托福寫(xiě)作的經(jīng)?？鄯贮c(diǎn)
在托福寫(xiě)作考試中，考生想要寫(xiě)出一篇精彩出色的作文，那么你的托福作文中就需要避免一些扣分點(diǎn)。今天小編給大家?guī)?lái)了托福寫(xiě)作的經(jīng)?？鄯贮c(diǎn)，希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來(lái)欣賞一下吧。
托福寫(xiě)作的經(jīng)?？鄯贮c(diǎn)
扣分一: 照抄題目，照搬原文
例如有道題的題目是“ Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children can benefit in important ways from taking care of a pet animal.”，然后考生的第一句話就直接復(fù)制粘貼了，考生的第一句話是：”For the question if I agree or disagree with the following statement? Children can benefit in important ways from taking care of a pet animal. Well, as far as I am concerned...”
這種明顯的湊字?jǐn)?shù)，不改動(dòng)句子，連最基本的同義詞互換都沒(méi)有做到。這種很容易讓考官降低讀文章的興趣，使得分?jǐn)?shù)不夠理想。考生可以使用例如“When it comes to the issue about …, as far as I am concerned…”。這樣會(huì)大大提高考官好感度。
扣分二: 論據(jù)根本不能證明自己的觀點(diǎn)
例如，在寫(xiě)官方真題Official28的獨(dú)立題(Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents today are more involved in their children's education than parents were in the past.)時(shí)候，第一段是這么寫(xiě)的：“孩子的教育受到重視，孩子的將來(lái)也取決于他們的表現(xiàn)，家長(zhǎng)們很關(guān)心孩子的教育。因此我同意現(xiàn)在的家長(zhǎng)比從前更重視參與到孩子的教育中去了。
大家看到這感覺(jué)到問(wèn)題的所在了么，這位考生一直在說(shuō)“現(xiàn)在孩子的教育受到家長(zhǎng)重視”，然而這并不能證明“現(xiàn)在的家長(zhǎng)比從前更 加重視參與到孩子的教育中去了”。一定要切題，緊抓主題，不能以為寫(xiě)很多，或者用的關(guān)鍵詞多就證明緊抓主旨。
扣分三: 假大空的廢話一大堆
假大空的廢話容易讓考官覺(jué)得故意湊字?jǐn)?shù)，讀完沒(méi)人有人思考，如同嚼蠟。無(wú)論是描述一件事情有多么深遠(yuǎn)的意義，還是描述一個(gè)東西有多么有意思，總是反復(fù)不停地說(shuō)：“這個(gè)事情有意義是因?yàn)檫@是多么有意義的一件事”“這個(gè)東西是多么的有趣是因?yàn)檫@是一個(gè)多么有趣的東西”。因此，如果說(shuō)明某事有意義，應(yīng)該說(shuō) “這個(gè)東西多么的有趣是因?yàn)橛幸淮挝規(guī)е@個(gè)東西出去玩然后……”這種順序才能讓考官感同身受。
扣分四： 跑題
例如，一個(gè)考生的托福作文中題目是這樣的，“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Always telling the truth is the most important consideration in any relationship between people.”然后該考生在作文中大致思路如是寫(xiě)道：“Always telling the truth”是不理性的，而他認(rèn)為我們應(yīng)該做一個(gè)理性的人，他自己是理工科的學(xué)生，他覺(jué)得理工科的學(xué)生更為理性，而文科的學(xué)生總是不那么理性……然后就沒(méi)有然后了，這種是考生經(jīng)常犯的錯(cuò)誤，剛開(kāi)始是正在主題中，中途一遇到自己擅長(zhǎng)的部分，就開(kāi)始無(wú)線擴(kuò)展，導(dǎo)致很難回到主題上來(lái)，加上時(shí)間限制，就草草生硬的加了結(jié)尾。
扣分五: 自相矛盾
出現(xiàn)這個(gè)情況的考生，和跑題的考生的文章有著“相通之處”，跑題的考生是要么一開(kāi)始就跑偏，要么半路跑偏。而自相矛盾的考生呢，不是舉例子寫(xiě)著寫(xiě)著不知道怎么就矛盾了，就是寫(xiě)到后來(lái)寫(xiě)得自相矛盾了的。
例如這題：“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People today spend too much time on personal enjoyment—doing things they like to do—rather than doing things they should do.”。有一位童鞋的作文里面，開(kāi)頭寫(xiě)自己“同意人們現(xiàn)在花太多時(shí)間在個(gè)人娛樂(lè)上”，并且說(shuō)的也有理有據(jù)，說(shuō)現(xiàn)在的人就知道打游戲等，結(jié)果寫(xiě)到后面，就寫(xiě)成了現(xiàn)在的人工作壓力太大，家庭壓力也很大，很多時(shí)間都花在了工作、家庭上，很少有時(shí)間能娛樂(lè)……這種自相矛盾的很容易在寫(xiě)完后檢查時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，由于時(shí)間關(guān)系，要么放棄，要么慌忙改正，導(dǎo)致文章結(jié)構(gòu)松散。
只要考試注意上面這五個(gè)扣分點(diǎn)，那么對(duì)你的托福寫(xiě)作考試的提高一定會(huì)有幫助，我們?cè)谄綍r(shí)的練習(xí)中也該注意這些方面，對(duì)自己高要求，才可再托福寫(xiě)作中發(fā)揮出很好的水平。最后，小編預(yù)祝大家托福考試能取得理想的成績(jī)。
托福PPTest2語(yǔ)法題筆記篇
41. In a barter economy, a person having something to trade must make contact with another person ________ and has something acceptable to offer in exchange.
A. and who wants it
B. wants it
C. who wants it
D. who does it want
答案：C
分析及考點(diǎn)：定語(yǔ)從句。A中and多余。B缺連接詞。D詞序顛倒。
參考譯文：在易物交換的體系中，有東西想做交易的人必須跟另一個(gè)想要這東西并能在交易中提供可接受物品的人接觸。
42. The chief justice of the United States is the country’s _________ and is appointed by the President with the approval of the Senate.
A. judicial officer highest
B. officer judicial highest
C. officer highest judicial
D. highest judicial officer
答案：D
分析及考點(diǎn)：形容詞順序的考察。因?yàn)橹行脑~是officer，所以ABC都錯(cuò)。
參考譯文：美國(guó)的首席法官是國(guó)家最高的司法官員，并在參議院批準(zhǔn)下由總統(tǒng)任命。
43. Including land and water, the state of Alaska ________ an area of 1,530,700 square kilometers, equal to about one-sixth of the size of the United States.
A. having
B. where there is
C. which is
D. has
答案：D
分析及考點(diǎn)：句子缺謂語(yǔ)。不構(gòu)成從句。
參考譯文：包括土地和水域，阿拉斯加州有1530700平方公里面積，相當(dāng)于1/6美國(guó)的大小。
44. _________ until the twelfth century that the magnetic compass was used for navigation.
A. Its not being
B. It was not
C. Not
D. Was not
答案：B
分析及考點(diǎn)：強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。It was … that …
參考譯文：直到20世紀(jì)，磁性指南針才被用于航行。
45. Although she wrote only two short novels and 19 stories during her brief career, Flannery O’Connor made _________ to United States fiction.
A. a contribution is important
B. an important contribution
C. a contribution and important
D. is an important contribution
答案：B
分析及考點(diǎn)：動(dòng)詞make的用法，make 直接加賓語(yǔ)。
參考譯文：盡管Flannery O’Connor在她短暫的職業(yè)生涯中只寫(xiě)了2部短篇小說(shuō)和19個(gè)故事，但她對(duì)美國(guó)的小說(shuō)作出了重要的貢獻(xiàn)。
46. The New York City Ballet has been _________ of United States classical ballet companies since its inception in 1946.
A. the consistently creative most
B. consistently creative the most
C. most creative the consistently
D. the most consistently creative
答案：D
分析及考點(diǎn)：形容詞詞序問(wèn)題。中心詞是creative。
參考譯文：紐約城市芭蕾是從1946年芭蕾起始后的美國(guó)傳統(tǒng)芭蕾舞公司中最一貫的繼承芭蕾舞藝術(shù)的。
47. When condensation occurs close to the ground, _________ results in fog or dew.
A. or
B. the
C. it
D. then
答案：C
分析及考點(diǎn)：主句缺主語(yǔ)
參考譯文：當(dāng)水蒸氣在離地面很近的地方凝結(jié)的時(shí)候，就形成了霧或露水。
48. Desktop publishing systems are capable of _________ camera-ready pages made up of text and graphics, with text set in different typefaces and sizes.
A. when producing
B. produce
C. to produce
D. producing
答案：D
分析及考點(diǎn)：介詞后面跟動(dòng)名詞。be capable of doing sth也是固定搭配。
參考譯文：桌面印刷系統(tǒng)能夠生產(chǎn)出由文本和圖形混合在一起的現(xiàn)成的照相機(jī)成像相片，文本還可以設(shè)置不同的字體和大小。
49. The femur is the _________ in the body.
A. bone is the largest and longest
B. largest and the longest bone that
C. largest and longest bone
D. bone largest and longest and
答案：C
分析及考點(diǎn)：詞序問(wèn)題。中心詞是bone。
參考譯文：大腿骨是身體中最大和最長(zhǎng)的骨頭。
50. Spurred by the phenomenal growth of the city of Chicago after the Civil War, Illinois became ________.
A. that a major industrial state
B. to a major industrial state
C. a major industrial state
D. to be a major industrial state
答案：C
分析及考點(diǎn)：及物動(dòng)詞become的用法，直接加名詞賓語(yǔ)。
參考譯文：受內(nèi)戰(zhàn)以后芝加哥城市顯著發(fā)展的激勵(lì)，Illinois州成為一個(gè)主要的工業(yè)州。
51. _________ from the Caribbean islands explored the area now known as Texas and New Mexico as early as the sixteenth century.
A. Spaniards who
B. As Spaniards
C. When Spaniards
D. Spaniards
答案：D
分析及考點(diǎn)：主句句子缺主語(yǔ)。
參考譯文：來(lái)自加勒比海群島的西班牙人早在16世紀(jì)就開(kāi)始開(kāi)發(fā)現(xiàn)在眾所周知的德州和新墨西哥州。
52. If volcanoes erupt explosively and cast fluid lava high into the air, _________, dispersed by the wind, gives rise to particles of various sizes.
A. the lava
B. and lava
C. when lava
D. which lava is
答案：A
分析及考點(diǎn)：整個(gè)句子缺主語(yǔ)。
參考譯文：如果火山猛烈噴發(fā)，把巖漿在空中噴的很高，風(fēng)就會(huì)吧熔巖吹散開(kāi)，各種大小的顆粒就會(huì)飛升到空中。
53. North America displays more ________ than any other continent except Asia; only a true tropical environment is absent.
A. vary climate
B. climate varied
C. climatically varied
D. climatic variation
答案：D
分析及考點(diǎn)：詞序和詞組重心問(wèn)題。天氣變化，variation是中心詞。
參考譯文：北美比除了亞洲以外的其他大陸顯示出更多的氣候多樣性，只缺了真正的熱帶環(huán)境。
54. Neurobiologists believe _________ endorphins and other neurochemicals may control our hunger for certain kinds of foods.
A. whose
B. that if
C. that
D. of those
答案：C
分析及考點(diǎn)：believe引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，一定用that連接。
參考譯文：神經(jīng)生物學(xué)家認(rèn)為，endorphins和其他神經(jīng)化學(xué)物資控制著我們對(duì)某些種類食物的欲望。
55. A feature of Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico is the nightly emergence, except during the winter hibernation period, of _________.
A. several bats million
B. bats million several
C. several million bats
D. million several bats
答案：C
分析及考點(diǎn)：詞序和詞義。中心詞是bats。
參考譯文：新墨西哥州的Carlsbad大洞穴的一個(gè)特色就是每夜出現(xiàn)的幾百萬(wàn)只蝙蝠。
56. _________ 639 named muscles in the human anatomy.
A. As are
B. There are
C. Of the
D. That are
答案：B
分析及考點(diǎn)：there be句型。句子缺主謂。表示有的意思用there are。
參考譯文：在人體解剖學(xué)中有639塊命了名的肌肉。
57. _________, or striated, muscles are subject to the will and control of the body and are attached to the skeleton by tendons.
A. The voluntary are
B. There are voluntary
C. That the voluntary
D. The voluntary
答案：D
分析及考點(diǎn)：句子有主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)，缺修飾成分，AB都有多余的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。C中that多余，沒(méi)有指代。
參考譯文：主官性或者條紋狀肌肉可以受意志和身體的控制所支配，它們通過(guò)肌腱跟骨骼相連。
58. Orchestra conductor Michael Morgan became interested in classical music as a high school student when _________ rehearsals of the National Symphony in Washington, D.C.
A. beginning his attending
B. did he begin attending
C. he began attending
D. began attending his
答案：C
分析及考點(diǎn)：定語(yǔ)從句中，要求主謂完整，詞序正常。
參考譯文：當(dāng)管弦樂(lè)隊(duì)指揮Michael Morgan還是高中學(xué)生的時(shí)候，在華盛頓排練民族交響樂(lè)的時(shí)候開(kāi)始對(duì)傳統(tǒng)音樂(lè)感興趣了。
59. Virtually the same array of mammals _________ in the hills surrounding Los Angeles today occupied this area in the late Pleistocene era.
A. that they live
B. lives
C. that lives
D. that living
答案：C
分析及考點(diǎn)：主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是occupied，所以是定語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)用。
參考譯文：事實(shí)上，現(xiàn)在生活在洛山基周?chē)缴系耐瑯酉盗械牟溉閯?dòng)物在更新紀(jì)的后期占據(jù)著這個(gè)區(qū)域。
60. Wood has been the _________ for furniture since antiquity.
A. commonly most material used
B. used material commonly most
C. commonly material used most
D. most commonly used material
答案：D
分析及考點(diǎn)：詞序問(wèn)題。Material是中心詞。
參考譯文：木頭從古以來(lái)都是做家具最常用的材料。
托福語(yǔ)法題做題規(guī)律口訣
口訣一：一語(yǔ)法,二邏輯(語(yǔ)義),三用法
這一口訣概括的是托福語(yǔ)法題整體解題思路和策略,其含義是:
一語(yǔ)法: 做托福語(yǔ)法題,首先從"語(yǔ)法"層次開(kāi)始.在這一層次,正確答案與干擾項(xiàng)之間的區(qū)分在語(yǔ)法(或句子成分)的差別上.無(wú)須弄懂句子的意思即可做對(duì).
如: (1) —— were derived from Lation.
A. All Romance languages
B. While Romance languages
C. There are Romance languages
D. With Romance languages
上句中缺少的明顯是主語(yǔ),必須由一個(gè)名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)充當(dāng).4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,只有"A"項(xiàng)是名詞性結(jié)構(gòu).答案只能是A.
(2) The (scientific) revolution of the early 1900's (affected) education by (change) the nature of (technology).
上句中介詞by之后必須由名詞性結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ).后面的change雖然既可作動(dòng)詞,也可作名詞,但由于其后面還有一個(gè)名詞性結(jié)構(gòu),按照"兩個(gè)名詞不見(jiàn)面"的口訣——我們后面將具體討論——這里只能為動(dòng)詞,所以C項(xiàng)錯(cuò),答案為changing.
上面兩道題均可以在不考慮句子意思的前提下即找到正確答案.這類題在托福語(yǔ)法"填空"部分占85%以上,在"改錯(cuò)"部分亦不低于60%.掌握這一規(guī)律并記住相應(yīng)的規(guī)律和口訣可以大大地提高我們作題速度和質(zhì)量.
二邏輯(語(yǔ)義): 有一些題僅靠對(duì)句子成分地分析無(wú)法找出正確答案.這時(shí),我們就必須以語(yǔ)義地層次來(lái)考慮語(yǔ)言或意思上的邏輯關(guān)系. 如:
(3) She has not yet —— my invitation.
A. accepted B. will accept
C. excepted D. accepting
從"語(yǔ)法"即句子成分的角度看,缺少的是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,B,D兩項(xiàng)顯然不能入選,但A,C兩項(xiàng)似乎都可以.這時(shí)就需要通過(guò)邏輯(語(yǔ)義)來(lái)加以分析.如選A項(xiàng),句義為"她尚未接受我的邀請(qǐng):.如選C項(xiàng),句義為"她尚未把我的邀請(qǐng)排除在外",這顯然不合情理,有悖邏輯.故答案只能是A.
(4) Walt Disney (is) remembered by (an American family) everywhere for the distinctive and (irresistible) cartoon character he (introduced) to movies and television.
此句中語(yǔ)法關(guān)系自身似無(wú)問(wèn)題,但B項(xiàng)的an American family(一個(gè)美國(guó)家庭)與后面的everywhere(到處,無(wú)所不在)從邏輯上相悖,為錯(cuò).故答案是B.
三用法: 有個(gè)別題從"語(yǔ)法"和"邏輯"的角度都可接受,這時(shí)就必須考慮從"用法"層次區(qū)分問(wèn)題了.如: (5) Plants receive their nutrients —— water,soil, and sunlight.
A. where B. over
C. in from D. from
上句從語(yǔ)法的層次分析, A,C兩項(xiàng)均不可取.但B,D兩項(xiàng)無(wú)論從語(yǔ)法還是邏輯上看都是可以被接受的.此時(shí)只能看用法了.由于receive一詞用法上只能與介詞from搭配,答案只能是D.
6) City officials (are) concerned (because) crime on public (transportation) (near) reached record highs this summer.
無(wú)論是從語(yǔ)法還是邏輯的角度看,上句均無(wú)問(wèn)題.near一詞通常具有形容詞,副詞,介詞3種詞性,而且還可以用作動(dòng)詞.用副詞修飾動(dòng)詞絕無(wú)問(wèn)題,且near具有接近,靠近的含義,與reached搭配似乎也沒(méi)有什么不妥.但從語(yǔ)法的角度看,作副詞的near只能與draw ,come 等不及物動(dòng)詞搭配,此處為錯(cuò).故答案為D.
托福語(yǔ)法題做題規(guī)律口訣
這一口訣主要是用來(lái)解"填空"題的.我們所遇到的情況更多是題干的句子較長(zhǎng)而且關(guān)系復(fù)雜,如按傳統(tǒng)的方法先搞清楚句子內(nèi)部關(guān)系,分辨出句子的基本意思,再找出相應(yīng)缺少的成分——不但耗時(shí)很多,而且把握不大.這里,我們介紹的方法則簡(jiǎn)便了許多:將具有"獨(dú)立"意義的句子 成分去掉——如果這時(shí)主句不缺少成分的化,也不予以考慮——只考慮剩下,不"獨(dú)立"的成分.這樣,關(guān)系簡(jiǎn)單了,正確答案也就容易找到了.而且絕大部分情況下,在"語(yǔ)法"層次—— 即不弄懂句義的情況下——即可選出正確答案.
那么,都有哪些成分時(shí)"獨(dú)立成分"呢?主要有以下幾種:
1.副詞和不是用作前置定語(yǔ)的分詞;
2.不定式,介詞,分詞,同位語(yǔ)等短語(yǔ);
3.所有的從句.
這種方式究竟有多大的作用呢?下面我們來(lái)看幾個(gè)例句:
(7) Geophysicists have collaborated with archaeologists and anthropologists to study the magnetic properties of pottery and fireplaces at sites —— by early humans.
A. occupied B. occupying
C. which D. were occupied
如果按照上面提到的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)去衡量,這個(gè)句子的題干就應(yīng)該時(shí)這樣的:
(Geophysicists have collaborated主句)(with archaeologists and anthropologists介詞短語(yǔ))(to study the magnetic properties不定式短語(yǔ))(of pottery and fireplaces介詞短語(yǔ))(at sites介詞短語(yǔ))——(by early humans.介詞短語(yǔ)) 將這些"獨(dú)立成分"都去掉后就只剩下"Geophysicists have collaborated".由于題干的主句及其它部分都不缺少成分,作為答案的選項(xiàng)也必須是一個(gè)"獨(dú)立成分".在不考慮詞義的情況下,A,B,C3個(gè)選項(xiàng)似乎都可以.但是,如果B項(xiàng)可以的話,C也一定可以.反面證明兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)都不 行,答案自然是A了.
(8) During the late fifteenth century, —— of the native societies fo America had professions in the fields of arts and crafts.外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)
A. only a few B. a few but
C. few, but only D. a few only
還是按照前面提到的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)去衡量,這個(gè)句子的題干部分就會(huì)變成下面這樣:
(During the late fifteenth century介詞短語(yǔ)),——(of the native societies of America介詞短語(yǔ))had professions (in the fields介詞短語(yǔ))(of arts and crafts 介詞短語(yǔ)).把獨(dú)立成分去掉后就只剩下 "—— had professions".一眼即可看出,句子缺少主語(yǔ).答案自然就是A了.
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