托福寫作如何巧妙使用連詞并做到內(nèi)在論證統(tǒng)一
托福寫作練習(xí)的過程中，重復(fù)堆疊簡單句或者不加連詞直接過渡都會導(dǎo)致文章質(zhì)量不高，巧妙使用連詞能讓文章讀起來更加順暢。下面小編就和大家分享托福寫作練習(xí),希望能幫助到大家，來欣賞一下吧。
托福寫作練習(xí) 如何巧妙使用連詞并做到內(nèi)在論證統(tǒng)一?
一.托福寫作中如何巧妙使用連詞
任何形式的英語文章中都應(yīng)該具備一定量的連接詞(路標(biāo)詞)，因?yàn)樗鼈兪怯兄谧x者順利閱讀的“導(dǎo)航坐標(biāo)”;大多數(shù)考生在備考時(shí)也的確會準(zhǔn)備一系列此類連接詞，用于文章每個(gè)段落的段首;包括有表示“第一，第二，第三”等的連接詞。但是單純有段首連接詞還不足以支撐全文的結(jié)構(gòu)，因此考生應(yīng)該同時(shí)準(zhǔn)備段中連接詞，包括“比如說，因?yàn)?，但是，相對比而言”等，粗略估?jì)，全文完成下來可以達(dá)到15個(gè)以上的路標(biāo)詞，不僅承接了全文，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰明了，而且也為時(shí)間緊張下的寫作減輕了不少字?jǐn)?shù)壓力。以下為常用連接詞：
第一：in the first place/ first and foremost/ to start with/ to begin with/ first of all/ first/ firstly
第二：in the second place/ secondly and equal importantly/ to continue/ second/ secondly
第三：in the third place/ last but not least/ third/ thirdly
一方面、另一方面：on one hand/ on the other hand; for one thing/ for another
表原因：because/ because of/ since/ due to/ as/ thanks to/ for/ owing to
表結(jié)果：so/ therefore/ as a result/ consequently/ as a consequence
表舉例：for example/ for instance/ such as/ take…as an example/ to illustrate
表承接：besides/ furthermore/ moreover/ what’s more/ in addition/ additionally
表轉(zhuǎn)折：but/ while/ however/ nevertheless/ nonetheless
表比較對比: to compare with/ compared with/ in comparison with/ by contrast/ on the contrary
當(dāng)然，僅僅依靠連接詞是不足以表明全文的連貫性的，適當(dāng)?shù)奶砑舆^渡句也是很好的承接手段，如Official Guide To The New TOEFL P263中有一篇關(guān)于DISHONESTY KILLS RELIABILITY 的5分范文中就有出現(xiàn)多處明顯的段落過渡句，如第三段首“After stating that everyone’s opinion can be different about this, for me honesty, in other words, always telling…”用來承接上下兩段，以引出自己的觀點(diǎn)看法;第五段首“Although I would like to see altruistic, understanding, thoughtful and loyal behavior from people, an instance of the opposite…”等都明顯具備良好的過渡功能，讓全文更加流暢舒服，朗朗上口。
二.托福寫作練習(xí)如何做到文章內(nèi)所有論證統(tǒng)一
Official Guide To The New TOEFL這一官方指南中也明確在寫作部分提到“但要知道，僅僅使用第一，第二這樣的連接詞并不能保證作文結(jié)構(gòu)的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，還要注意讓所有的觀點(diǎn)與文章的主題相關(guān)，緊扣中心思想。換句話說，作文要有統(tǒng)一性，評分原則中提到的統(tǒng)一性，漸進(jìn)性和連貫性這些都是評估作文結(jié)構(gòu)是否嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，讀者能否比較容易地跟上作者思路的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?！蓖ㄟ^上段敘述，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)作文論證統(tǒng)一性的重要性。
而事實(shí)上這也正是被許多考生所忽略的問題。在拿到試題后，考生們不是先騰出時(shí)間構(gòu)思結(jié)構(gòu)框架，而是急著抓住哪怕是一分鐘的時(shí)間動(dòng)筆寫作，其實(shí)如此的選擇是要不得的，朗閣海外考試研究中心強(qiáng)烈建議各位考生在考試時(shí)不要舍不得這準(zhǔn)備的時(shí)間，正所謂“磨刀不誤砍柴功”;因?yàn)橹挥挟?dāng)你事先構(gòu)思好而不是邊想邊寫，你才能真正做到論證內(nèi)容的一致性，觀點(diǎn)與論據(jù)的統(tǒng)一性，也才能真正取得高分。另外，用最直白的作答應(yīng)對題目的提問，用單邊的手段安排整篇文章成5段的總分總思路是十分適用的。
上文中為大家具體解析了如何使用連詞以及如何做到文章論證統(tǒng)一。除此之外，還為大家總結(jié)了一些常用的連接短語，大家可以積累下來在托福寫作練習(xí)中運(yùn)用起來。使用連接詞或者連接短語可以讓文章行文連貫，增強(qiáng)可讀性，而內(nèi)在論證統(tǒng)一則是托福寫作的基本要求，大家一定要遵循。
托福寫作模板：學(xué)校如何改善學(xué)生宿舍
題目
The university will spend money on the dormitory to improve the life quality of students. Which of the following do you think is the best way?
1) Providing a room for quiet study
2) Building an exercise room
3) Providing entertainment place (watch film)
范文1：For Choice 2
If a university wants to improve the quality of life for the students, it should install an exercise room in each dormitory. Exercise balances out a quiet lifestyle based on studying(運(yùn)動(dòng)萬能句). An exercise room could contain equipment that is impossible to keep in a dorm room, give students as safe place to work out, and provide an opportunity to meet people with the same interests.
分論點(diǎn)1：運(yùn)動(dòng)對學(xué)生很重要Exercise is essential for students, but often they neglect working out and focus only on studies. An exercise room in the dormitory would be easily accessible, so would encourage students to take a short break to keep their bodies fit. An exercise room could contain equipment such as weight benches and stationary bicycles(器械名稱積累) that are too big to keep in the individual dorm room or too expensive to buy or transport from home. An exercise room, therefore, would be a great investment for the university because it would provide the students with training facilities that they would not otherwise have access to without leaving the campus.
分論點(diǎn)2：保障學(xué)生安全A dormitory exercise room is also a wise idea because students would have a safe place to work out. The university could ensure that the equipment is clean and operating properly. On top of that, students would not have to leave the building to work out. Staying inside benefits the students in two ways. 原因1：避免路途中發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)First, they do not have to worry about walking alone, possibly late at night when classes are over. That way they do not have to risk trouble with strangers or people following them. 原因2：避免溫度變化引起生病Second, they are not exposed to a severe change in temperature. For example, working out in a warm place and stepping outside in the winter, a person can become sick. Such problems are prevented by staying in the same building.
分論點(diǎn)3：有助于社交Another reason to have an exercise room is to encourage students tointeract with each other(社交萬能句). Students may find it fun to exercise together, urging each other on. Students who enjoy exercising can meet each other and become friends. If the students only exercise on their own, they may not realize that someone else has the same interests. Even if they live in the same dorm, they might not have the same classes, and therefore, not have any reason to speak to each other. A common bond of working out together could be formed if the university installed exercise rooms.
An exercise room allows students to work out on equipment they can’t bring from home in asafe environment with other students who enjoy the same activities. Therefore, adding an exercise room is a great investment for a university.
balance out
平衡,抵消
work out
鍛煉
on top of that
除此以外
to risk trouble with X.X.X
冒著與 X.X.X 產(chǎn)生麻煩的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
a severe change in temperature
天氣的劇烈變化
urge each other on
相互督促
范文2：For Choice 3
To improve the quality of life of its students, our university should create an entertainment room in each dormitory building. An entertainment room would give students a chance to watch movies or attend activities that they otherwise could not, would allow students to make friends with the same interests, and would ensure a safe environment to relax.
分論點(diǎn)1：幫助學(xué)生省錢The stereotype of the “starving college student” may seem trite, but many students are on a tight budget and do not have excess cash for fun, extravagant activities(省錢萬能句). Such students would greatly benefit from an entertainment room because they could, for example, watch movies without paying premium prices to go to a theater. They could enjoy a game of Ping-Pong without needing a car to drive to a community center with a Ping-Pong table. In other words, if each dormitory had its own activity room, students could enjoy a wide range of activities that they otherwise could not afford to do.
分論點(diǎn)2：有助于社交Furthermore, an entertainment room would encourage students to leave their dorm rooms and interact with a larger range of students. Instead of closeting themselves in a single room with an internet connection to the outside world, they can laugh and talk with others about the activities(社交萬能句). Students with different majors or from different grade levels may not have classes in common, but in the activity room, they can find others with the same interests and eventually become friends(社交萬能句). Therefore, an entertainment room would provide opportunities to increase social networks(社交萬能句).
分論點(diǎn)3：保障學(xué)生安全Finally, college students often try risky or outright dangerous stuntsbecause they are living away from home for the first time. For example, they may drink a lot of alcohol and drive a car. In contrast, a dormitory entertainment room could provide safe activities. The room can be monitored so that there are no abuses of drugs or inappropriate behavior, allowing students to relax and enjoy themselves. In addition, if students get together regularly, they can easily observe negative changes in behavior such as a decline into depression(社交的好處、保護(hù)學(xué)生安全的萬能句). Therefore, an entertainment room would give the students a chance to avoid dangerous activities and notice problems before they become serious.
In conclusion, our university should consider adding entertainment rooms in each dormitory. Such rooms can allow students to participate in fun activities and meet others in a safe and supportive environment.
the stereotype of X.X.X
X.X.X 的刻板印象
a tight budget
預(yù)算緊張
have excess cash for fun, extravagant activities有多余的錢用于有趣的、奢侈的活動(dòng)
closet themselves in a single room把他們自己關(guān)在房間里
outright dangerous stunts完全危險(xiǎn)的特技
a decline into depression衰退為抑郁癥
in a safe and supportive environment在一個(gè)安全的、支持性的環(huán)境中
托福寫作論點(diǎn)論據(jù)語料庫:激勵(lì)
關(guān)于激勵(lì)Motivation
詞組：light up, push oneself, be destructive to s/th, tap the potential, miss out;
沒有自我激勵(lì)的人生就像一個(gè)只死魚一樣，那種人生不值得活;人應(yīng)該不停的點(diǎn)燃內(nèi)心的火苗把自己推向成功。沒有自我激勵(lì)的話，就是郁郁寡歡、無所事事;更糟糕的是沒有辦法開發(fā)自己的潛力，并措施成功的機(jī)會。
Without motivation we're like a dead fish in the water, that kind of life is not worth living. we should constantly light up our internal fire and push ourselves harder to achieve our goals. While the lack of motivation is destructive to oneself, and one will feel depressed, and have a pretty low esteem. To make matter worse, one is not be able to tap the full potential within oneself, thus he or she would miss out the chance to be successful.
關(guān)于珍惜“今天”
你不能改變過去,但你可以改變未來。我們應(yīng)該明白,事情不總是他們期望的方式。當(dāng)他們犯錯(cuò)誤時(shí),他們關(guān)注的解決方案,而不是遺憾。俗話說,昨天是歷史,明天是神秘的,但是今天是一個(gè)禮物,這就是為什么我們稱之為禮物。
You can't change the past but you can change the future. We should understand that things don t always work out the way we expect. When we make mistakes, we ought to focus on solutions, not on regrets. As the saying goes, yesterday is history, tomorrow is mystery, but today is a gift, that's why we call it present.
關(guān)于藝術(shù)家的“成功”
并不是天分造就偉大的藝術(shù)家,是努力,堅(jiān)持,毅力,決心和毅力。并不是每一個(gè)偉大的藝術(shù)家可以在五歲的時(shí)候能做出很好的畫作。
It isn't talent that makes great artists, it's hard work, persistence, will power, determination, and fortitude. Not every great artist can draw nice pictures by the age of five.
成功的藝術(shù)家不是以天分支撐的,那只是不付出努力的借口。還有其他更重要的因素如能否夠?qū)ふ疑鐣P(guān)系;與同行和導(dǎo)師而不是天賦更重要。
Successful artists aren't underpinned by talent, it is an excuse not to put in the effort that is needed to be a successful artist. There are other more important factors like, to be able to seek out social connections, and build on them. Connecting with peers and mentors is more important than being talented.
必須上大學(xué)才能成功嗎
Advanced education provides you with the tools you need to be successful in your future career. Not only can you acquire specific knowledge in a particular filed, like economics, physics, and biology, and stuff, you can also get practical experience in relevant areas, like psychological counseling, physical therapy, and even nursing.
高等教育為您提你未來職業(yè)生涯成功需要的工具。不僅可以獲得特定的知識在一個(gè)特定的領(lǐng)域,如經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、物理學(xué)、生物學(xué)等等,你也可以在相關(guān)領(lǐng)域獲得實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn),如心理咨詢,物理治療,甚至護(hù)理。
生意人要不要隨和?
能夠建立社會和職業(yè)關(guān)系網(wǎng),并擴(kuò)大他們的能力是企業(yè)家成功的關(guān)鍵因素,為了實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)目標(biāo),我們需要隨和,這樣使破冰更容易。
The ability to build up social and professional connections and expand them is the key factor to be a successful business person, and in order to achieve that, one needs to be easygoing, cuz that makes ice breaking much more easier.
