GRE閱讀3種常見(jiàn)主體結(jié)構(gòu)精講
GRE閱讀看懂文章先了解結(jié)構(gòu) ,3種常見(jiàn)主體結(jié)構(gòu)精講，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。
GRE閱讀3種常見(jiàn)主體結(jié)構(gòu)精講
新GRE閱讀理解文章的常見(jiàn)“主體結(jié)構(gòu)”有三種：
1.結(jié)論-解釋型(也叫論點(diǎn)-解釋型)
2.新老觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比型
3.現(xiàn)象解釋型(包含問(wèn)題-解決方案型)
GRE閱讀文章結(jié)構(gòu)精講：結(jié)論-解釋型
這類文章在開(kāi)始有一個(gè)判斷句，一般是文章的結(jié)論，也是文章的主題。這個(gè)判斷句的謂語(yǔ)部分通常包含系動(dòng)詞(is, remain, prove, turn out, appear等)或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(can, may, should, must等)，而且含有表示態(tài)度的詞匯(如形容詞等)。例如：
Because of its accuracy in outlining the Earth's subsurface, the seismic-reflection method remains the most important tool in the search for petroleum reserves. In field practice, a subsurface is mapped by arranging a series of wave-train sources, such as small dynamite explosions, in a grid pattern…
文章首句指出：由于“地震反射法”(sr)在勾劃地球的地下層面這方面的準(zhǔn)確性，該方法一直是探尋石油儲(chǔ)備的最重要的工具。這是一個(gè)判斷句，為結(jié)論。其中remains為系動(dòng)詞，而most important為態(tài)度詞，表示作者對(duì)“地震反射法”持非常正面的評(píng)價(jià)。
后文應(yīng)解釋“地震反射法”的具體過(guò)程。 第二句話對(duì)解釋進(jìn)行總的說(shuō)明：“在實(shí)地作業(yè)中，通過(guò)將一系列波列源，諸如小規(guī)模炸藥爆炸，排列成一個(gè)網(wǎng)格模式，從而將地下層面標(biāo)繪出來(lái)?！苯酉聛?lái)是“地震反射法”的詳細(xì)過(guò)程。
GRE閱讀文章結(jié)構(gòu)精講：新老觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比型
這類文章在開(kāi)始提出老觀點(diǎn)，然后提出新觀點(diǎn)并進(jìn)行論述。通常新觀點(diǎn)是文章的主題。老觀點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)的標(biāo)志詞有：
1.傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)： has been, traditionally, until recently等。
2.大眾觀點(diǎn)：frequently, widely, many等。
新觀點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)的標(biāo)志詞有：however, recently, now等。
例如：
Traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used。
However, a number of features that are characteristic of wind-pollinated plants reduce pollen waste…
文章首句指出：“傳統(tǒng)上，風(fēng)媒授粉過(guò)程一直被視為是一個(gè)以隨機(jī)事件為標(biāo)志的繁殖過(guò)程，其中風(fēng)的不確定性通過(guò)產(chǎn)生大量花粉而得以補(bǔ)償，因此，新種子的最終繁殖得以保證，而此舉的代價(jià)是所需產(chǎn)生的花粉要遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)實(shí)際的使用量?！庇傻谝粋€(gè)詞traditionally可知文章首句為老觀點(diǎn)(由于風(fēng)的不確定性，風(fēng)媒植物要產(chǎn)生大量花粉補(bǔ)償)，那么本文的結(jié)構(gòu)是“新老觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比型”。
第二段首句出現(xiàn)了GRE閱讀中的標(biāo)志性轉(zhuǎn)折詞however,說(shuō)明這句話就是新觀點(diǎn)：“但是，風(fēng)媒植物所獨(dú)有的一系列特征可減少花粉浪費(fèi)?！边@說(shuō)明風(fēng)媒植物除了可以產(chǎn)生大量花粉加以補(bǔ)償?shù)南麡O策略之外，還可以通過(guò)一些積極機(jī)制減少花粉損失，不一定需要產(chǎn)生大量花粉。
GRE閱讀文章結(jié)構(gòu)精講：現(xiàn)象解釋型
文章開(kāi)始提出一個(gè)現(xiàn)象，然后解釋現(xiàn)象。解釋是主題。有多個(gè)解釋時(shí)，作者一般對(duì)前面的解釋持負(fù)面評(píng)價(jià)，對(duì)最后的解釋持正面評(píng)價(jià)。提出現(xiàn)象時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞有：phenomenon, fact; problem, difficulty, puzzle, question等。例如：
What causes a helix in nature to appear with either a dextral ("right-handed,"or clockwise) twist or a sinistral ("left-handed," or counterclockwise') twist is one of the most intriguing puzzles in the science of form…What mechanisms, control handedness and keep left-handedness rare?
It would seem unlikely that evolution should discriminate against sinistral snails if sinistral and dextral snails are exact mirror images, for any disadvantage that a sinistral twist in itself could confer on its possessor is almost inconceivable. But left- and right-handed snails are not actually true mirror images of one another…
是什么樣的原因致使自然界中的螺旋體呈現(xiàn)出右旋(“右向旋轉(zhuǎn)的”，或順時(shí)針的)或左旋(“左向旋轉(zhuǎn)的，”或反時(shí)針的)?這是形態(tài)科學(xué)中一個(gè)最引人入勝的不解之謎。究竟是一些什么樣的機(jī)制控制著旋轉(zhuǎn)方向，并使左旋的比例為數(shù)稀少呢?
但是，這種結(jié)合不對(duì)稱、解剖學(xué)和偶然性的進(jìn)化論機(jī)制并未提供一種充分的解釋，以說(shuō)明蝸牛的右旋何以會(huì)成為主要的旋向。于是，進(jìn)化論必須讓位于支持右旋或左旋的明確的發(fā)育機(jī)制為基礎(chǔ)的理論。因此，解決所有蝸牛身上旋向之謎的道路似乎與這一螺旋體本身一樣曲折復(fù)雜。
上文在第一段最后提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題：“究竟是一些什么樣的機(jī)制控制著旋轉(zhuǎn)方向，并使左旋的比例為數(shù)稀少呢?”這個(gè)問(wèn)題就是一個(gè)現(xiàn)象：螺旋體中左旋的比例少。有問(wèn)題就有解答，有現(xiàn)象就有解釋。第二段從進(jìn)化論的角度解釋這一現(xiàn)象。但是，GRE閱讀文章中一般對(duì)進(jìn)化論的解釋持負(fù)面評(píng)價(jià)，所以需要尋找新的解釋。第三段否定了進(jìn)化論的解釋。在末段，作者以發(fā)育機(jī)制(developmental mechanism)解釋“為何左旋少、右旋多”。
把握了文章的三種主體結(jié)構(gòu)以后，做文章后的許多題時(shí)易如反掌。
本文的結(jié)構(gòu)是“結(jié)論-解釋型”，因此(C)為正確答案。由此可見(jiàn)，對(duì)于GRE閱讀來(lái)說(shuō)，把握文章的主體結(jié)構(gòu)，而不陷入文章詞句與細(xì)節(jié)的泥沼中，是一件快意的事情：文章讀得爽，題也做得爽。
GRE閱讀練習(xí)每日一篇
If a supernova (the explosion of a massive star) triggered star formation from dense clouds of gas and dust, and if the most massive star to be formed from the cloud evolved into a supernova and triggered a new round of star formation, and so on, then a chain of star-forming regions would result. If many such chains were created in a differentially rotating galaxy, the distribution of stars would resemble the observed distribution in a spiral galaxy (spiral galaxy: n.(=spiral nebula)螺旋星云,旋渦星云).
This line of reasoning underlies an exciting new theory of spiral-galaxy structure. A computer simulation based on this theory has reproduced the appearance of many spiral galaxies without assuming an underlying density wave, the hallmark (a distinguishing characteristic, trait, or feature “the dramatic flourishes which are the hallmark of the trial lawyer Marion K. Sanders”) of the most widely accepted theory of the large-scale structure of spiral galaxies. That theory maintains that a density wave of spiral form sweeps through the central plane of a galaxy, compressing clouds of gas and dust, which collapse into stars that form a spiral pattern.
17. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) describe what results when a supernova triggers the creation of chains of star-forming regions
(B) propose a modification in the most widely accepted theory of spiral-galaxy structure
(C) compare and contrast the roles of clouds of gas and dust in two theories of spiral-galaxy structure
(D) describe a new theory of spiral-galaxy structure and contrast it with the most widely accepted theory
(E) describe a new theory of spiral-galaxy structure and discuss a reason why it is inferior to the most widely accepted theory
18. The passage implies that, according to the new theory of spiral-galaxy structure, a spiral galaxy can be created by supernovas when the supernovas are
(A) producing an underlying density wave
(B) affected by a density wave of spiral form
(C) distributed in a spiral pattern
(D) located in the central plane of a galaxy
(E) located in a differentially rotating galaxy
19. Which of the following, if true, would most discredit the new theory as described in the passage?
(A) The exact mechanism by which a star becomes a supernova is not yet completely known and may even differ for different stars.
(B) Chains of star-forming regions like those postulated in the new theory have been observed in the vicinity of dense clouds of gas and dust.
(C) The most massive stars formed from supernova explosions are unlikely to evolve into supernovas.
(D) Computer simulations of supernovas provide a poor picture of what occurs just before a supernova explosion.
(E) A density wave cannot compress clouds of gas and dust to a density high enough to create a star.
20. The author’s attitude toward the new theory of spiral-galaxy structure can best be described as
(A) euphoric
(B) enthusiastic
(C) concerned
(D) critical
(E) disputatious
The first mention of slavery in the statutes of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 1660—some forty years after the importation of the first Black people. Lest we think that slavery existed in fact before it did in law, Oscar and Mary Handlin assure us that the status of Black people down to (down to: 下至) the 1660’s was that of servants. A critique of the Handlins’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.
The Handlins explain the appearance of legal slavery by arguing that, during the 1660’s, the position of White servants was improving relative to that of Black servants. Thus, the Handlins contend, Black and White servants, heretofore treated alike, each attained a different status. There are, however, important objections to this argument. First, the Handlins cannot adequately demonstrate that the White servant’s position was improving during and after the 1660’s; several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures indicate otherwise. Another flaw in the Handlins’ interpretation is their assumption that prior to the establishment of legal slavery there was no discrimination against Black people. It is true that before the 1660’s Black people were rarely called slaves. But this should not overshadow evidence from the 1630’s on that points to racial discrimination without using the term slavery. Such discrimination sometimes stopped short of lifetime servitude or inherited status—the two attributes of true slavery—yet in other cases it included both. The Handlins’ argument excludes the real possibility that Black people in the English colonies were never treated as the equals of White people.
This possibility has important ramifications. If from the outset Black people were discriminated against, then legal slavery should be viewed as a reflection and an extension of racial prejudice rather than, as many historians including the Handlins have argued, the cause of prejudice. In addition, the existence of discrimination before the advent of legal slavery offers a further explanation for the harsher treatment of Black slaves in North than in South America. Freyre and Tannenbaum have rightly argued that the lack of certain traditions in North America—such as a Roman conception of slavery and a Roman Catholic emphasis on equality—explains why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South America. But this cannot be the whole explanation since it is merely negative, based only on a lack of something. A more compelling explanation is that the early and sometimes extreme racial discrimination in the English colonies helped determine the particular nature of the slavery that followed.
21. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of lines 1-8 of the passage?
(A) A historical trend is sketched and an exception to that trend is cited.
(B) Evidence for a historical irregularity is mentioned and a generalization from that evidence is advanced.
(C) A paradox about the origins of an institution is pointed out and the author’s explanation of the paradox is expounded.
(D) A statement about a historical phenomenon is offered and a possible misinterpretation of that statement is addressed.
(E) An interpretation of the rise of an institution is stated and evidence for that interpretation is provided.
22. Which of the following is the most logical inference to be drawn from the passage about the effects of “several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures” (lines 22-23) passed during and after the 1660’s?
(A) The acts negatively affected the pre-1660’s position of Black as well as of White servants.
(B) The acts had the effect of impairing rather than improving the position of White servants relative to what it had been before the 1660’s.
(C) The acts had a different effect o n the position of White servants than did many of the acts passed during this time by the legislatures of other colonies.
(D) The acts, at the very least, caused the position of White servants to remain no better than it had been before the 1660’s.
(E) The acts, at the very least, tended to reflect the attitudes toward Black servants that already existed before the 1660’s.
23. With which of the following statements regarding the status of Black people in the English colonies of North America before the 1660’s would the author be LEAST likely to agree?
(A) Although Black people were not legally considered to be slaves, they were often called slaves.
(B) Although subject to some discrimination, Black people had a higher legal status than they did after the 1660’s.
(C) Although sometimes subject to lifetime servitude, Black people were not legally considered to be slaves.
(D) Although often not treated the same as White people, Black people, like many White people, possessed the legal status of servants.
(E) Although apparently subject to more discrimination after 1630 than before 1630, Black people from 1620 to the 1660’s were legally considered to be servants.
24. According to the passage, the Handlins have argued which of the following about the relationship between racial prejudice and the institution of legal slavery in the English colonies of North America?
(A) Racial prejudice and the institution of slavery arose simultaneously.
(B) Racial prejudice most often took the form of the imposition of inherited status, one of the attributes of slavery.
(C) The source of racial prejudice was the institution of slavery.
(D) Because of the influence of the Roman Catholic church, racial prejudice sometimes did not result in slavery.
(E) Although existing in a lesser form before the 1660’s, racial prejudice increased sharply after slavery was legalized.
25. The passage suggests that the existence of a Roman conception of slavery in Spanish and Portuguese colonies had the effect of
(A) extending rather than causing racial prejudice in these colonies
(B) hastening the legalization of slavery in these colonies
(C) mitigating some of the conditions of slavery for Black people in these colonies
(D) delaying the introduction of slavery into the English colonies
(E) bringing about an improvement in the treatment of Black slaves in the English colonies
26. The author considers the explanation put forward by Freyre and Tannenbaum for the treatment accorded Black slaves in the English colonies of North America to be
(A) ambitious but misguided
(B) valid but limited
(C) popular but suspect
(D) anachronistic and controversial
(E) premature and illogical
27. With which of the following statements regarding the reason for the introduction of legal slavery in the English colonies of North America would the author be most likely to agree?
(A) The introduction is partly to be explained by reference to the origins of slavery, before the 1660’s, in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies.
(B) The introduction is to be explained by reference to a growing consensus beginning in the 1630’s about what were the attributes of true slavery.
(C) The introduction is more likely to be explained by reference to a decline than to an improvement in the position of White servants in the colonies during and after the 1660’s.
(D) The introduction is more likely to be explained by reference to the position of Black servants in the colonies in the 1630’s than by reference to their position in the 1640’s and 1650’s.
(E) The introduction is more likely to be explained by reference to the history of Black people in the colonies before 1660 than by reference to the improving position of White servants during and after the 1660’s.
答案：17-27：DECBDDACCBE
