托福寫作如何豐富文章內(nèi)容
很多考生在面對托福寫作時常會遇到的一個問題是無話可說?；蚴菍υ掝}不熟悉，或是自身缺乏思路，總之就是怎么想也寫不出內(nèi)容，只能寫一些干巴巴的套話廢話。面小編就和大家分享托福寫作如何豐富文章內(nèi)容，來欣賞一下吧。
托福寫作如何豐富文章內(nèi)容?無話可說要這么應(yīng)對
托福寫作無話可說怎么辦?
托福寫作要善于聯(lián)想到一些具體的事實(shí)、具體的例證以及具體的現(xiàn)象。比如說，要談?wù)撾娨暪?jié)目這一話題，可以聯(lián)想到新聞聯(lián)播，并由此想到它讓人們開闊視野，了解世界，但有人覺得話題太熟悉了，反而一時說不出什么來。其實(shí)，托福寫作題目一般是永恒的話題，在任何時候都可以討論;或為當(dāng)代話題，讓所有的人都會有話可說。題目是公平的，絕對不會讓某一專業(yè)的考生有特別的優(yōu)勢。
托福寫作如何從細(xì)節(jié)中形成觀點(diǎn)?
所以，考生一定能聯(lián)想起具體細(xì)小的事情，再形成觀點(diǎn)。把看得見摸得著的事物帶來的思考變成作文里的分支觀點(diǎn)，具體細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容變成證據(jù)。這樣就不擔(dān)心托福作文字?jǐn)?shù)不足了，這不失為一種很好的策略。例如，“計算機(jī)的利與弊”這個話題似乎太大，但是可能想到的具體的現(xiàn)象是小孩、學(xué)生要在計算機(jī)前玩計算機(jī)游戲。由此帶來的思考是，這些學(xué)生整天呆在那里對他們的頭腦是有害的(harmful to their minds)，并且浪費(fèi)大量時間(waste a lot of time)。
把思路變成觀點(diǎn)再論述
由此，當(dāng)頭腦出現(xiàn)空白時，應(yīng)該將具體的、細(xì)小的、瑣碎的、微不足道的事物所引發(fā)的思考變成觀點(diǎn)，再進(jìn)行論述。這種定式思維的形成需要多下工夫。從無話可說到有話可說，下面的例子讓人不無啟發(fā)：在多種場合下，經(jīng)常要?dú)g迎領(lǐng)導(dǎo)講幾句話。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)往往首先開口說：同志們(大家)好，我利用這個機(jī)會講三句話。接著講第一句話時，腦子里不知道第二句話是什么，講第二句時，根本就沒想第三句要說什么。但他最終說了三句話，以“謝謝大家”結(jié)束講話?！邦I(lǐng)導(dǎo)講話1、2、 3”成了一種定式，他總能找到有關(guān)內(nèi)容講幾點(diǎn)，這種功夫是長期磨煉的結(jié)果，寫作文也一樣，平時需要多多練習(xí)這種思維。
托福寫作：常識積累
本文分為三個部分：其中Independent Writing Task 9個問題，Integrated Writing Task 6個問題，以及牽涉全局寫作的3個問題。
Independent Task
Q: Independent Writing Task有沒有題庫?
A: 沒有，但是可以借鑒TWE的題庫。
"You will see topics very similar to these [TWE Topics] on the TOEFL iBT." [OG, P267]
Q: 準(zhǔn)備Independent Writing Task需不需要專業(yè)知識?
A: "None of the topics requires specialized knowledge. Most topics are general and are based on the common experience of people in general and students in particular." [OG, P267]
Q: 寫作的時候，觀點(diǎn)重不重要?
A: "It does not matter whether you agree or disagree with the topic; the raters are trained to accept all varieties of opinions." [OG, P267]
"I think test takers had better simply pick one side rather than straddle the fence." [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]
"Creativity is not necessary." [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]
Q: 是否可以通過增加深刻的邏輯和復(fù)雜的例子來掩蓋或者彌補(bǔ)語言能力的不足?
A: 不可以。
"If your language is hard to follow, your sentences are overly simple, and your vocabulary is limited, you may score no higher than 3 no matter how impressive your ideas may be." [OG, P260]
而且從例子的選擇上講，并不要求使用龐大、復(fù)雜的例子，盡管這些例子可能論證力更強(qiáng)。個人經(jīng)歷就是一種很好寫的例子。閱卷人并不依據(jù)論據(jù)的復(fù)雜性來看文章。
"Personal experiences are common." [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]
Q: 可不可以使用前人的模板(templates)來寫作?
A: 那要看你怎么定義"模板"這個詞。如果"模板"指的是段落結(jié)構(gòu)和文章結(jié)構(gòu)，那沒有任何問題，比如"五段式結(jié)構(gòu)"可能會一直是TOEFL文章最好的寫法。但如果"模板"是指背下來的，可以不加思考就可以套到任何題目上的段落內(nèi)容，那就千萬不要這樣做。
Do not "memorize" long introductory and concluding paragraphs just to add words to your essay. Raters will not look favorably on wordy introductory and concluding paragraphs such as the following:
"The importance of the issue raised by the posed statement, namely creating a new holiday for people, cannot be underestimated as it concerns the very fabric of society. As it stands, the issue of creating a new holiday raises profound implications for the future. However, although the subject matter in general cannot be dismissed lightheartedly, the perspective of the issue as presented by the statement raises certain qualms regarding practical application."
"In conclusion, although I have accept that it is imperative that something be done about creating a new holiday for people and find the underlying thrust of the implied proposal utterly convincing, I cannot help but feel wary of taking such irrevocable steps and personally feel that a more measured approach would be more rewarding."
Likewise, raters will not look favorably on paragraphs like the following, which uses a lot of words but fail to develop any real ideas:
"At the heart of any discussion regarding an issue pertaining to creating a new holiday, it has to borne in mind that a delicate line has to be trod when dealing with such matters. The human resources involved in such matters cannot be guaranteed regardless of all the good intentions that may be lavished. While it is true that creating a new holiday might be a viable and laudable remedy, it is transparently clear that applied wrongly such a course of action could be calamitous and compound the problem rather than provide a solution." [OG, P259]
"I think you could use it as long as it is on topic." [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]
Q: 閱卷人最主要看重文章的哪些方面?
A: Your ability
to respond directly to the question;
to take a clear position; and
to write an essay characterized by (1) good organization, (2) proper use of supporting examples, (3) sentence variety, and (4) correct sentence structures.
[Workshop Manual, P26]
Q: 5分和4分最大的區(qū)別在哪里?
A: "Those that receive a score of 4 also have clear, well-written essays, but there are more flaws and the ideas are less developed." [Teacher's Manual]
Q: 詞匯和句式是不是越復(fù)雜越好?
A: 詞匯和句式需要一定的復(fù)雜性。
"Raters will also judge your essay based on the complexity of sentence structures and on the quality and complexity of your vocabulary. If you use very simple sentences and very basic vocabulary, you will probably not be able to express very complex ideas." [OG, P260]
但是，不是越復(fù)雜越好。
就詞匯而言，關(guān)鍵是表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確性。請參看OG第287頁的滿分范文1，評語中有這樣一句話：The writer does not use high-level vocabulary, but word choice is correct throughout.同時請參看Workbook第57頁的范文，同樣沒有big words，也是滿分。
就句式而言，關(guān)鍵是表意準(zhǔn)確、流暢且能夠變化。但為了達(dá)到變化或者準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)復(fù)雜意思的目標(biāo)，出現(xiàn)一些復(fù)雜的句式是很正常的。但一味追求復(fù)雜是沒有意義的。
Q: 文字是不是越正式(formal)越好?
A: 不是。Independent Writing Task并不偏好formal expressions.只要能把意思表達(dá)清楚，并把問題回答好了，就行了。參見OG第288頁滿分范文2，評語中這樣寫道：the writer consistently demonstrates command of language and English idioms, especially by using various informal expressions ("Let's assume," "we would all agree," "can make or beak," "come in very handy").
Integrated Task
Q: 閱讀文章和聽力文章中共有幾種可能的關(guān)系?
A: There are three kinds of connections between the reading passage and the listening passage.
a. The listening passage that challenges the points made in the reading.
b. The listening passage that presents the reasons/ways the problem described in the reading passage is solvable or really not a problem at all.
c. The listening passage that supports the points made in the reading.
[OG, P252] [Workshop Manual, P41]
目前考的都是Contrast題目(只有一次考到了Solution，但也和Contrast差不多)，預(yù)計在不久的將來也不會有太大變化。根據(jù)ETS高級專員(Assessment Specialist II)Susan Hines [Dec, 2006]的說法，目前題庫中還沒有出過關(guān)于support的題目("Comparison is not available now.")，所以建議大家主要針對contrast題目進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練，偶爾也可以用朗文的光盤訓(xùn)練一下solution的寫法。
Q: 閱讀文章和聽力文章之間一般會有幾點(diǎn)相關(guān)聯(lián)?
A: "Typically the main idea will be developed with three points." [OG, P252]
Q: 文章中可不可以出現(xiàn)自己對所談問題的看法?
A: "Remember that you are NOT being asked for your opinion. You ARE being asked to explain how the points in the listening relate to points in the reading." [OG, P253]
Q: 寫作的時候可不可以照搬閱讀和聽力中的原話?
A: 總的來講，照搬原文是不可以的。關(guān)鍵詞可以不變，但是整體內(nèi)容必須被paraphrase出來，特別是閱讀材料里面的內(nèi)容。
"In English-speaking countries, you must follow the rules for citing when you use the same words of the original speaker or author. If you do not do this, it is considered a form of intellectual stealing, called plagiarism. While this may be accepted in some cultures, it is not acceptable in most English-speaking academic settings. Therefore, paraphrasing skills are important to learn." [TOEFL iBT Tips, P29]
"Restatement and paraphrasing is, of course, needed." [Susan Hines, Dec., 2006]
Q: 5分和4分的區(qū)別在哪里?
A: "A response that scores at level 4 has many of the characteristics of a 5, but it does not reflect the content of the listening passage as accurately." [Workshop Manual, P45]
Q: 高分(5分、4分)和3分的區(qū)別在哪里?
A: "The response may omit one major key point made in the lecture." [Workbook, P7]
"Response generally cannot receive a score higher than 3 if they do not address all three points and usually need to address two of the points of contrast." [Workbook, P11]
"Responses that earn a score of 3 respond to the prompt, but they are vaguer than either 4 or 5 responses. Some details might be incorrect or altogether missing and inaccuracies increase. This combination may cause the reader to be slightly confused." [Workshop Manual, P46]
All Writing Tasks
Q: 高分(5分和4分)和低分(1~3分)在評分程序上有什么區(qū)別?
A: 總的來講，高分(4和5分)的文章要符合評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上的所有要求才能評為高分，但是低分文章(1到3分)只要符合評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的某一條就可以評為低分。
"In general, responses should be scored at the highest levels (4 or 5) if all the score descriptors fit the response. In contrast, a response should be scored at one of the lower levels (3, 2, or 1) if some or any of the score descriptors noticeably fit the response." [OG, P267]
Q: 拼寫錯誤和語言問題要不要緊?
A: 關(guān)于這一點(diǎn)，我們要一分為二來看。一方面，我們沒必要吹毛求疵;閱卷人知道這是first draft并且是under timed condition，只要看得懂，不構(gòu)成理解障礙，就沒太大問題(minor flaw)。另一方面，語法和拼寫還是重要的，一旦這些小錯誤導(dǎo)致閱卷人覺得難以理解，就會構(gòu)成重大問題(major flaw)。
把"dependence"寫成"dependency"沒太大問題;偶爾把"becomes independent"寫成了"becomes independency"是個可以看到的錯誤，但還是問題不大;偶爾寫出"They prefer to be depended on their parents."這樣的奇怪句子也會得到閱卷人的寬恕。
"Occasional language errors will not count against you as long as they do not cause you to misrepresent the meaning of points from the reading and the lecture." [OG, P253]
"If your essay includes a few minor lexical and grammar errors, you can still get a high score. However, if you make a lot of grammar errors and if those errors make it hard to understand your meaning, you will get a lower score." [OG, P260]
Q: 字?jǐn)?shù)是不是很重要?
A: 首先，字?jǐn)?shù)沒有上限。
其次，目前字?jǐn)?shù)會比以前更有意義，因為考試有計數(shù)器專門動態(tài)顯示字?jǐn)?shù)，為的是讓考生對自己的字?jǐn)?shù)做到心里有數(shù)。而且兩篇文章都有了推薦字?jǐn)?shù)。所以，我的建議是超過這個建議字?jǐn)?shù)，雖然不用超過太多。(Integrated Task超過150，Independent Task超過300)
最后，關(guān)鍵是內(nèi)容，而不是數(shù)量。不要為了求字?jǐn)?shù)而導(dǎo)致文章很啰嗦。
"Suggested length is between 150 to 225 words. You will not be penalized if you write more, so long as what you write answers the question." [OG, P253]
"An effective response is typically about 300 words long. If you write fewer than 300 words, you may still receive a top score, but experience has shown that shorter responses typically do not demonstrate the development of ideas needed to earn a score of 5. There is no maximun word limit. You may write as much as you wish in the time alloted." [OG, P258]
"The length is not considered."
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