托福寫作思路需要注意什么

想要完成一篇成功的托福寫作，不但要快速破題，還要有一定的托福寫作思路。今天小編給大家?guī)硗懈懽魉悸沸枰⒁馐裁?希望能夠幫助到大家，下面小編就和大家分享，來欣賞一下吧。

托福寫作思路需要注意什么?

1、要與論題相匹配。論題問的既然是提高生活質(zhì)量與否，一些無關(guān)緊要的改變就應該棄之不用，比如烹調(diào)時間縮短這一項改變，是事實，且未對生活質(zhì)量有直接明顯影響，就應該避免用作主要論點。

2、要能言之有物。這是再功利不過的一條標準。比如我自己提到了食物準備時間縮短能讓人性情改變，破題時覺得不無可能，真落筆時卻不知道由何說起，如果選了這一條為一個主要論點，結(jié)果是我說了一句話就走人，那還不如選個能下筆，能展示語言功底，也能顯示思維縝密的寫作方向。

3、選擇的無論是2個還是3個論點，內(nèi)在一定要有聯(lián)系。這其實是整個托福寫作立意階段的重頭。要立意，就是要明白自己表達的對象是什么，明確立場。然后站在這個立場上，挑選支持自己的論點。

托福寫作破題結(jié)束后，第二要做的重要事項便是整理行文思路。破題過程其實是個發(fā)散思維的過程，而立意，則是要把思維收回來，組織化，理清它的脈絡(luò)紋路，讓他們按照自認為最有說服力的順序排列好，準備落于紙上的過程。這個說服力的強弱，應該以什么標準判斷呢?筆者認為，能說服讀者的議論，在論點選擇上應該遵循一個原則：

三個(或者兩個)論點不能在層面上有交叉，但要符合一條明線：支持全文觀點。而最打動讀者的論點選擇，不僅遵循上面的原則，三個看似不交叉的論點間還有一條暗線貫穿一致。

立意的第一步，按照上面的原則看，當然是先確定觀點。以題目為例，筆者愿意選擇否，食物易于準備降低了人們的生活質(zhì)量。第一步踏出去了。

確定觀點后，破題時得到的思維方向，明顯不利于我的就應該排除。比如營養(yǎng)價值改變這一條，雖然速食文化的確對人體有害，但另一項速食：生疏和熟粗糧，就是向有益方向改變的，兩者勢均力敵，僅管是很容易想到，也很容易舉例論證的論點，卻不宜使用，因為如此貿(mào)然用了，有思維不縝密之嫌。

托福獨立寫作高分小技巧：Rhetorical Questions

如果說參加托?？荚嚂r在綜合寫作中還可以適當使用“模板”的話，那么獨立寫作里“模板”的使用往往會被并標以“pre-prepared”，因此考生想通過這種“捷徑”提高得分的結(jié)果不會特別理想。獨立寫作提高得分的關(guān)鍵還是“實力說話”。

盡管“模板”效果有限，但短期提高得分的技巧還是很多，如活用“萬能理由”和巧用“論證方法”等。本文主要介紹在獨立寫作中很多考生沒有注意的一個加分“小”技巧—rhetorical question的使用。

在托福寫作實戰(zhàn)中，rhetorical question的使用能夠起到很好的加分作用。為了說明rhetorical question的加分作用，請看托福Official Guide評卷人對一篇題為Dishonesty Kills Reliability的滿分作文的點評。下面是點評中關(guān)于language的comment：

The writer's language is fluent, accurate, and varied enough to effectively support the progression and connection of ideas. There is a variety of sentence structures, including rhetorical questions.

評卷人把rhetorical questions看做加分點!

從上面的點評中，我們可以清楚的得出這個結(jié)論——至少評卷人把上述段落中的反問句視作一種“句型變化”而加以肯定和褒揚。

那么，何謂rhetorical question?Rhetorical question會不會很難?

我們先來看在托福Official Guide里備受評卷人贊譽的rhetorical question實例。在原文第四段中，為了說明honesty的重要性作者是這樣寫的：

In any relationship of mine, I would wish that first of all, the person I'm dealing with is honest.Even though s/he thinks that s/he did something wrong that I wouldn't like,s/he'd better tell me the truth and not lie about it. Later on if I find out about a lie or hear the truth from someone else, that'd be much more unpleasant. In that case how can I ever believe or trust that person again?How can I ever believe that this person has enough confidence in me to forgive him/her and carry on with the relationship from there.……

提問而不需對方回答，提問只是為了表明并強調(diào)作者的立場。這不就是漢語中的“反問”嗎?維基百科對反問句的定義是：

A rhetorical question is a figure of speech in the form of a question thatis asked to make a point rather than to elicit an answer. Though a rhetorical question does not require a direct answer, in many cases it may beintended to start a discussion or at least draw an acknowledgement that thelistener understands the intended message.

還有學者對反問的定義更加清楚：

A rhetorical question is asked just for effect or to lay emphasison some point discussed when no real answer is expected.

那么，rhetorical question為什么能夠收到評卷人的贊譽而得到加分?這就要從托福作文的評分標準說起了。托福Official Guide里面對于高分作文的要求(Scoring Rubic)描述如下：

.ffectively addresses the topicand task

.s well organized and well developed, appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and / or details

.isplay Unity, progression, and coherence

.isplay consistent use of language,demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity

從上面的評分標準可以清楚看出，rhetorical question能夠幫助我們滿足實現(xiàn)評分標準第四條中的“demonstrating syntactic variety”。這也正是官方指南中評卷人的點評。

其實，除了體現(xiàn)“句型變化”，合理使用rhetorical question還能幫助我們滿足評分標準第一條的要求“effectively addresses the topic and task”。事實上，rhetorical question不僅能夠有效的回應主題，還能強調(diào)作者的觀點從而獲得讀者的認同。rhetorical question的這種強調(diào)作用最著名的范例可能算是雪萊《西風頌》Ode to the West Wind的結(jié)尾了：

“O Wind,If Winter comes,can Spring be far behind?”

另外，問句，尤其是設(shè)問的合理使用還能起到很好的銜接作用，也就是評分標準的第三條“Display Unity, progression, and coherence”。因此，有學者把rhetorical question的篇章作用總結(jié)如下：

? Emphasize a point

? Persuade powerfully

? Influence subtly

? Provoke thinking

? Help smooth transition

限于篇幅，對這些作用就不一一舉例了。順便說一下，rhetorical question后面的標點并不一定總是question mark，有時也可以是句號或感嘆號。

下面，本文作者提供一篇自己寫的樣文，請大家分析問句在開頭、中間和結(jié)尾段中的使用。

Some people prefer to ask others for help; others prefer to solve the problem with their own knowledge. Which is your choice?

Such is human nature that everyone longs for happiness in our life. Unfortunately, on the path to pursue happiness, we are likely to face various problems. How to solve them? Should we rely on ourselves to remove the obstacle or turn toothers for a cure?From my perspective, it is more reasonable to ask others for help.

Admittedly, always hinging on others to solve problems might be irrational in some cases. For example, if you ask an acquaintance with whom you haven’t a close tie to lend you a hand, he might be reluctant, because most of us have our own care and concern. Besides,some people are unwilling to shoulder the responsibility for the advice they offer. It’s not a rare case when we ask our friend for advice on what major to choose only to get a reply: “Well, it’s really hard to say. Who knows what your real interest is? Who knows what major will be popular when you graduate?”

In spite of the points mentioned above, I still cling to the idea that we should depend on others for the following reasons.

First of all, asking others for help can save us much valuable time, time that we can use for other purposes. As is known to all, most people in contemporary society are always burdened with endless stress and strain. To be admitted to prestigious universities, schoolchildren have to burn midnight oil to out do their peers in exams; likewise,university students can do nothing but to work against the clock to lend themselves an edge over others in the talent market so that they can land adecent job. Given the quickening pace of life, how can we expect us to remove all the obstacles only by ourselves?

In addition, turning to others for help is an efficient way for us to enlarge our circle of friends. It is not a rare case that friendship might be formed after we ask others for help. Take myself as an example. After helping me find a cure for my personal health problem, one of my colleagues has become my best friend. Now, when in trouble,he also asks for my advice. No wonder some even state that it is an efficient way to find friends by “bothering” others for their help.Sounds surprising?It is a discovery revealed inrecent research conducted by a group of leading experts.

Most importantly, it is the only choice to call for help when the solution to a problem requires expertise. Itis known to all that today’s society differs greatly from what it was before. Even a century ago, most folks could be self-sufficient: they grew grain on their own land and wove cloth on their own looms, which seems unimaginable in modern society. Unlike the “good old days”, modern society is a huge complex machine in which each person can serve only as a tiny part.For example, City dwellers depend on farmers for grain while farmers rely on factory workers for industrial products; in the same way, factory workers may temporarily drown our worries in soap operas shown on the screen while film-makers cannot have a film produced, however talented they might be, without the talents of play wrights,directors, photographers, actors or actresses.

Why not ask others for solution when necessary?Good or bad, this might be the best choice left to us.

托福寫作：“定義法”三步快速解決寫作開頭難

模版開頭一

when it comes to the topic that…, opinions of the public are of great variety. Admittedly, some people would claim that….. However, I still insist that… My reasons will be listed as follows.

又比如在涉及到A和B兩個對象的影響類的題目里，常見模版開頭二：

Nowadays, the influence of A on B is a matter for debate for a long time. some people claim that… However, I disagree with them. In my viewpoint, … and the following is my reasons.

模版可以用，但是不建議同學們拿到題目就直接帶入模版，一來語言會顯得呆板，二來托福官方對模版的態(tài)度為“不扣分，不加分”，因此模版對于想要高分的同學學來說并沒有太大優(yōu)勢。所以還是希望同學們看到話題之后可以進行一定獨立思考。今天我們一起看下常見的開頭破冰法之一：定義法引入。

所謂“定義法”，就是下定義，對題目中的某些名詞或概念進行解釋，比如題目所涉及的success, responsibility, independence,social skills，part-time jobs等，我們可以直接解釋這些概念是什么，或者大家對這些事物的看法等，還有可能涉及到重要性或者其影響等詞，比如importance, benefits, advantageous,exert positive/negative influence on，一般一句話帶過即可。下面我們結(jié)合具體題目帶入“定義法引入”的具體應用。

例如：

D/A: One ofthe best ways that parents can help their teenager children prepare for adult life is to encourage them to take a part-time job.

在這個題目中，所涉及到的名詞有parents, teenager children, adult life, 和a part-time job四個名詞及詞組，也就是說這個題目我們可以從四個角度進行開頭段的構(gòu)思。但我們應該優(yōu)先從最好把握的入手。不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，a part-time job屬于話題的關(guān)鍵詞眼，所以[第一步]我們可以直接針對a part-timejob進行解釋，比如Part-time jobs, which act as a warm-up for the future career, can provide children with a general image of the society. 或者Part-time jobs is of great importance in helping children better understand the society they are live in.定義法解釋過之后，[第二步]我們要引出題目中的其它對象，最后第三步引出自己立場。比如上邊緊接著a part-time job 這一句可以For most parents, it is really an ideal choice to help their children prepare for adult life.[第三步]在點明觀點時，我們可以緊接著提出，Thus I agree with the opinion in the statement.甚至最后可以加一句，比如：my reasons will be detailed as follows. 或者my reasons are as follows.

這時我們的開頭段已經(jīng)基本搞定：

Part-time jobs, which act as a warm-up for the future career, can provide children with ageneral image of the society.For most parents, it is really an ideal choice to help their children prepare for adult life.Thus I agree with the opinion in the statement. My reasons will be detailed as follows.

這個題目還涉及到其它三個對象，也就是說，我們還可以根據(jù)上邊定義法的思路以其它三種方式引出該話題，見下文供大家參考:

Parents:

Parents, as the most essential guide in our life, love us so much that they always want a fast and steady development of us. Thus, many parents suggest their children to work on a part-time job, which acts as a warm-up for their future career. From where I stand, I agree with the suggestion to take on a part-time job during teenage period. My reasons are listed as follows.

Teenage children:

Teenage is the most crucial period in one’s life, for it is a fast developing stage both in physical and mental aspects. That is why parents are urged to figure out the most efficient way for their children to keep up with the quick development. Working on a part-time job is considered one of the best solutions for many parents. From where I stand, I agree with the suggestion to take on apart-time job during teenage period. My reasons are listed as follows.

Adult life:

Many teenagers are looking forward to the adult life while the other are reluctant to grow up. However, growing up is an inevitable process/stage in one’s life. Part-time job, which acts as a warm-up for the future career, gives children a general image of the society.From where I stand, I agree with the suggestion to take on a part-time job during teenage period. My reasons are listed as follows.

我們還可以以同樣的方法帶入其它題目，比如D/A: People should have hobbies and do physical activities that are very different from work.

這個題目所涉及名詞有work和hobbies and physical activities，我們就以work為切入點，進行定義，然后引出開頭段。比如：

For most people, work takes a massive part of our whole lives. We go to school to prepare for a career, work through our best years, and eventually, after retirement, live off of pension generated from the job. However, other than the monetary part, our hobbies and physical activities might benefit us more if they were different from our jobs.

這個開頭寫法相對比較靈活，并沒有受原題目的限制，巧妙的引出了自己立場。值得大家參考。

丨Tips：

1. 在對題目中所涉及的名詞對象下定義時，建議大家從具體名詞入手，盡量避開抽象名詞，以降低自己構(gòu)思難度。

2. 一般情況下，開頭部分篇幅長度為40-60字即可。我們的寫作還是要以理由段的論述為主，所以建議同學們不要浪費太多時間在開頭部分。