列舉GRE閱讀3種影響速度錯誤做法
列舉GRE閱讀3種影響速度錯誤做法 ,文章讀得太慢原因全在這里,下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。
列舉GRE閱讀3種影響速度錯誤做法 文章讀得太慢原因全在這里
GRE閱讀時不會取舍
有的考生在備考時基本學(xué)習(xí)并認(rèn)同了快速閱讀方法的合理性，可在實際閱讀文章的過程中還是縮手縮腳，不敢快速閱讀一些細(xì)節(jié)。閱讀要學(xué)會取舍，特別是對于本身閱讀速度就不快的考生來說，通篇閱讀花費時間太多，會嚴(yán)重影響做題時間和效率，提速也就無從談起了。
GRE閱讀時重點錯亂
在把握GRE文章時首先應(yīng)讀出其邏輯層次，其中包括套路，各段段意，各段之間的邏輯關(guān)系以及主題句。其次，需注意文章中的一些重點語言現(xiàn)象，如GRE 強(qiáng)轉(zhuǎn)折，強(qiáng)因果和強(qiáng)對比等詞所在的句子。同時在看文章時對一些重要的細(xì)節(jié)要記住它們大致的位置。最后在做題的時候?qū)σ恍┡c題目相關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行仔細(xì)的研讀。
GRE閱讀中盲目求快，忽略重點
有些考生片面理解了G式閱讀中的快速閱讀，認(rèn)為快速閱讀僅僅指的就是提高單位時間內(nèi)容閱讀單詞的數(shù)量，所以在閱讀實踐中盲目提速。導(dǎo)致文章中重要的主干內(nèi)容被忽略。
以上就是GRE閱讀練習(xí)中需要克服的一些閱讀障礙，希望大家能有所了解，并克服這些問題順利掌握快速閱讀的技巧，在保持GRE閱讀速度的同時，提高答題質(zhì)量降低錯誤率，取得理想的GRE成績。
GRE閱讀題目解析:機(jī)動車尾氣排放導(dǎo)致空氣污染
Although, recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing, consequently, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone (generated by photochemical reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legally established limits. There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissions—short of a massive shift away from the private automobile—is to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner-burning fuels such as compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol.
All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller and simpler than those of gasoline. These molecules burn more cleanly than gasoline, in part because they have fewer, if any, carbon-carbon bonds, and the hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to generate ozone. The combustion of larger molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds, involves a more complex series of reactions. These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely to release uncombusted and photochemically active hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere. On the other hand, alternative fuels do have drawbacks. Compressed natural gas would require that vehicles have a set of heavy fuel tanks—a serious liability in terms of performance and fuel efficiency—and liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamental limits on supply.
Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantages over other carbon based alternative fuels: they have a higher energy content per volume and would require minimal changes in the existing network for distributing motor fuel. Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement, but it is currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low cost of which is one of its attractive features. Methanol’s most attractive feature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that form ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant.
Like any alternative fuel, methanol has its critics. Yet much of the criticism is based on the use of “gasoline clone” vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest design improvements that are made possible with the use of methanol. It is true, for example, that a given volume of methanol provides only about one-half of the energy that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal, the fuel tank would have to be somewhat larger and heavier. However, since methanol-fueled vehicles could be designed to be much more efficient than “gasoline clone” vehicles fueled with methanol, they would need comparatively less fuel. Vehicles incorporating only the simplest of the engine improvements that methanol makes feasible would still contribute to an immediate lessening of urban air pollution.
1. According to the passage, incomplete combustion is more likely to occur with gasoline than with an alternative fuel because
A. the combustion of gasoline releases photochemically active hydrocarbons
B. the combustion of gasoline involves an intricate series of reactions
C. gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structure
D. gasoline is composed of small molecules.
E. gasoline is a carbon-based fuel
2. Which of the following most closely parallels the situation described in the first sentence of the passage?
A. Although a town reduces its public services in order to avoid a tax increase, the town’s tax rate exceeds that of other towns in the surrounding area.
B. Although a state passes strict laws to limit the type of toxic material that can be disposed of in public landfills, illegal dumping continues to increase.
C. Although a town’s citizens reduce their individual use of water, the town’s water supplies continue to dwindle because of a steady increase in the total population of the town.
D. Although a country attempts to increase the sale of domestic goods by adding a tax to the price of imported goods, the sale of imported goods within the country continues to increase.
E. Although a country reduces the speed limit on its national highways, the number of fatalities caused by automobile accidents continues to increase.
3. It can be inferred from the passage that a vehicle specifically designed to use methanol for fuel would
A. be somewhat lighter in total body weight than a conventional vehicle fueled with gasoline
B. be more expensive to operate than a conventional vehicle fueled with gasoline
C. have a larger and more powerful engine than a conventional vehicle fueled with gasoline
D. have a larger and heavier fuel tank than a “gasoline clone” vehicle fueled with methanol
E. average more miles per gallon than a “gasoline clone” vehicle fueled with methanol
4. The passage suggests which of the following about air pollution?
A. Further attempts to reduce emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles will not help lower urban air-pollution levels.
B. Attempts to reduce the pollutants that an individual gasoline-fueled vehicle emits have been largely unsuccessful.
C. Few serious attempts have been made to reduce the amount of pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles.
D. Pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles are not the most critical source of urban air pollution.
E. Reductions in pollutants emitted by individual vehicles have been offset by increases in pollution from sources other than gasoline-fueled vehicles.
1
Although, recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing, consequently, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone (generated by photochemical reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legally established limits.
盡管近年來單體機(jī)動車的有害排放物顯著降低，但機(jī)動車總數(shù)一直穩(wěn)步增加，結(jié)果是，美國超過 100 座城市的一氧化碳，有害懸浮顆粒，臭氧(機(jī)動車尾氣與碳?xì)浠衔锇l(fā)生光化學(xué)反應(yīng)的產(chǎn)物)水平超過法定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
2
There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissions — short of a massive shift away from the private automobile — is to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner-burning fuels such as compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol.
越來越多人相信唯一有效的減排方案 —— 除了私家車大規(guī)模減少 —— 就是用更清潔的燃料替換傳統(tǒng)柴油和汽油，比如壓縮天然氣，液化石油氣，乙醇，或甲醇。
(short of 此處為介詞，除了，除非，other than)
3
All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller and simpler than those of gasoline.
這些替代燃料與汽油同屬碳基燃料，但分子更小更簡單。
4
These molecules burn more cleanly than gasoline, in part because they have fewer, if any, carbon-carbon bonds, and the hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to generate ozone.
這些分子比汽油燃燒更干凈，某種程度上是因為它們含有更少的，如果有的話，碳碳鍵，且它們釋放的碳?xì)浠衔锔灰桩a(chǎn)生臭氧。
5
The combustion of larger molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds, involves a more complex series of reactions.
大分子的氧化，會產(chǎn)生復(fù)合碳碳鍵，涉及更復(fù)雜的反應(yīng)。
(不懂化學(xué)，翻錯的話，請擅長化學(xué)的同學(xué)留言指導(dǎo))
6
These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely to release uncombusted and photochemically active hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere.
這些反應(yīng)增加了不充分燃燒的可能性，也更可能向大氣中釋放未氧化且具有光化學(xué)反應(yīng)活性的碳?xì)浠衔铩?/p>
7
On the other hand, alternative fuels do have drawbacks.
另一方面，替代燃料也有劣勢。
8
Compressed natural gas would require that vehicles have a set of heavy fuel tanks — a serious liability in terms of performance and fuel efficiency — and liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamental limits on supply.
壓縮天然氣需要車輛加裝一組沉重的油箱 —— 難以實施也影響效率 —— 而液化石油氣面臨嚴(yán)重的供給限制。
9
Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantages over other carbon based alternative fuels: they have a higher energy content per volume and would require minimal changes in the existing network for distributing motor fuel.
乙醇和甲醇，另一方面，相對于其他碳基替代燃料有重要優(yōu)勢：單位體積所產(chǎn)生的能量更高，且對現(xiàn)有配給網(wǎng)絡(luò)秩序做出最小改動。
10
Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement, but it is currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low cost of which is one of its attractive features.
乙醇通常被用作一種汽油的補(bǔ)充，但當(dāng)前價格大概是甲醇的兩倍，價格低是甲醇的一大優(yōu)勢。
11
Methanol’s most attractive feature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that form ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant.
然而甲醇的最大優(yōu)勢，是能夠減少機(jī)動車 90% 生成臭氧的排放，臭氧是最嚴(yán)重的城市空氣污染物。
12
Like any alternative fuel, methanol has its critics.
和任何一種替代燃料一樣，甲醇也受到批評。
13
Yet much of the criticism is based on the use of “gasoline clone” vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest design improvements that are made possible with the use of methanol.
而批評大多基于市面上的車都是燒汽油的， 沒有針對可能轉(zhuǎn)而使用甲醇做出任何設(shè)計上的改進(jìn)。
(yet 當(dāng) yet 引導(dǎo)讓步關(guān)系時，可以替換為 nevertheless，引導(dǎo)被強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容(與之相對地，although 引導(dǎo)被讓步的內(nèi)容)。
gasoline clone 不知道怎么翻譯，意會吧。X clone 指一系列有某種共同特點的事物。)
14
It is true, for example, that a given volume of methanol provides only about one-half of the energy that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal, the fuel tank would have to be somewhat larger and heavier.
的確，比如說，甲醇只能提供相同體積的汽油或柴油燃料一半的能量;其他條件相同，(燒甲醇燃料的汽車)油箱會變得更大也更重。
15
However, since methanol-fueled vehicles could be designed to be much more efficient than “gasoline clone” vehicles fueled with methanol, they would need comparatively less fuel.
然而，因為燒甲醇燃料的車可以被設(shè)計得 比燒汽油的車燒甲醇 更有效率，所以它們相對省油。
16
Vehicles incorporating only the simplest of the engine improvements that makes methanol feasible would still contribute to an immediate lessening of urban air pollution.
對發(fā)動機(jī)做出最簡單的改進(jìn)，使車可以燒甲醇，仍可以幫助減少城市空氣污染。
(原 that methanol makes feasible 改為 that makes methanol feasible)
1. According to the passage, incomplete combustion is more likely to occur with gasoline than with an alternative fuel because
A. the combustion of gasoline releases photochemically active hydrocarbons
B. the combustion of gasoline involves an intricate series of reactions
C. gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structure
D. gasoline is composed of small molecules.
E. gasoline is a carbon-based fuel
選 B
細(xì)節(jié)題。
根據(jù)句 5 - 6：
The combustion of larger molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds, involves a more complex series of reactions. These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely to release uncombusted and photochemically active hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere.
2. Which of the following most closely parallels the situation described in the first sentence of the passage?
A. Although a town reduces its public services in order to avoid a tax increase, the town’s tax rate exceeds that of other towns in the surrounding area.
B. Although a state passes strict laws to limit the type of toxic material that can be disposed of in public landfills, illegal dumping continues to increase.
C. Although a town’s citizens reduce their individual use of water, the town’s water supplies continue to dwindle because of a steady increase in the total population of the town.
D. Although a country attempts to increase the sale of domestic goods by adding a tax to the price of imported goods, the sale of imported goods within the country continues to increase.
E. Although a country reduces the speed limit on its national highways, the number of fatalities caused by automobile accidents continues to increase.
選 C
句 1：
Although, recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing, consequently, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone (generated by photochemical reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legally established limits.
其特征可以概括為，從個體看形勢在好轉(zhuǎn)，但整體形勢惡化。
C 正確。盡管小鎮(zhèn)居民個人用水量減少(節(jié)約)，但總?cè)丝诓粩嘣黾訉?dǎo)致水供應(yīng)緊張逐漸加劇(整體惡化)。
其他幾項有不解的來留言。
3. It can be inferred from the passage that a vehicle specifically designed to use methanol for fuel would
A. be somewhat lighter in total body weight than a conventional vehicle fueled with gasoline
B. be more expensive to operate than a conventional vehicle fueled with gasoline
C. have a larger and more powerful engine than a conventional vehicle fueled with gasoline
D. have a larger and heavier fuel tank than a “gasoline clone” vehicle fueled with methanol
E. average more miles per gallon than a “gasoline clone” vehicle fueled with methanol
選 E
根據(jù)句 15：
However, since methanol-fueled vehicles could be designed to be much more efficient than “gasoline clone” vehicles fueled with methanol, they would need comparatively less fuel.
你腦子里得有概念，這是三種效率。
A 汽油車燒汽油。
B 汽油車燒甲醇。
C 改裝車燒甲醇。
單純比較效率 A > C > B 。但文章開頭就說 A 引起環(huán)境問題，所以就算效率高，也不考慮了，這句話比較的是 B 和 C，結(jié)論是 C 相對效率更高，更省油。
所以選 E 。
4. The passage suggests which of the following about air pollution?
A. Further attempts to reduce emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles will not help lower urban air-pollution levels.
B. Attempts to reduce the pollutants that an individual gasoline-fueled vehicle emits have been largely unsuccessful.
C. Few serious attempts have been made to reduce the amount of pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles.
D. Pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles are not the most critical source of urban air pollution.
E. Reductions in pollutants emitted by individual vehicles have been offset by increases in pollution from sources other than gasoline-fueled vehicles.
選 A
關(guān)照文章前兩句，參考第二題的分析，雖然個體被優(yōu)化，但整體不斷惡化，所以繼續(xù)在個體減排方面努力已經(jīng)無法治理污染了，得換燃料了。
B 錯。個體減排是成功的，第一句有 substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles 。
C 錯。不但嘗試了，而且能嘗試的都嘗試了，所以人們才開始從其他方向想解決辦法。
D 錯。句 11 告訴我們臭氧是最嚴(yán)重的污染源 ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant 。而文章開頭就告訴我們臭氧超標(biāo)，與機(jī)動車排放有關(guān)。
E 錯。沒人選這個吧，選這個的來跟我聊聊，好奇。
GRE考試《閱讀理解》練習(xí)題及答案
New methods developed in genetic research have led taxonomists to revise their views on the evolutionary relationships between many species. Traditionally the relatedness of species has been ascertained by a close comparison of their anatomy. The new methods infer the closeness of any two species’ relationship to each other directly from similarities between the species’ genetic codes.
3. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information?
A. The apparent degree of relatedness of some species, as determined by anatomical criteria, is not borne out by their degree of genetic similarity.
B. When they know the differences between two species’ genetic codes, taxonomists can infer what the observable anatomical differences between those species must be.
C. The degree to which individuals of the same species are anatomically similar is determined more by their genetic codes than by such environmental factors as food supply.
D. The traditional anatomical methods by which taxonomists investigated the relatedness of species are incapable of any further refinement.
E. Without the use of genetic methods, taxonomists would never be able to obtain any accurate information about species’ degrees of relatedness to one another.
1
New methods developed in genetic research have led taxonomists to revise their views on the evolutionary relationships between many species.
隨基因研究的進(jìn)步發(fā)展出的新方法，令生物分類學(xué)家重新考慮許多物種間的進(jìn)化關(guān)系。
2
Traditionally the relatedness of species has been ascertained by a close comparison of their anatomy.
確定物種間的相關(guān)性的傳統(tǒng)方法，是通過徹底地解剖對比。
3
The new methods infer the closeness of any two species’ relationship to each other directly from similarities between the species’ genetic codes.
新方法是直接從物種間基因編碼的相似點，推斷任何兩物種間彼此的親緣關(guān)系。
3. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information?
A. The apparent degree of relatedness of some species, as determined by anatomical criteria, is not borne out by their degree of genetic similarity.
B. When they know the differences between two species’ genetic codes, taxonomists can infer what the observable anatomical differences between those species must be.
C. The degree to which individuals of the same species are anatomically similar is determined more by their genetic codes than by such environmental factors as food supply.
D. The traditional anatomical methods by which taxonomists investigated the relatedness of species are incapable of any further refinement.
E. Without the use of genetic methods, taxonomists would never be able to obtain any accurate information about species’ degrees of relatedness to one another.
選 A
問法比較常規(guī)，從文段能夠推出哪種合理結(jié)論。保持收斂就好。
A
某些根據(jù)解剖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)看，明顯有親緣關(guān)系的物種，基因上并不相似。
明顯正確的選項，甚至讓人覺得是廢話的選項，如果不是這樣，taxonomists 根本就沒有必要 revise their views(句 1)。
非常 ETS 的選項，看到就該感到溫暖，親切，自己人，面帶忠厚。
B
一旦知道了兩物種間基因編碼的相似點，分類學(xué)家就可以推測它們在解剖上有什么不同。
未知信息。文章指說 taxonomists 可以根據(jù)基因方法判斷親緣關(guān)系，可沒說過把這種方法用于判斷物種間的解剖相似性。
C
同一物種的個體，身體構(gòu)造的相似更多是由基因決定的，而不是環(huán)境因素比如食物供給。
同物種的個體，本來就該有解剖相似性，而且文章沒有討論過同物種個體。
D
分類學(xué)家賴以研究物種親緣關(guān)系的，傳統(tǒng)的解剖學(xué)方法，已經(jīng)不能被優(yōu)化了。
未知信息。現(xiàn)在看來，不是能不能被優(yōu)化的問題，而是解剖學(xué)方法可能根本就是錯的，需要重新 revise 的問題。
E
不用基因方法，分類學(xué)家永遠(yuǎn)無法獲得物種親緣關(guān)系的任何準(zhǔn)確信息。
未知信息。很可能是錯的，雖然解剖學(xué)方法被淘汰了，但能不能說它每一次都錯呢?似乎很難，總該正確地解釋過某些問題吧，就像傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)當(dāng)然治愈過不計其數(shù)的疾病，雖然它需要被現(xiàn)代標(biāo)準(zhǔn) revise 。
講講啥叫 ——
保持收斂
收斂 當(dāng)然是一個數(shù)學(xué)或經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中的概念，但我常說的收斂沒那么專業(yè)，絕大多數(shù)指的是不要發(fā)散思維。
我們在閱讀中經(jīng)常會有兩種基本模式。
一種是吸收式思維，假定所有讀到的信息為真，并嘗試組合所有信息，以達(dá)成對當(dāng)前話題的盡量全面的勾畫。為了能夠把新信息統(tǒng)一地解釋在原有框架內(nèi)，大腦是不惜發(fā)散，或者說腦補(bǔ)一定的中間過程的，就好像當(dāng)我們試圖理解一個偷面包的小偷為什么偷，總是最容易想象他可能買不起，或者當(dāng)時餓極了，甚至是為了其他饑餓的人不惜去偷。
另一種是批判式思維，每讀到一片新信息，都批判地問自己，從已知信息中能夠完全地推導(dǎo)出此信息嗎?如果不能，是因為新信息與已知條件及其推論相矛盾?還是因為缺乏必要的限定條件?如果能，是否包含某種未明示的假設(shè) unstated assumptions?
當(dāng)我們閱讀文段，總是先采用吸收式思維，嘗試在現(xiàn)有框架中拼裝新信息，試圖把握文段所討論的問題的全貌，但在題目有要求時(就像本題的要求)，你應(yīng)該非常熟練地切換為批判式思維。所謂保持收斂，或所謂不要發(fā)散，就是提醒你，此刻該切換了，該批判了，不要無條件地假定新信息成立了。
