm safety on human beings and the right ……12…… needed. The experiments will firstly be ……13……to the treatment of certain cancers
List of Words
dosage responding smallpox virus
disable natural ones inject
directed treatment cold-like illness
kill patients examined
Answers Keys:
1.答案：FALSE (見(jiàn)第2段：If successful, virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer, while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects. Virus therapy 只能避免一些副作用，而不是根除。)
2.答案：TRUE (見(jiàn)第3段，特別是最后一句： Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it was excited by the potential of Prof Seymour’s pioneering techniques. )
3. 答案：NOT GIVEN (文中沒(méi)有提到virus可以抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞再生長(zhǎng))
4. 答案：TRUE (見(jiàn)第5段第3、4句： 這里“cancer’s Achilles’ heel”指 “If you can get a virus into a tumour, viruses find them a very good place to be because there’s no immune system to stop them replicating.” Achilles’ heel的意思是“唯一致命弱點(diǎn)”)
5. 答案：FALSE (見(jiàn)第6段第第1句：Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer.)
6. 答案：TRUE (見(jiàn)第7段：Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours resistant to standard cancer drug. ……, which could be quite different to anything we’ve had before." )
7. 答案：B (見(jiàn)第8段第1、2句：Researchers have known for some time that viruses can kill tumour cells and some aspects of the work have already been published in scientific journals. Journal意思是“日?qǐng)?bào)、期刊、雜志”)
8. 答案：D (見(jiàn)第9段第1句：Prof Seymour’s innovative solution is to mask the virus from the body’s immune system, …… “mask”的意思是“掩蓋、隱蔽、偽裝”， 在這里和 “disguise”同義。)
9. 答案：B (見(jiàn)第11段第2句： If they escape from the tumour, the copies will be quickly recognised and mopped up by the body’s immune system.. “mop up”這里與 “wipe out” 同義，意思是“消滅、殲滅”。)
10.答案：disable (見(jiàn)第13段最后1句：For safety reasons, both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the trial, but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses. )
11. 答案：natural ones (見(jiàn)第13段最后1句：For safety reasons, both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the trial, but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses. )
12. 答案：dosage (見(jiàn)第14段第1句：The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be delivered locally to liver tumours, in order to establish whether the treatment is safe in humans and what dose of virus will be needed.)
13. 答案：directed (見(jiàn)第14段最后1句：Though the approach will be examined at first for cancers that do not respond to conventional treatments, …)
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